Over the past decade, PQ regulation schemes for a single-controllable active distribution network (ADN) using coordination among a network of virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) have been proposed. However, considering the variable nature of intermittent renewable energy sources (IRESs), coupling a cluster of IRESs with the point of common coupling (PCC) of ADN could inflict transient issues for the power management of the whole ADN. To counter these challenges, the proposed study has three main objectives: 1) To propose a modified mathematical model that represents the apparent resistance-reactance at the PCC of ADN in relation to the PQ coordination among the network of VSGs; 2) to utilize the proposed model for deriving a $\mu$ synthesis-based robust controller that overcomes the uncertainty in the moment of inertia response of all the VSGs; 3) and to present the stability and performance analysis of the proposed controller validated under model uncertainty. Validation of the proposed method and its comparison to the state-of-the-art methods in MATLAB/Simulink environment confirms that the proposed method significantly minimizes the impact of disturbances on the power management of the whole ADN.

Conventional energy sources are a major source of pollution. Major efforts are being made by global organizations to reduce CO2 emissions. Research shows that by 2030, EVs can reduce CO2 emissions by 28%. However, two major obstacles affect the widespread adoption of electric vehicles: the high cost of EVs and the lack of charging stations. This paper presents a comprehensive data-driven approach based demand-side management for a solar-powered electric vehicle charging station connected to a microgrid. The proposed approach utilizes a solar-powered electric vehicle charging station to compensate for the energy required during peak demand, which reduces the utilization of conventional energy sources and shortens the problem of fewer EVCS in the current scenario. PV power stations, commercial loads, residential loads, and electric vehicle charging stations were simulated using the collected real-time data. Furthermore, a deep learning approach was developed to control the energy supply to the microgrid and to charge the electric vehicle from the grid during off-peak hours. Furthermore, two different machine learning approaches were compared to estimate the state of charge estimation of an energy storage system. Finally, the proposed framework of the demand management system was executed for a case study of 24 hours. The results reflect that peak demand has been compensated with the help of an electric vehicle charging station during peak hours.

This paper proposes the optimum capacity of renewable based energy system considering Solar PV, Wind turbines and Battery energy storage for meeting plugin-in Electric vehicles (PEV) load requirements in a case study of Ahmedabad city region, India. The technical and economic analysis have been performed for various combinations of the component of integrated energy system. These combinations include: (a) solar/wind/battery, (b) solar/battery, and (c) wind/battery. The objective function is to reduce energy costs and the possibility of minimizing power outages by peak shaving and proper energy management. The uncertainties associated with PEV such as arrival time, departure time, and initial state of charge have been considered in searching the optimal solutions. A novel Giza pyramid construction algorithm (GPCA) is implemented considering the annual PEV load profile and actual yearly solar irradiance and wind speed data on hourly basis. The simulation results show that the GPCA achieves the desired objectives with high accuracy and resilience. The superiority of the solution provided by the Giza Pyramid Algorithm is proven by comparing the results obtained using Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) and Moth Flame Optimization (MFO). The research findings will provide valuable insights for researchers to determine the optimal strategy for powering PEV load using a multi-energy system approach.

The conventional power systems are evolving as smart grids. In recent times cyberattacks on smart grids have been increasing. Among different attacks, False Data Injection (FDI) is considered as an emerging threat that has significant impact. By exploiting the vulnerabilities of IEC 61850 Generic Object-Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) and Sampled Values (SV) attackers can launch different FDI attacks. In this paper, a real-time set up capable of simulating FDI on GOOSE and SV protocols is developed to evaluate the impact of such attacks on power grid. IEC 62351 stipulates cybersecurity guidelines for GOOSE and SV, but only at communication or Information Technology (IT) level. Hence there is a need to develop a holistic security both at IT and Operation Technology (OT) level. In this regard, a novel sequence content resolver-based hybrid security scheme suitable to tackle FDI attacks on GOOSE and SV is proposed. Furthermore, the computational performance of the proposed hybrid security scheme is presented to demonstrate its applicability to the time critical GOOSE and SV protocols.

