Citrus peel wastes are valuable sources of phenolic compounds (PCs); however, the industrial essential oil extraction exposes the peels to heat, which may significantly affect their concentration, stability, composition, and biological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of thermal processing associated with prior essential oil recovery on the phenolic metabolome and bioactivity of lemon, mandarin, and orange peels. Aqueous-ethanol extracts were prepared from crude peels (CPEs) and heat-treated residues remaining after the essential oil extraction (HPEs) of citrus peel wastes. The molecular-network-assisted LC-MS/MS analysis identified a total of 120 annotated metabolites, predominantly 98 phenolics, and showed a marked reduction in phenolic diversity after heat treatment. In CPEs 59, 55, and 44, phenolics were detected in lemon, mandarin, and orange, whereas phenolics in 43, 49, and 43 were noticed in their corresponding HPEs, respectively. CPEs showed stronger antioxidant activity, with lower IC50 values in the DPPH assay (38.72, 60.38, and 70.77 mu g/mL) and NO inhibition assay (61.54, 90.32, and 117.50 mu g/mL) compared with HPEs. The extracts also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity through selective inhibitory effects against the COX-2 enzymes. Overall, thermal treatment during essential oil extraction markedly altered the phenolic composition and reduced the biological activity of citrus peel extracts. These findings demonstrate that processing conditions critically influence the functional value of citrus peel wastes.

Background: Chinese chestnuts (C. mollissima Blume fruit) are valuable nutritional resources grown worldwide, They have multiple healthpromoting benefits and promising nutraceutical applications due to their enriched phytochemical contents and functional ingredients. In this study, fractions of different polarities were prepared from the Chinese chestnut to investigate their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and phytochemical content. Methods: The total ethanol extract (TEE, 55g) of the peeled chestnut fruit was prepared by maceration with 80% ethanol, 10 g of TEE was further fractionated with dichloromethane to produce non polar fraction (NPF, 0.65 g) and polar fraction (PF, 9.3 g). TEE, PF and NPF were screened for their in vitro antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide ( NO) scavenging assays, the most active of which (TEE) proceeded to screen its anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2). The chemical composition of TEE and NPF was studied by UPLC/HR-MS/MS and GC/MS analyses respectively. Results: TEE showed the most potent DPPH and NO scavenging activity with IC50 (mu g/mL) = 120.69 +/- 0.54, and 230.02 +/- 0.321, respectively, compared to vitamin C (213.5 +/- 0.121 and 211.56 +/- 0.181 mu g/mL, respectively). TEE of C. mollissima showed a selective anti-inflammatory effect against COX-2 not COX-1 with IC50 (mu g/mL) 1.867 +/- 0.115 and 38.25 +/- 0.68, respectively compared to indomethacin (0.13 +/- 0.1; 27.031 +/- 0.006 mu g/mL) and celecoxib (4.18 +/- 0.1; 92.52 +/- 0.01 mu g/mL) as reference drugs. UPLC-MS/MS analysis of TEE tentatively identified 41 metabolites that included 4 organic acids, 12 flavonoids, 4 phenolic compounds, 5 polyphenol, 9 fatty acids, 2 phospholipids and 1 triterpene, several of which are described for the first time in Chinese chestnut. GC/MS analysis of the non-polar fraction (NPF) revealed 32 unsaponifiable compounds (75.19%) including 25.98%, oxygenated, 20.92% oxygenated nitrogenous. and 28.29% non-oxygenated compounds in addition to 17 fatty acids as methyl esters (96.30%) that including 32.22% unsaturated and 64.08%. saturated fatty acids. Conclusion: The in vitro bioactivity study suggested that total ethanol extract had a synergistic effect among its constituents that was relatively alleviated upon fractionation into polar and non-polar fractions. Chinese chestnut is an enriched resource of diverse phytochemicals having great nutraceutical potential.

