Desde hace ya bastante tiempo existe una tendencia a afirmar que el derecho o las normas de diferente tipo no son adecuadas o aplicables para las diferentes nuevas tecnologías que van apareciendo de forma continua (computación en la nube, big data, Internet de las cosas, robots, inteligencia artificial...). Este trabajo intentará dar la vuelta a ese razonamiento y, centrándose en la inteligencia artificial, tratará de plantear criterios adecuados para que esa tecnología y muchas otras sean desarrolladas y aplicadas de forma adecuada a los derechos fundamentales en general y a la privacidad en particular. Dentro de esos criterios se analizará lo que debe aportar la explicabilidad de la tecnología mencionada (requisito introducido por diferentes grupos de expertos) y se profundizará en algunos conceptos adicionales como la posibilidad y la necesidad de controlar (hasta el punto de poder detener en cualquier momento un sistema de inteligencia artificial) y de auditar sistemas de inteligencia artificial. Para realizar la mencionada profundización se recurrirá a lo que se conoce como objetivos de protección (disponibilidad, confidencialidad, integridad, transparencia, no encadenabilidad y capacidad de intervenir) y a los principios de la ciberética, incluyendo una referencia especial a la sostenibilidad y a la resiliencia de este tipo de sistemas.

espanolRecientemente se ha producido en Alemania un movimiento contra la «Digitalizacion forzada» motivado por diferentes proyectos y aplicaciones implementados en relacion con la pandemia del COVID-19, datos de salud y otros ambitos en los que la digitalizacion presuntamente puede aportar soluciones viables, pero que si se investigan a fondo y caso por caso plantean serias dudas sobre su viabilidad y sobre su respeto a la normativa vigente en materia de derechos fundamentales en general y de Proteccion de Datos en especial. EnglishRecently in Germany there has been a movement against «forced digitisation» motivated by different projects and applications implemented in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, health data and other areas where digitisation can allegedly provide viable solutions, but which if investigated thoroughly and case by case raise serious doubts about their viability and about their respect for existing fundamental rights regulations in general and Data Protection in particular.

For quite some time now, there has been a tendency to claim that the law or different types of standards are not adequate or applicable to the different new technologies that are continuously appearing (cloud computing, big data, the Internet of Things, robots, Artificial Intelligence, etc.). This paper will attempt to turn this reasoning on its head and, focusing on Artificial Intelligence, propose suitable criteria for this technology and many others to be developed and applied appropriately to fundamental rights, in general, and privacy in particular. Within these criteria, an analysis will be made of what the explainability of the aforementioned technology should provide (a requirement introduced by different groups of experts) and some additional concepts, such as the possibility/necessity of controlling (to the point of being able to stop an Artificial Intelligence system at any time) and auditing Artificial Intelligence systems, will be explored in greater depth. In order to carry out the aforementioned in-depth study, we will use what are known as protection goals (availability, confidentiality, integrity, transparency, unlinkability, and ability to intervene) and the principles of Cyberethics, including a special reference to the sustainability and resilience of these types of systems.

Luis Falcon, MD, MSc, es licenciado en Ciencias de Computacion y Matematicas (CSUN, California, USA), en Medicina (IUCS, Buenos Aires, Argentina) y Master en Genomica y Genetica Medica (UGR, Granada, Espana). Fundador y presidente de GNU Solidario, una organizacion sin fines de lucro que ofrece Salud y Educacion con Software Libre. Luis es el autor de GNU Health, el galardonado sistema de informacion de salud y hospitalario. Es conferencista invitado en conferencias internacionales sobre software libre, eHealth y medicina social. El Dr Falcon es un activista social, de derechos de los animales y de Software Libre. Actualmente vive en las Islas Canarias, Espana.

espanolEn muchos ambitos de aplicacion de las nuevas tecnologias existe una cierta tradicion consistente en realizar evaluaciones de impacto durante el desarrollo y, en el caso ideal, de forma previa a su implementacion. Uno de los ejemplos mas recientes es la Evaluacion del Impacto sobre la Privacidad introducida por el Reglamento General de Proteccion de Datos (RGPD) en su articulo 35. En este trabajo se revisara el concepto de Evaluacion de Impacto y se elaborara una propuesta de modelo de Evaluacion del Impacto Etico de nuevas tecnologias en el ambito de la salud. EnglishSince some time exists the tradition of using different types of impact assessment when developing and, ideally, before implementing new technologies. One example is the Data Protection Impact Assessment introduced in article 35 of the General Regulation on Data Protection (GDPR). In this work we will review the concept of Impact Assessment and we will propose a model for the Ethical Impact Assessment of new technologies in the field of Health.