IEC 61850 is emerging as a popular communication standard for smart grids. Standardized communication in smart grids has an unwanted consequence of higher vulnerability to cyber-attacks. Attackers exploit the standardized semantics of the communication protocols to launch different types of attacks such as false data injection (FDI) attacks. Hence, there is a need to develop a cybersecurity testbed and novel mitigation strategies to study the impact of attacks and mitigate them. This paper presents a testbed and methodology to simulate FDI attacks on IEC 61850 standard compliant Generic Object-Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) protocol using real time digital simulator (RTDS) together with open-source tools such as Snort and Wireshark. Furthermore, a novel hybrid cybersecurity solution by the name of sequence content resolver is proposed to counter such attacks on the GOOSE protocol in smart grids. Utilizing the developed testbed FDI attacks in the form of replay and masquerade attacks on are launched and the impact of attacks on electrical side is studied. Finally, the proposed hybrid cybersecurity solution is implemented with the developed testbed and its effectiveness is demonstrated.

To enhance the reliability of supply, the V2G mode of operation is widely applied in electric vehicles. The V2G functionality is used to supply various services like regulation of active power demand, reactive power compensation, shaving peaks and filling valleys in load demand, frequency and voltage regulation, compensation of harmonics in grid current, improvement in system reliability, stability, and efficiency. The realization of V2G functionality is achieved with the help of three-phase bidirectional on-board chargers. This paper deals with the design and implementation of a three-phase on-board bidirectional fast charger used for electric vehicles (EV). The bidirectional on-board chargers include a front-end three-phase PWM converter, which is used to convert ac power into dc power, and dc-dc converter is required to supply regulated power to the battery of the EV. In this paper, the systematic procedure for the selection of passive components and tuning of the parameters of linear controllers of ac-dc and dc-dc converters during G2V and V2G modes of operations is discussed in detail. The design approach is validated with help of experimental results carried out on a laboratory prototype.

For the last couple of decades, power consumption has been growing exponentially. The traditional power grids are experiencing various challenges such as reliability and sustainability. Due to limited energy resources and budget with increase in load demand, conventional energy management techniques are getting failed. In this case, demand side management (DSM) technique is one of the best solutions ensuring reliable and economical power flow. Demand side management consists of the activities or technologies which are used on demand side to optimize power consumption for achieving desired objectives including energy balancing and cost reduction etc. This chapter reviews and discusses the framework of demand side management on the basis of modes and programs. Demand side management techniques are differentiated on the basis of their implementation and usage, which has not been reported in the previous literature. Residential DSM system is discussed with categorization of loads and constraints. During the organization of the chapter, different optimizing models are also reviewed for the implementation of DSM programs.

The traditional power systems are rapidly digitalized and automated for increased monitoring and control. This automation of power system communication has made it possible to monitor and control operations remotely in a plant. However, this also opens up an exploitation vector for attackers, after they gain access to the substation network. This scenario can only be investigated through an in-depth study of communication protocols and control authority concepts associated with power system. IEC 61850 has emerged as the most popular protocol for power system communication. In this paper, we investigate realtime simulation of power systems with IEC 61850 based communication, in order to devise a testbed that can be used to validate false data injection cyberattacks and evaluate their impact. Based on the results, we discuss possible countermeasures to such attacks and outline future research directions.

In the low voltage based renewable systems like PV and Fuel cell applications, the step-up of the output voltage to drive the loads is essential. For this, the integration of switched-capacitor (SC) units with the dc-ac converters will have the potential advantages like improved efficiency, optimal switching devices, small size of passive elements (L and C) as compared with traditional two-stage conversion system (dc/dc converter and dc/ac converter). This paper focuses on a new family of step-up multilevel inverter topologies with switched capacitor integration with dual input voltage sources. With the flexibility of 2 dc sources and switching capacitor circuits, four different topologies have been suggested in this paper with features of high voltage gain, reduced component count, reduced voltage stress and self-voltage balancing of the capacitor while achieving a higher number of levels. A detailed analysis of proposed multilevel inverters has been analyzed with the symmetrical and asymmetrical mode of operations and the associated gain, the number of levels, and other performance indices are presented. An in-depth study of all the topologies has been accomplished in this paper with several comparative studies in terms of components count, voltage gain and cost. The effectiveness and practicability of the suggested topology with 13 level output voltage has been explained by the experimental results obtained from a scale down prototype.

