Herein, a pioneering methodology for the quantification of minute amounts of silver is introduced, using 2-nitro-6-(thiazol-2-yl-diazenyl)phenol (NTDP) as a complexing agent and Triton X-100 as a nonionic surfactant.

Determination of molybdenum [Mo(VI)] in different kinds of environmental samples is often a challenging task for analysts. Its concentration is usually very low and the sample matrix may cause serious interferences during measurement. Most sophisticated techniques used for Mo(VI) detection are both effective and highly sensitive, their application is hindered by the need for costly apparatus, advanced technical precision, complex machinery, and skilled personnel, making them cumbersome. Due to their large dimensions, these instruments are not suitable for field use as portable analyzers. Over recent years, there has been growing interest in optical sensors. This research explores the development and application of a novel sensor for the selective identification of molybdenum [Mo(VI)] at ultra-trace levels. The sensor utilizes a fabricated polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) for analyte immobilization. The PIM incorporates polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as the base polymer, 8-(2-benzothiazolylazo)-1,6-naphthalenediol (BTAND) as the selective ionophore, and tri-iso-octylamine (TiOA) as an extractant enhancer. The advanced sensor demonstrates a linear dynamic range for Mo(VI) identification within a specific concentration range with a Limit of detection of 2.4 ng cm−3. Notably, the sensor demonstrates reusability and excellent mechanical stability. Furthermore, the applicability of the sensor was assessed through the quantification of Mo(VI) in food, water, and biological samples. The recovery percentages for Mo(VI) quantification ranged from 97.6 to 102.86

A specialized optical chemical sensor for boron detection was designed using a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM). This unique sensor relies on an encapsulation method to create its optical membrane. The components involved in this sensor include azomethine H (AMH) as the reactive agent, polyvinyl chloride as the foundational polymer, and dinonylnaphthalene sulphonic acid (DNNS) as the extraction agent within the PIM structure. Various parameters, such as membrane thickness, concentration of AMH and DNNS, plasticizer proportions, stirring dynamics, and the pH of the solution under study, significantly affected the sensor’s performance. Within a detection range spanning 4.0–116 ng mL−1 of boron, the sensor demonstrated a strong linear relationship with detection and quantification thresholds of 1.25 and 3.94 ng mL−1, respectively. The peak absorption wavelength (λmax) for this PIM-based sensor was identified at 424 nm. Moreover, the sensor displayed a reproducibility (RSD) of 1.65

A novel bulk sensor membrane with exceptional selectivity and sensitivity has been designed for detecting trace levels of holmium ions (Ho3+) through the application of a polymer-based inclusion membrane (PIM). This innovative membrane has been examined for its effective-ness in analyzing Ho3+ in biological, and environmental samples. The polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) is composed of 30% di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as the transport carrier, 60% poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) serving as the structural polymer, 7.0% o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NOPE) functioning as the plasticizer, and 3.0% Solochrome Black T (SBT) as the colorimetric reagent specifically for Ho3+ detection. In this research, Ho3+ ions are absorbed into the PIM forming an Ho3+-D2EHPA complex, which then interacts with SBT, resulting in a pink Ho3+-SBT complex (lambda max = 587 nm). The impact of various parameters on the fabrication of the PIM was utilized such as pH levels, the quantity of additives and SBT, and response time, all of which significantly influence the sensor's performance. Under optimal conditions, the sensor membrane demonstrates a quantification limit (LOQ) of 6.0 ng mL-1 and a detection limit (LOD) of 1.8 ng mL-1. The developed membrane sensor demonstrates outstanding durability, consistency, and an extended operational lifespan, making it highly suitable for the precise and reliable measurement of Ho-3+ ion levels. It was efficiently regenerated using a 0.1 M HCl solution, ensuring a reversible and repeatable response with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of at least 1.90%. Moreover, the SBT-integrated PIM sensor was effectively utilized for identifying Ho3+ ions in actual biological and environmental specimens.