This INBOTS Workshop took place at the European Robotics Forum (ERF) in Malaga, on the 5th of March 2020. The book of abstracts and presentations shares the speakers' views and shows the progress made in this H2020 European project with others working on Ethical, Legal and Socio-Economic impact of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence.

Technological change has been notable in recent decades, including the field of assistive technologies aimed at promoting the autonomy of the elderly and disabled people.Personal autonomy is possible thanks to ethical-juridical protection through reciprocally recognized human rights (civil and political, economic, social and cultural, third generation).The current technological change could produce an alteration in the exercise of personal autonomy, putting at risk its normative protection, since some of these rights currently require technological mediations to be able to be carried out.Nowadays, the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) governs as the international normative framework that defines and protects the autonomy of people with disabilities, mostly elderly, and includes important references to technological developments.New assistive technologies, that can be used to record physiological variables or to monitor habitual patterns of life, are suggested as devices that promote personal autonomy.Health monitoring could impact privacy, identity, integrity, and the protection of personal data.Therefore, it is necessary to broaden the ethical reflection from the CRPD to the relevant regulations on privacy and data protection (General Data Protection Regulation [GDPR] and Draft Privacy Regulation ePrivacy) and the Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) provided in Art.35 GDPR, which is especially relevant for the realm of assistive technologies.In this contribution we show how technological change affects some aspects of personal autonomy, its normative protection, privacy, and care.

The advancement towards interactive robotics requires reflection about its impact on children. The paper defends the need for a normative development of interactive robotics, in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child. To justify this, we use Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities approach, also as a guide for the analysis of assistance, educational and entertainment robotics. To complete this research, we connect the capabilities approach to the principles of robo-ethics.

In this paper we consider the ethical-political basis of a new conception of human vulnerability in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), proposing its incorporation in the development of emerging robotic technology.We reflect on the notion of assistance. The CRPD suggests a new conception based on the social recognition of personal autonomy through a set of human rights, grounded on the value of respect for the diversity of human functionings. The capability approach (Martha Nussbaum) provides important theoretical support for this new conception. From this new perspective of justice, focused on inclusive human development, we argue that the role of healthcare robotics should be reoriented towards an inclusive robotics: one that, in addition to contributing to care, enables support for what people can do in different life stages, facilitating their inclusion in diverse social environments (education, work environment, etc.).

In this paper we consider the ethical-political basis of a new conception of human vulnerability in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), proposing its incorporation in the development of emerging robotic technology.We reflect on the notion of assistance. The CRPD suggests a new conception based on the social recognition of personal autonomy through a set of human rights, grounded on the value of respect for the diversity of human functionings. The capability approach (Martha Nussbaum) provides important theoretical support for this new conception. From this new perspective of justice, focused on inclusive human development, we argue that the role of healthcare robotics should be reoriented towards an inclusive robotics: one that, in addition to contributing to care, enables support for what people can do in different life stages, facilitating their inclusion in diverse social environments (education, work environment, etc.).

Esta contribucion se presenta dentro de los proyectos europeos INBOTS (Ref. 780073) y EXTEND (Ref. 779982), del Programa H2020, y del proyecto “Capacitismo” (FFI2017-88787-R) del Programa Retos del Plan Estatal Espanol de I+D+i.

For some time now, generally speaking we could say since the development of Internet, and specially with the appearance of Cloud Computing and the increasing importance of social networks, it seems to be a tendency to believe that we are in a post-Privacy age. This tendency looks even more intense after the last package of new technologies mentioned in the title of this paper, that is the reason why we think that it is necessary to make a brief review of the historical development of Privacy, to clear what Privacy really means and to explain why this concept not only has not lost its current value, it is even more important than ever, particularly because of its capability to protect vulnerable subjects. We will make this review from both a legal and an ethical point of view

We compare and evaluate existing frameworks for a Privacy Impact Assessment and propose based on this survey a novel methodology for a Data Protection Impact Assessment in the context of cloud computing and the TClouds project.