Avocado, (Persea americana, Mill) fruit is considered a super food, it comprises a plenty of phytonutrients that have a significant impact on human health. Flesh (pulp) is the primary form in which the fruit is consumed. However, valorizing the fruit peels as a medicinal agent due to its diverse biological activities is gaining more scientific interest. The present study aims to compare the fruit peel and flesh with respect to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and correlate these activities to their chemical constituents. Methods: The peel and flesh of avocado fruit were separately extracted with 80 % ethanol to get the total ethanol extract (TEEp &TEEf). Part of both extracts were separately fractionated with dichloromethane to get non-polar fraction (NPF) and polar fraction (PF). The TEEp and TEEf were screened for their in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, ORAC, FRAP, metal chelation) and anti-inflammatory activity via LPS induced inflammation in macrophage RAW 264 cells. A part of the polar fraction of the peel was fractionated on a Diaion HP-20 column. The unsaponifiable and saponifiable matters (USF and SF) of the non-polar fraction (NPF) of the flesh & peel were prepared and subjected to GC/MS analysis. The major flavonoids were isolated from the 50% MeOH fraction of the peel. Results: The TEEp exhibited a significant in vitro antioxidant activity higher than that of the flesh (Peel: DPPH:71.68, ABTS:391.9, ORAC:1442.2 TE/mg extract, FRAP:72.7, Metal chelation:279.83 mM EDTA Eq. /mg extract,) (Flesh: DPPH:18.20, ABTS:144.89, ORAC:1249.92 TE/mg extract, Metal chelation:108.64 mM EDTA Eq. /mg extract), while the TEEf showed a higher in vitro anti-inflammatory activity as NO inhibitor (80.81 %). Additionally, the active 50 % MeOH fraction of the Diaion column showed a higher antioxidant activity than its 100 % fraction. GC/MS analysis resulted in the identification of 36 (flesh) & 25(peel) compounds in the unsaponifiable fraction (USF) and 13 (flesh) & 9 (peel) compounds in the saponifiable fraction (SF). The isolated flavonoids from the 50 % MeOH fraction were identified as rutin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, kaemperol3-O- glucoside, quercetin and luteolin. Conclusion: it is recommended to use both parts of P. americana fruit (flesh and peels) in diets and salads due to their noticeable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. (c) 2025 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: P. peruviana fruit, native to Andean region, is cultivated worldwide for its adaptability to various soil natures and climatic conditions. It is increasingly consumed for its high nutritional profile and history of ethnomedical uses including treatment of arthritis. Little pharmacological evidences support this folk use except for previous in vitro study that reported significant inhibition of protein denaturation.Aim of the study: The study aims at providing new in vivo evidence on antiarthritic activity of P. peruviana fruits in vivo that justifies its traditional use through mechanism-based experiment.Material and methods: Inhibition of inflammatory mediators is considered one of the key treatments to alleviate painful symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed against COX-1 and COX -2 activity in vitro.Serum TNF alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 were traced using in vivo model of adjuvant-induced arthritis. Gross/inflammatory changes in rat paw, relative mass indices of spleen and liver were further investigated together with joint tissue histoarchitecture. Seven metabolites from different phytochemical classes, that were previously reported in P. peruviana fruit, were evaluated in silico against TNF-alpha target protein (PDB ID: 2AZ5) to assess their inhibitory effect. This was followed by assessment of their drug-likeness based on Lipinski's rule according to their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties.Results: High dose of extract (E-1000 mg) improved adjuvant-induced cachexia and attenuated immune -inflammatory responses in paw and serum parameters, with equipotent effect to MTX, in addition to minimal side effect profile on spleen and liver. Histopathological study of knee joint tissues confirmed dose-dependent improvement in arthritic groups treated with P. peruviana fruit extracts. The insilico study recommended steroidal lactones withaperuvin E/C and hydroxywithanolide E as promising lead compounds for inhibiting TNF enzyme as evidenced by docking scores of 6.301, 5.488 and 5.763 kcal/mol, respectively, fitting as well the Lipinski's rule of drug likeness.Conclusion: The study provided novel approach that rationalize folk use of P. peruviana fruit in treatment of arthritis.