A new selective optode has been created for the ultra-sensitive detection of lead ions at trace levels. The membrane is created by incorporating tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO), 2-amino-4-(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl pyridine-3-ol (ANPDP), and sodium tetraphenylborate (Na-TPB) into a matrix of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and o-nitrophenyloctyl ether (o-NPOE). ANPDP serves as a chromophore in this design, while TOPO promotes the formation of a complex between lead ions (Pb2+) and ANPDP, resulting in a cooperative interaction. The composition of the optode was optimized to achieve maximum sensor performance. The sensor exhibits a linear dynamic range from 6.0 to 160 ng mL-1, with quantification and detection limits of 5.9 ng mL-1 and 1.8 ng mL-1, respectively. The membrane demonstrated rapid response times and long-term durability, with no detectable leaching of ANPDP. To ensure accurate total lead determination, Pb4+ ions were reduced to Pb2+ using 6.00 M HCl and freshly prepared 2.50% (w/v) sodium azide. The optode sensor exhibited superior specificity for Pb2+ ions, even when other ions that could potentially interfere were present. It could be effectively regenerated by treatment with 0.1 M ethylenedi-aminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), restoring its functionality for repeated use. The sensor was successfully applied to detect lead in various complex matrices, including biological fluids, environmental water, and food samples, demonstrating its broad applicability and reliability for real-world lead monitoring.

A highly responsive bulk optical sensor (optode) has been introduced for the detection of bismuth [Bi(III)]. This optode integrates sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) and 2-(benzothiazolylazo)1,6-naphthalenediol (BTAND) into a plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane, incorporating o-nitrophenyl-octyl ether (o-NPOE) as a plasticizer. The influence of several variables was optimized, including pH, the solvent mediator base matrix, and the reagent concentration. The comparison of results with previously reported methods indicates that the proposed approach, characterized by its speed and simplicity, offers a low detection limit (2.25 ng/mL) and a favorable linear range (7.5-220 ng/mL). The sensor exhibited stability, remaining unchanged even after being stored for at least one month. The sensor was successfully regenerated using a 0.25 M nitric acid (HNO3) solution, and it responded in a reversible manner with an RSD of < 2.15 % for six replicate measurements of 125 ng/mL of Bi(III) in different membranes. The capability to accurately and consistently monitor the quantity of Bi(III) ions in pharmaceutical and environmental samples with complex matrices is facilitated by the low detection limit and superior selectivity, despite the existence of interfering anions and cations.

Schematic representation for the preparation and complexation of Zr( iv ) ions on the formed optical sensor.

A re-generable optical chemical sensing film was created using a modified chitosan film that incorporates immobilized 4-(thiazol-2-yldiazenyl) benzene-1,3-diol (TDBD) for the detection of Co2+ in acidic aqueous solutions. Upon exposure to Co2+, the film's color shifted from yellowish green to red by forming a complex between Co2+ and TDBD. The sensor's complex was measured at 574 nm, a wavelength where the sensing membrane exhibited minimal background interference. The film exhibited its highest responsiveness to cobalt ions at pH 5.0. Two sample volumes were analysed: 2.5 mL with a Co2+ concentration range of 8.0-140 ng/mL, and 250 mL with a concentration range of 2.4-15.2 ng/mL. Both sample sizes produced linear calibration curves, with detection limits of 2.5 and 0.7 ng/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviation was 1.35 % for six separate films in a 100 ng/mL Co2+ solution, and 0.87 % for six individual films in a 10 ng/mL solution using 2.5 and 250 ng/mL, respectively. The sensing films demonstrated good stability over 30 days and were successfully used to determine Co2+ in pharmaceutical, food, environmental, and biological samples, yielding satisfactory results compared to the ICP-AES method.

A highly sensitive bulk optode membrane, specifically engineered for the identification of zirconyl (ZrO2+) ions, has been successfully created. The membrane is composed of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC), dibenzodylmethane (DBM) acting as the chromoionophore, 2-amino-4-(3-chlorophenylazo)pyridine-3-ol (ACPAP) serving as the ionophore, and sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) included as an ionic additive. The sensing membrane undergoes a color change from orange to blue when exposed to ZrO2+ ions at pH 6.5. The preparation parameters of the sensor and the determination of ZrO2+ ions were meticulously optimized. In addition to showcasing reproducibility, extended stability, and a comparatively long lifespan, the suggested sensor membrane displays remarkable selectivity for ZrO2+ ions, effectively discerning them from a spectrum of alkaline earth, heavy and transition metal ions, and actinides. The sensor delivers a calibration response tailored for ZrO2+ ions across a concentration spectrum spanning 7.5–185 ng mL−1, establishing limits of quantification and detection at 7.3 and 2.2 ng mL−1, respectively. Demonstrating a rapid response within a timeframe of under 5.0 min. The sensor consistently delivered highly reproducible results, as evidenced by relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.67 % and 1.55 % for Zr4+ concentrations at 100 and 150 ng mL−1.This underscores the precision and reliability of the sensor. Regeneration of the optode can be easily accomplished by employing 0.05 M HCl. Effectively employed across a spectrum of samples, including water, soil, plant materials, and ore solutions, the proposed optical sensor proves to be a valuable instrument for determining ZrO2+ ions in diverse environmental and analytical scenarios.