In this paper, Solar powered Single-Phase Capacitor Start Induction motor for water pump application is discussed. Output of solar panel is connected to quasi Z Source Inverter (qZSI). Three modules of qZSI are connected in cascade to give seven level output voltage. Single phase motor is powered with cascaded qZSI to obtain the improved performance due to multilevel inverter. As the power generated from PV system is highly variable due to its dependency on various parameters, qZSI with variable boosting is controlled for achieving the desired rms voltage. Voltage boosting feature of qZSI allows for reliable operation of Single Phase Induction motor. Closed loop control of virtual dc bus voltage is achieved. Simulation results showing the performance of single phase motor powered with cascaded qZSI for various load torque are shown and discussed. Model of Solar panel is used as input supply for qZSI. Experimental results for closed loop voltage control of multilevel qZSI for RL load are discussed. Future work includes the development of hardware setup for observation of Single phase capacitor start Induction motor when it powered with Cascaded multilevel qZSI.

In this paper, the application of heuristic and optimization algorithms based on artificial intelligence (AI) is investigated on electrical power systems. Three distinct areas have been categorized validating the application of AI methods in power systems. It involves classical problem of economic load dispatch in conventional power plant, continuing with optimal sizing issue of renewable energy system in present grid and ending with cyber attacks with mitigation methods on evolving smart grids. The study concludes that the development of intruder detection and prevention systems considering AI techniques will be the new normal having significant impact to counter the cyber attacks on electrical power system.

Nowadays, conventional energy system is being replaced by renewable energy system. Especially, PV systems and wind energy systems are gaining much attention due to their future sustainability and eco-friendly nature. However, for these types of systems, optimization and control is a challenging task because of their unpredictable nature. In this paper, an artificial intelligence (AI) based method named as multidimensional particle swarm optimization with weights induced fitness function (MDPSO-WIFF) approach is proposed for achieving the best combination size between the hybrid photovoltaic, wind turbine and battery storage (PV-WT-BT) system. The AI algorithm handles multiobjective optimization and gives minimum cost and maximum reliability along with the minimization of unutilized surplus power. The algorithm is then justified by comparing its results with iterative-pareto-fuzzy technique. The findings show that the proposed approach is faster and capable of obtaining better quality solution in terms of total cost and reliability with trade-off to dump load.

This paper proposes a new structure of high gain DC-DC converter named as "Double Duty Converter (DDC)" with voltage boosting module and showing the wide voltage gain control. The proposed converter is operated with three switches which are controlled by two different duty pulses. Therefore, the voltage gain of the proposed converter depends on the two pulses which allow the converter to operate with high voltage gain at a low duty ratio. The key features of the proposed configurations are: i) three switches are controlled by two different duty cycles for wide voltage control, ii) continuous input current, iii) lower voltage stress on the switch, and iv) high voltage gain. Mathematical analysis, operational modes of the proposed converters and effect of the Effective Series Resistance (ESR) of inductors and diodes on voltage gain are presented in detail. Finally, the proposed converter configuration is validated using detailed simulation studies.

Photovoltaic (PV) faults such as partial shading, bypass-diode defects, degradation of PV modules, and wiring issues greatly affect the power output and cause various peaks in P-V curves of a PV system. Although, commonly used Total-Cross-Tied (TCT) scheme in PV arrays is considered instrumental for reducing power losses there lies a great scope to evaluate power extraction through reconfiguration of modules with different PV materials. This paper presents detailed investigation of power extraction using number placement reconfiguration method under numerous faults. PV power extraction is carried out and compared with three different interconnections of PV modules, including series-parallel (SP), bridge-link (BL) and TCT. In order to conduct a thorough investigation and better evaluate the performance of PV arrays, we have studied reconfiguration of PV modules with polycrystalline and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) PV technologies. In addition, this paper contains detailed quantification of the impact of the studied PV faults on power grid. The results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that CIGS PV technology performs better than polycrystalline in terms of power output during different faulty conditions. It becomes evident from the presented results that optimal reconfiguration of PV arrays can increase the power extraction from PV system with reduced number of P-V peaks. Hence, leading to improved performance of the PV system.