Ananas comosus [L.] is one of the most appreciated sources of metabolites for nutraceuticals and therapeutics. Traditional use of A. comosus fruit as anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic agents warrants scientific validation. A. comosus fruit is well-known for its polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity that pose it good candidate in alleviating arthritis. This study aims to investigate the potential of A. comosus fruit as anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory agent using different approaches in an attempt to reveal the underlying mechanism of action in accordance to its phytoconstituents. Results revealed that total ethanol extract of A. comosus (TEA) has potent in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities. Also, TEA (500 and 1000 mg/kg) manifested promising in vivo anti-arthritic activity by alleviating paw edema to only 20.2 and 16.4% increase, respectively. High dose of TEA showed significant reduction in inflammatory biomarkers reverting IL- 6 to near normal value (46.93 pg/mL). TEA reversed the induced histopathological damage caused by the adjuvant and inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. UPLC/QTOF-MS-MS was carried out for metabolite profiling with a total of 53 metabolites identified including hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA), their depsides, glycerides and glycosides derivatives together with hydroxybenzoic acid glycosides, and amino acids. In silico studies displayed inhibitory potential against TNF-alpha for most of studied HCA derivatives especially dicinnamoyl glycerides and methoxylated HCA. This study is considered the first pharmacological validation of pineapple fruit traditional use. These observed results are attributed to TEA metabolite profile that exhibited favorable pharmacokinetics and drug likeness properties, suggesting their potential as lead drugs.

Recently, hand sanitization has gained attention for preventing disease transmission. Many on-the-market convenient dermal sanitizers contain alcohol, which can be detrimental to the skin. Therefore, three nanoemulgel formulations (LN-F1, LN-F2, LN-F3) incorporating lemon peel extract (LE), and with various increasing concentrations of xanthan gum as a gelling agent and stabilizer, were developed and characterized as a novel alternative. All formulations showed non-Newtonian shear-thinning flow behavior, particle size values below 200 nm, and increasing zeta potential with higher xanthan gum concentrations. All nanoemulgel formulations exhibited greater in vitro phenolic compound release than free LE. LN-F2 (1.0% LE, 20.0% mineral oil, 20.0% Span 80, 4.0% Cremophor RH 40, 4.0% PEG 400, 0.5% xanthan gum, 50.5% dH2O) was selected as the optimal formulation due to improved characteristics. LE and LN-F2 potential cytotoxicity was assessed on MA-104, showing no significant cellular morphological alterations up to 10 mg/mL for both samples. LN-F2 showed in vitro antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. Typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and C. albicans, as well as antiviral activity against phiX 174, but no effect against rotavirus (SA-11). In vivo, LN-F2 presented a removal capacity of 83% to 100% for bacteria and 89% to 100% for fungi. These findings suggest that the formulated nanoemulgel holds potential as a safe and effective antiseptic, providing a viable alternative to commercial alcohol-based formulations.

Grapefruit (GF) processing generates significant nutrient and economic losses due to the production of 50% by-products, primarily peels. GF peels are a rich and sustainable source of bioactive compounds (BCs), such as essential oils (EOs) and phenolic compounds. Thus, finding value-added solutions based on a circular economy is paramount. This research aims to assess the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of a hydroethanolic polyphenol-rich extract from crude GF peels (GF-CE), essential oil (GF-EO), and polyphenol-rich extract from GF peels after essential oil extraction (GF-PE). The GF-CE and GF-PE showed high concentrations of naringenin (7.71 and 48.60 mg/g dry extract (DE)), narirutin (15.03 and 28.73 mg/g DE), and hesperidin (0.67 and 0.29 mg/mL), respectively. Extracting firstly EOs from GF improved the release of phenolic acids (p-coumaric, ferulic, and chlorogenic acid). The GF-CE exhibited stronger free radical scavenging activity mainly in DPPH (IC50 = 75.69 ± 0.81 µg/mL) than GF-EO (1271 ± 0.85 µg/mL) and GF-PE (113.45 ± 0.85 µg/mL). The GF-EO demonstrated moderate antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria compared to the reference standard (amoxicillin) and strong activity against the yeast Candida albicans (inhibition zone of 16 mm). The major compounds in the GF-EO included D-limonene (25%), nootkatone (24%), and β-pinene (8%). Both polyphenol-rich extracts showed promising activities as COX1 and COX2 inhibitors with IC50 values of 25 ± 0.1 and 0.28 ± 0.00 µg/mL (compared to celecoxib (97.5 ± 0.1 and 0.31 ± 0.01 µg/mL) and indomethacin (6.25 ± 0.00 and 0.52 ± 0.01 µg/mL) as the standards), respectively. The study concludes that GF peels are a valuable source of BCs with significant bioactivities, offering a sustainable multi-cascade approach to recovering value-added compounds from GF peels in alignment with circular economy principles and open opportunities as functional ingredients for food applications.

Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. (Loquat) fruit is a subtropical edible fruit originally from China. It grows well in Egypt, but it is not widely known. In the current study, the fruit was extracted with 80% ethanol to get the total ethanol extract (TEE). A part of which was fractionated by dichloromethane to yield polar and nonpolar fractions (PF and NPF). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the TEE were in vitro evaluated. The complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) arthritis model was used to explore the in vivo biological assessment of the anti-arthritic properties in vivo of the TEE, PF, and NPF of the fruit. Additionally, the inspected limbs detached from all animals were subjected to histological inspection. Moreover, GC/MS analysis of the unsaponifiable (USF) and saponifiable (SF) fractions of the NPF was performed. Furthermore, 64 metabolites from various chemical classes were identified using UHPLC/HR-MS/MS analysis of the TEE of the fruit in both positive and negative ionization modes. The positive ionization mode of loquat fruit allowed for the first time the detection of two kinds of lyso-glycerophospholipids (Lyso-GPLs): lyso-glycerophosphoethanolamines (Lyso-PtdEtn) and lyso-glycerophosphocholines (Lyso-PtdCho). The fruit extracts exhibited a notable in vivo anti-arthritic activity by decreasing paw thickness in the treated rats and adjusting the inflammatory mediators. The TEE showed the highest anti-arthritic activity, followed by the PF that showed an observed activity, while the NPF exhibited the lowest activity. Histopathological findings showed a marked improvement in the arthritic condition of the excised limbs. Thus, E. japonica fruit may be considered as a promising natural antioxidant and anti-arthritic agent.

Citrus peels are an important by-product of citrus processing industries, but a large part is considered waste. There has been increased attention in the last five years on these industrial by-products, especially those containing residual essential oils (EOs). Lemon, orange, and mandarin peels from Egypt were subjected to hydro-distillation to obtain EOs, which were analyzed via mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and by building Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS-MN) for the purpose of visually exploring the volatile components of citrus species. The constructed MN revealed that D-Limonene, α-pinene, and β-pinene are the dominant volatile constituents in the three Egyptian citrus species. The EOs from three citrus peels exhibited promising activities as antioxidants using two tested methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) compared with vitamin C. Lemon EO proved excellent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and negative bacteria. Additionally, the three citrus EOs showed good activities against the yeast Candida albicans. Regarding the anti-inflammatory assay, the three citrus EOs showed promising activities as COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors. This study concludes that EOs extracted from citrus peel waste can be valorized as an innovative strategy for food preservation or may be incorporated in cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations in alignment with circular economy principles.