A novel cloud-point extraction (CPE) procedure for the determination of ultra-trace amounts of arsenic species in real samples, purchased from the local market by spectrophotometer was developed. Inorganic arsenic species analysis in water, beverages, and foods has become increasingly important in recent years, as arsenic species are considered carcinogenic and are assessed at significant levels in samples. The technique is established on a selective ternary complex of As(V) with astrazon orange G (AOG + ) in the presence of tartaric acid and polyethylene glycol tertoctylphenyl ether (Triton X-114) at pH 4.0. The calibration curve developed within range 3.0 -160 ng/ mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9988 for As(V) provided a preconcentration factor of 200 and a limit of detection (3S blank/m) of 0.88 ng/mL under optimum investigation conditions. The results of molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity are calculated and found to be 4.38 x 10 5 L/mol cm and 0.018 ng cm-2 , respectively. The statistical treatment of data obtained from the proposed and GF-AAS procedures are compared in terms of Student 's t-tests and variance ratio F-tests has revealed no significant differences. The methodology has been effectively confirmed by assessing real samples and comparing it to the GF-AAS method statistically.

A new methodology was devised to detect tungsten in aqueous samples, employing a sensor membrane crafted by physically incorporating a tungsten-selective compound, 5-(2 -bromophenylazo)-6-hydroxypyrimidine-2,4-dione (BPAHPD), into a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride). The addition of Triton X-114 was observed to be advantageous in augmenting the absorption of HWO4− ions from the liquid phase into the membrane phase, thereby amplifying sensor absorption intensity. The method established a linear dynamic span of 15–350 ng mL−1 for W(VI), exhibiting a notable correlation coefficient of 0.9992. Quantification and detection limits were determined to be 14.85 and 4.45 ng mL−1, correspondingly, under optimized conditions. The Sandell responsiveness and molar absorptivity were calculated at 0.0455 ng cm−2 and 4.04 × 108 L/mol cm−1, respectively. The sensor demonstrated superb selectivity, as demonstrated by the negligible influence of potential interfering species. Statistical analyses, encompassing variance ratio F-tests and Student’s t-tests, indicated no substantial differences. The efficacy of the methodology was authenticated through the scrutiny of genuine samples, with statistical comparison to the ICP-AES method.

Schematic representation for the preparation and complexation of Y3+ ions on the formed optical sensor. The images are real photos of the sensor.

An initial investigation was followed by a semi-industrial analysis aimed at evaluating the ability of our new adsorbent system in various sectors to eliminate specific environmental hazards. A novel nanocomposite was fabricated through the impregnation of pulverized marine plant organic products into an aluminum silicate (AS) framework, resulting in the formation of an AS mixed organic structure framework (ASMOSF). Different characterization techniques including scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were applied. The adsorption capacity of our innovative ASMOSF nanocomposite is notably greater than that of AS and mixed organic structure (MOS) nanocomposites, particularly when exposed to Congo red (CR) concentrations below 20 ppm. Using batch experiments, the kinetics and isotherms of CR dye adsorption, in addition to the effects of a multitude of experimental parameters, were investigated. The CR removal percentage is significantly influenced by the operating temperature, the quantity of adsorbent utilized, and the pH level. In an aqueous solution with a neutral pH, the optimum temperature for CR adsorption onto ASMOSF is 40 degrees C. Depending on the concentration of CR, AS and MOS employ two distinct kinetic adsorption models; however, for CR adsorption on ASMOSF, the first-order diffusion model is efficacious. Lastly, field testing demonstrated that the ASMOSF nanocatalyst effectively eliminated mixed colors from industrial wastewater with a removal rate of 95%. This finding provides a foundation for the development of novel eco-friendly nanoadsorbents that can facilitate the reutilization of industrial wastewater.