High efficiency is an important requirement from DC-DC converter in DC microgrid system when integrated with renewable energy sources. This study proposes a new tri-switching state non-isolated high gain boost converter for 400 V DC microgrid applications. The proposed converter developed by modifying the conventional boost converter with advantageous features such as; high-voltage gain operation with two different duty pulses to overcome the restriction of high duty ratio and continuous input current. Moreover, semiconductor components in the proposed converter are subjected to reduced voltage stress for a shorter duration when compared to conventional existing topologies. Steady state (with and without non-idealities consideration) and performance analysis are presented to validate the viability of the proposed converter for high gain operation in grid-connected systems. For experimental validation, a prototype model of the proposed converter is developed for 31 V/400 V, 500 W and operated at 50 kHz switching frequency. The converter is tested for a power range of 100-500 W for two different duty range (case: 1-k(1) kept fixed and k(2) is varied, case: 2-k(2) kept fixed and k(1) is varied) to validate the consistency in output voltage. Hardware results obtained validates superior performance and higher efficiency compared to conventional existing topologies.

Recently, the circuitry of Multilevel Buck-Boost Converter (here, called MBBC1) is suggested in the literature to attain high inverting voltage by increasing the output levels of the classical buck-boost converter. However, the only circuitry is suggested and detail investigations are not provided. The major drawbacks of MBBC1 are the voltages across the load capacitors side are unequal and the input current is not continuous. Therefore, the MBBC1 is not well suited to feed multilevel inverter where a stack of capacitors is required with equal voltage across each capacitor. A new modified MBBC called MBBC2 is proposed to achieve continuous input current and equal voltage across each capacitor. The circuitry of MBBC1 and MBBC2 configurations are analysed with non-idealities to investigate its effects on the voltage conversion ratio. The Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) boundary conditions and modes of operation for MBBC1 and MBBC2 configurations are presented. The procedure for basics design and components selection is elaborated. Additionally, comparison of MBBC1, MBBC2 and recently proposed a non-isolated DC-DC configuration is provided. The performances of MBBC1 and MBBC2 configurations are tested with simulation and experimental work, and obtained results consistently show a good agreement with the theoretical approach..

A novel high gain three-state switching hybrid boost (TSS-HB) converter for DC microgrid applications is proposed in this study. The TSS-HB converter is developed from a conventional boost converter with voltage lift technique. The high voltage gain is achieved by the inclusion of an additional semiconductor switch. Further, this structure reduces the voltage and current stress of the switches and diodes. The proposed TSS-HB converter operates in three switching states with the help of two different duty ratios (k(1) and k(2)). The power circuitry, continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinues conduction mode (DCM), and characteristics waveform are discussed in detail based on the theoretical background. The voltage gain and efficiency analysis of TSS-HB in CCM is presented with consideration of non-ideal circuit components. While boundary condition and voltage gain in DCM is discussed with ideal components. The comparison sections highlight the advantages of TSS-HB over existed topologies with the same number of components. Further, the selection of semiconductor devices and the design of components are discussed in detail. Finally, the hardware results are presented which validate the predicted characteristics of TSS-HB converter.

A novel configurations of a non-isolated Modified SEPIC Converter with two Voltage Lift Switched Inductor (MSC VLSI ) modules namely MSC VLSI -XYL, MSC VLSI -LYZ and MSC VLSI -XLZ are presented in the paper. The key features of these configurations are, 1) high voltage conversion ratio, 2) single controlled switch, 3) high-value input inductor to smooth the input current, 4) maximum utilization of input source, 5) continuous input current. With these notable features, proposed configurations are more convenient for high voltage renewable energy applications to boost the low voltage of photovoltaic array/fuel cell. The feasibility of these converter configurations are verified by mathematical analysis and simulation results. MSC VLSI configurations are simulated for 250 W resistive load and at 50 kHz switching frequency.

In this study, the performance of fault tolerant single-phase capacitor start capacitor run induction motor powered using seven-level quasi-impedance source inverter (qZSI) is analysed. The seven-level inverter consists of three units of qZSI connected in cascade. When one of the qZSI module fails (due to semiconductor failure), the resultant rms voltage applied to the motor will be reduced by one-third. This leads to reduction in both mechanical speed and electromagnetic torque of the motor. To restore the performance of the motor to pre-fault condition, the voltage deficit must be compensated. In conventional CHB inverter, it is not possible to achieve the pre-fault voltage. However, in qZSI, it is possible to achieve required voltage boost by application of shoot through duty cycle. Here, voltage of other two healthy operating modules can be boosted to reach pre-fault inverter output voltage during post-fault condition. The maximum voltage boost achievable is limited by the maximum shoot-through duty cycle which is related with modulation index. To verify the concept, simulation results of single-phase capacitor-start capacitor-run induction motor with or without proposed control algorithm are discussed. Experimental results for the proposed algorithm with RL load are discussed.