Although inflammation is a beneficial response to harmful triggers, the associated diseases develop the potential for death-threatening conditions. Citrus species are valuable sources of chemical compounds with diverse structural properties that could alleviate damaging inflammation and reduce serious side effects of synthetic drugs. Kumquats are the smallest trees among the citrus family widely distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America, with little cultivation in Africa. The current study aims to conduct comprehensive chemical, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer studies of Citrus japonica, thus focusing attention on extensive cultivation of these species in Africa to enhance their beneficial uses. A comparative chemical profiling of peel and pulp extracts was performed via HPLC-MS/MS analysis, 164 metabolites were annotated aided by the spectral similarity networks. Around 148 of which were visualized as a species-first documentation. Phenolics were the predominant classes including methoxylated flavonoids, O/C-glycosylated flavones, and flavanones with the less common O- or C-O-triglycosyl methoxylated flavones among the genus Citrus. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory study demonstrated the significant activity of the pulp and peel extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) via reducing paw swelling induced by carrageenan at all-time points and decreasing the formation of TNF-α and IL-1β. Moreover, in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer rat model, the high doses of both extracts significantly improved ulcer indexes and suppressed gastric inflammation by inhibiting myeloperoxidase activity and possessed an antioxidant effect via increasing reduced glutathione, decreasing malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide. Additionally, histopathological investigations confirmed the anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer effects. Considering the two fruit tissues, peels markedly improved inflammatory and gastroprotective properties associated with the high diversity of their flavonoid structures.

Persea americana Mill. (avocado fruit) has many health benefits when added to our diet due to various pharmacological activities, such as preventing bone loss and inflammation, modulating immune response and acting as an antioxidant. In the current study, the total ethanol extract (TEE) of the fruit was investigated for in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity via DPPH and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition. Biological evaluation of the antiarthritic effect of the fruit extract was further investigated in vivo using Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) arthritis model, where the average percentages of body weight change, inhibition of paw edema, basal paw diameter/weight and spleen index were estimated for all animal groups. Inflammatory mediators such as serum IL-6 and TNF-α were also determined, in addition to histopathological examination of the dissected limbs isolated from all experimental animals. Eighty-one metabolites belonging to different chemical classes were detected in the TEE of P. americana fruit via UPLC/HR-ESI–MS/MS. Two classes of lyso-glycerophospholipids; lyso-glycerophosphoethanolamines and lysoglycerophosphocholines were detected for the first time in avocado fruit in the positive mode. The TEE of fruit exhibited significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. In vivo anti-arthritic activity of the fruit TEE improved paw parameters, inflammatory mediators and spleen index. Histopathological findings showed marked improvements in the arthritic condition of the excised limbs. Therefore, avocado fruit could be proposed to be a powerful antioxidant and antiarthritic natural product.

Physalis peruviana is an edible fruit becoming of increasing economic interest for its nutritional and beneficial health effects that even several countries targeted its cultivation recently to fulfill export demands taking the advantage of its adaptable nature to different soil types. Despite previous reports on its chemical content, little or no studies used metabolomics to reveal its chemical reservoir. Herein, the first comprehensive metabolome profiling of P. peruviana fruits via HR-UPLC/MS in both ionization modes that enabled detection of 71 metabolites including first-time reported compounds belonging to flavonoids, coumarins and withanolides. Additionally, 43 lipoidal compounds were identified via GC/MS and quantification of fat-/water-soluble vitamins was performed via HPLC. New evidence on its crude extract antiarthritic activity is presented as well for the first time using bovine serum albumin as it significantly inhibited protein denaturation at 500µg/ml and 1000µg/ml by 86.5± 0.422 % and 99.49 ± 0.426 %, respectively compared to 78.72 ± 1.23% and 97.80 ± 0.393 % for the standard drug acetyl salicylic acid at the same concentration, respectively, with comparable IC50 values of 246.35 µg/ml and 229.69 µg/ml for the extract and standard drug, respectively; supporting its folk use in treatment of arthritis.