An innovative and exceptionally responsive optical sensing device engineered to selectively identify Bi(III) ions in water-based solutions. The sensing component, 5-(2 ',4 '-dimethylphenylazo)-6-hydroxypyrimidine-2,4-dione (DMPAHPD), is incorporated into a plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane. The sensor demonstrates an exceptional selectivity for Bi(III) within a broad dynamic range spanning from 7.5 x 10_ 10 to 4.2 x 10_ 5 Mat pH 2.25. Notably, it achieves lower quantification and detection limits of 7.25 x 10_10and 2.15 x 10_ 10 M, respectively. The optode membrane's response to Bi(III) proves to be entirely reversible, demonstrating remarkable selectivity for Bi(III) ions over a diverse range of other cations and anions. The sensor exhibits favorable performance characteristics, including good reversibility, a wide dynamic range, a prolonged lifespan, sustained response stability over the long term, and high reproducibility. This visual chemical sensor exhibits potential for real-world usage, offering consistent outcomes when assessing Bi(III) levels in matrices such as water, soil, plants, biological and synthetic mixtures. Importantly, the sensor's performance is comparable to corresponding data achieved from inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).

A novel membrane optical sensor with high selectivity and sensitivity was developed for detecting ultra-low concentrations of gallium (Ga3+) ions. This sensor utilized a newly synthesized compound, 4,4 '-1,3-pHenylene bis(azanylyli-dene) bis(methanylylidene))bis(N,N-dimethylaniline) (PBABMBD), as its ionophore, combined with 9-(diethylamino)-5-(octadecanoylimino)-5H-benzo[a] phenoxazine (ETH-5294) as a chromoionophore within a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane matrix. The impact of various parameters on the fabrication of the optical sensor and its ability to detect Ga3+ ions was thoroughly examined and fine-tuned for optimization. Demonstrating a broad linear dynamic range from 6.25 x 10(-9) to 3.75 x 10(-6) M, the sensor boasts impressive detection and quantification limits of 1.75 and 6.00 x 10(-9) M Ga3+ ions, respectively. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrates a swift response time of just 3.0 min and can undergo multiple rejuvenations with 0.25 M HNO3 solutions. The study examined the impact of potential interfering ions on the detection of Ga(3+ )ions. Fortunately, the results showed that the created optical sensor was very selective for Ga3+ ions and barely reacts with other anions and cations, especially indium (III). Furthermore, the sensor proved effective in accurately detecting Ga3+ ions across a range of samples, including food, alloys, water, and biological specimens.

The effectiveness of two synthetic non-ionic surfactants (NIS), including triazole and pyrrole derivatives, to inhibit corrosion of C-steel in 1.0 M HCl solution was tested. Their chemical compositions were verified using some of the analytical data. All of the synthesized compounds displayed good surface activity when different surface coefficients were tested. The corrosion parameters were determined employing chemical and electrochemical methods. The surface features of these compounds were identified. The anticorrosion efficacy (AE%) rises with rising the concentration of NIS compounds and with reducing temperature, surface and interfacial tension, and critical micelle concentration. The EIS diagram showed that as the concentration of NIS compounds increased, charge transfer resistance raised and double-layer capacitance reduced due to its adsorption of on the C-Steel surface. The values of AEPDP %. reached 89.98% and 91.45% at 500 ppm of compounds A and B, respectively by applying the polarization method. The anti-corrosion process was explained by the formation of adsorbed film that separated the C-steel surface from the corrosive HCl solution. The adsorption is subjected to Freundlich isotherm. The two NIS compounds functioned as mixed-type inhibitors, as revealed by potentiodynamic polarization. Some surface characteristics. were identified and emphasized the anticorrosive effect of two NIS compounds

A systematic study integrating laboratory, analytical, and case study field trial was conducted to figure out the effective adsorbent that could be used for the removal of Congo red (CR) dye from industrial wastewater effluent. The ability of the zeolite (Z) to adsorb CR dye from aqueous solutions was evaluated after it was modified by the Cystoseira compressa algae (CC) (Egyptian marine algae). Zeolite, CC algae were combined together in order to form the new composite zeolite/algae composite (ZCC) using wet impregnation technique and then characterized by the aid of different techniques. A noticeable enhancement in the adsorption capacity of newly synthesized ZCC was observed if compared to Z and CC, particularly at low CR concentrations. The batch style experiment was selected to figure out the impact of various experimental conditions on the adsorption behavior of different adsorbents. Moreover, isotherms and kinetics were estimated. According to the experimental results, the newly synthesized ZCC composite might be applied optimistically as an adsorbent for eliminating anionic dye molecules from industrial wastewater at low dye concentration. The dye adsorption on Z and ZCC followed the Langmuir isotherm, while that of CC followed the Freundlich isotherm. The dye adsorption kinetics on ZCC, CC, and Z were agreed with Elovich, intra-particle, and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, correspondingly. Adsorption mechanisms were also assessed using Weber's intraparticle diffusion model. Finally, field tests showed that the newly synthesized sorbent has a 98.5% efficient in eliminating dyes from industrial wastewater, authorizing the foundation for a recent eco-friendly adsorbent that facilitate industrial wastewater reuse.

Cancer is a major disease that threatens human health all over the world. Intervention and prevention in premalignant processes are successful ways to prevent cancer from striking. On the other hand, the marine ecosystem is a treasure storehouse of promising bioactive metabolites. The use of such marine products can be optimized by selecting a suitable nanocarrier. Therefore, epi-obtusane, previously isolated from Aplysia oculifera, was investigated for its potential anticancer effects toward cervical cancer through a series of in vitro assays in HeLa cells using the MTT assay method. Additionally, the sesquiterpene was encapsulated within a liposomal formulation (size = 130.8 ± 50.3, PDI = 0.462, zeta potential −12.3 ± 2.3), and the antiproliferative potential of epi-obtusane was investigated against the human cervical cancer cell line HeLa before and after encapsulation with liposomes. Epi-obtusane exhibited a potent effect against the HeLa cell line, while the formulated molecule with liposomes increased the in vitro antiproliferative activity. Additionally, cell cycle arrest analysis, as well as the apoptosis assay, performed via FITC-Annexin-V/propidium iodide double staining (flow cytofluorimetry), were carried out. The pharmacological network enabled us to deliver further insights into the mechanism of epi-obtusane, suggesting that STAT3 might be targeted by the compound. Moreover, molecular docking showed a comparable binding score of the isolated compound towards the STAT3 SH2 domain. The targets possess an anticancer effect through the endometrial cancer pathway, regulation of DNA templated transcription, and nitric oxide synthase, as mentioned by the KEGG and ShinyGo 7.1 databases.

Layered silicate clay can be modified with organic residues to enhance its adsorption properties and make it suitable for the removal of industrial hazardous substances in various industries. The modification process involves treating the clay with specific organic residues that can interact with and capture the targeted hazardous compounds effectively. Novel nano-composite adsorbing system was developed by inserting the products of powdered certain marine plant within the layers of layered silicate alumina clay (LS) through impregnation technique in order to form layered silicate alumina organic residue (LSOR). The SEM images showed clear agglomerations within the newly formed composite. Moreover, according to data obtained from Scherer equation extracted from XRD data all compounds under investigation were within the nanoscale. The newly prepared LSOR nano-composite showed a significant high adsorption capacity than the main reactants involved in the adsorbent formation process (LS and OR). The effects of various experimental factors were followed up using batch system, and kinetics and isotherms of CR dye adsorption were calculated accordingly. Adsorbent dosage, working temperature, and pH value all have a significant impact on CR removal percentage. Regarding the optimum conditions, the best temperature for CR adsorption onto LSOR is 40 degrees C at a neutral pH medium. Adsorption isotherm study shows that the adsorption process could be followed up using Langmuir adsorption isotherm for OR while it follows Freundlich isotherm for LS adsorbent and can be followed up successfully by Temkin isotherm model in case of LSOR. Finally, field tests revealed that the LSOR nano-catalyst removed mixed dyes from industrial wastewater with a 93% performance. This outcome further solidifies the potential of LSOR nano-adsorbents as an eco-friendly solution for the treatment and reuse of industrial wastewater. It highlights the significant contribution of these new nano-adsorbents in promoting sustainable practices and addressing the challenges associated with industrial wastewater management.