Raphanus raphanistrum L. is an edible flowering plant that belongs to the Brassicaceae family and is also known as wild radish. Recently, it was reported as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds and nutrients. For comprehensive metabolites profiling of R. raphanistrum whole plant, three types of extracts; aqueous ethanol (AEE), dichloromethane (DCME), and defatted aqueous ethanol (DAEE), were prepared. DCME was investigated by GC/MS analysis and led to the characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the unsaponifiable fraction and fourteen compounds from the saponifiable one. Likewise, the HPLC-MS/MS analysis of AEE aided with the molecular networking via the GNPS platform, resulting in the annotation of 99 metabolites belonging to different chemical classes. Besides, seven compounds were isolated from the DAEE, five of them are reported for the first time from R. raphanistrum. In parallel, the antioxidant evaluation revealed that DCME has the most potent activity using DPPH· and NO· scavenging assays with IC50 (117.68 & 162.31 µg/mL), compared to ascorbic acid (244.85 & 117.12 µg/mL) and BHT (90.82 & 76.69 µg/mL), respectively. DCME also gave the highest α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with an IC50 (µg/mL) of 150.72 and 123.16, respectively. Among the tested compounds, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside showed the highest activity with an IC50 (µg/mL) 274.68 and 195.87, respectively on the same investigated enzymes. As far as we can tell, the current work is considered the full chemical characterization and first antihyperglycemic evaluation of the wild radish.

The food industries are interested in developing functional products due to their popularity within nutritional and healthy circles. Functional fruit-based beverages represent one of the fast-growing markets due to the high concentrations of bioactive compounds (BCs), which can be health promoters. Hence, functional beverages based on citrus fruits are a potential way to take advantage of their nutritional and bioactive properties that could attract the interest of consumers. In order to ensure microbial and quality stability, the beverages are subjected to preservation treatment; however, the application of high temperatures leads to the loss of thermolabile BCs. Nowadays, innovative processing technologies (IPT) such as pulsed electric field (PEF), high-pressure processing (HPP), ultrasound processing (US), ohmic heating (OH), and microwave (MW) are a promising alternative due to their efficiency and low impact on juice BCs. The available literature concerning the effects of these technologies in functional fruit-based beverages is scarce; thus, this review gathers the most relevant information about the main positive and negative aspects of the IPT in functional properties, safety, and consumer acceptance of functional citrus-based beverages, as well as the use of citrus by-products to promote the circular economy in citrus processing.

The purpose of the survey was to determine acute & chronic toxicity; in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of the different extracts of A. fraxinifolius Wight and Arn bark; along with estimation of the phenolic, flavonoidal contents and investigation of phenolic metabolites that may attribute to the activities. LD50 of the total ethanol extract (TEE) was 7.1 g/kg b. wt, the radical scavenging activity of DPPH showed 60.31% inhibition, FRAP ability and ABTS+ activity showed 55.024 and 67.217 µmol Trolox/100 g dry weight, respectively. TEE followed by ethyl acetate extract (EAE) at 100 mg/kg b.w exhibited the highest in vivo antioxidant activity (94.51% and 91.08% potency, respectively) compared with Vit E (100%). The TEE & EAE exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity (3.81±0.08 & 3.79±.0.04) respectively in comparison with indomethacin 3.83±0.01 measured as edema diameter after 4 hours of extract administration. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in the total ethanol extract (TEE) estimated as gallic acid and catechin equivalents were 61.06± 0.08 μg eq GA/g, 40.33± 0.20 μg CE/g extract respectively. EAE revealed five phenolic acids and eight flavonoid compounds isolated for the first time from the plant.

Myrtus communis L. (MC) family Myrtaceae, is cultivated in Egypt as an ornamental plant. The essential oil (EO) isolated from different parts of the plant reported for many pharmacological activities. Myrtus black and white (MB &MW) are two varieties of Myrtus diverse from each other in the color of berries; the EO was prepared from the fresh aerial parts of both varieties through hydrodistillation. The EO was screened for its free radicals scavenging activity by five different methods (DPPH, ABTS, NO, SOR, LP) and with Vit. C & BHT as reference standard. It was noticed that the scavenging activity of MB at all used conc. (125 to 1000 mu g/mL) was more potent than MW. Screening of the cytotoxic activities of the EO of MB and MW on five cancer cell line (PC3, MCF-7, A549, HepG-2, HCT-116 )& one normal cell line (Rpel-1) revealed that both EO of the two varieties had activity against PC3&MCF-7 with IC50; 4.7 +/- 0.15, 14.2 +/- 0.35, 45.2 +/- 0.67, 50.5 +/- 0.6 compared with Doxrubacin standard 24 +/- 0.26, 26.1 +/- 0.4, respectively. MB& MW oil are safe on Rpel-1 (normal cell line). The alpha-amylase enzyme inhibition activity of the oils was investigated using acarbose as reference inhibitor. Both MB&MW have activity more than the standard at 125)mu g/ml 36.24 +/- 0.146; 32.14 +/-.188, 23.16 +/- 0.190 and also at the highest conc. (1000 mu g/mL) 96.22 +/- 0.140, 89.48 +/-.106, 88.81 +/- 0.690, respectively. Study of the chemical constituents of the EO by GC/MS analysis resulted in the identification of 25 compounds from both species constituting 99.21% & 99.96% of the total peak area of the identified compound, respectively. The major compounds are alpha-Pinene (49.33%, 31.10 %); 1,8 Cineole (9.97 %, 19.21 %); Myrtenyl acetate (30.7%, 40.80 %); alpha -Terpineol (2.18%, 1.73%) and D-Limonene (1.90% , 2.61%) for MB & MW, respectively.

Saraca indica L. (Saraca asoca) is reported for its important biological benefits in Indian folk medicine. The powdered leaves were extracted with 70% ethanol to obtain total ethanol extract(TEE) that was successively fractionated to get petroleum ether(pet. ether),chloroform(CHCl3), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol extracts.The antioxidant activityof TEE by three methods of assay, as well as,the antioxidant activity of TEE and successive extracts by DPPHmethod at two dose were done.Total phenolics and total flavonoids content of the plant were determined. The cytotoxic evaluation revealed that EtOAc extract exhibited activity against HCT-116 andMCF-7, Hela& HEPG-2 . GC/MS analysis of the unasponifiable(USF) and saponifiable (SF)fractions of the non-polar extractwas carried out. 34 Compounds with phytol, dodecane, BHT and α -amyrin as the major compoundsin the USFand 25 compounds with methyl palmitateM gallic acid, methylgallate, rutin, quercetin -3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin and kaempeferol

Astragalus L. species were reported for their important biological activities and they were used in the treatment of several diseases. Astragalus sieberi DC. is a wild plant belonging to family Fabaceae and is growing in the Egyptian deserts. The plant was subjected to extraction by 70% methanol to give the total aqueous methanol extract which was fractionated by organic solvent to give three fractions; petroleum ether (Pet.Ether), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH). These fractions were screened for their in vitro cytotoxic activity using colon (HCT-116) and breast (MCF-7) carcinoma cell lines as well as in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH assay. The EtOAc fraction showed IC50 32.2 and 69.6 (mu g/ml) against HCT-116 and MCF-7, compared to doxorubicin with IC50 37.6 and 26.3 (mu g/ml), respectively. Moreover, the pet.ether fraction showed a moderate radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml with cell viability 57.6%. Phytochemical investigation of the EtOAc and MeOH fractions of the plant revealed isolation and identification of eight compounds. They were identified as 3-nitro-l-propanol (1), 3-nitro-1-propyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), kaempferol (3), rhamnocitrin (4), kaempferol-3-0-(2 ''-alpha-arabinopyranosyl)-beta-glucopyranoside (5), kaempferol 3-0-6 ''-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-glucopyranoside (6), isorhamnetin 3-O-(2 ''-alpha-arabinopyranosyl)-beta-glucopyranoside (7) and isorhamnetin 3-O-(6 ''-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-glucopyranoside (8). GC-MS analysis of the Pet.Ether and EtOAc fractions led to identification of twelve compounds, where phtyol (11.55%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (10.3%) and 16-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (9.45%) are the major compounds detected in the EtOAc fraction as well as N,N-dimethyl-1-dodecanamine (42.36%) and butylated hydroxytoluene (35.96%) were the major compounds detected in the pet.ether fraction. Additionally, LC-ESI-MS analysis of the MeOH fraction was also performed and revealed the tentative identification of kaempferol and isorhamnetin nuclei with high grade of glycosylation for the first time. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of African Institute of Mathematical Sciences / Next Einstein Initiative.