Ein wesentlicher Teilbereich der Pharmakognosie und Phytopharmazie (Lehre von biogenen Arzneimitteln) beschäftigt sich mit der Erforschung von Biosynthesen tierischer, mikrobieller und insbesondere pflanzlicher Wirkstoffe. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die Identifizierung der Ausgangs- und Zwischenprodukte (Intermediate) der vollständigen Biosynthesesequenzen. An die analytischen Untersuchungen schließt sich üblicherweise die Beschreibung der Enzyme an, die die einzelnen Umsetzungen katalysieren. Dazu werden die Enzyme möglichst chromatographisch gereinigt und dann biochemisch und molekular charakterisiert. Die Ermittlung von Partialsequenzen der Enzympolypeptide kann zur Klonierung der entsprechenden cDNS genutzt werden. Die Überführung von einzelnen, vollständigen cDNSn in Expressionsvektoren und die Expression der funktionalen rekombinanten Enzyme in einem heterologen System beweist letztlich die Identität des jeweiligen Enzyms, Die Expression größerer Mengen der rekombinanten Enzyme eröffnet zudem die Möglichkeit, die Reaktionsmechanismen und die räumlichen Strukturen der Enzyme zu studieren.

Ein wesentlicher Teilbereich der Pharmakognosie und Phytopharmazie (Lehre von biogenen Arzneimitteln) beschäftigt sich mit der Erforschung von Biosynthesen tierischer, mikrobieller und insbesondere pflanzlicher Wirkstoffe. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die Identifizierung der Ausgangs- und Zwischenprodukte (Intermediate) der vollständigen Biosynthesesequenzen. An die analytischen Untersuchungen schließt sich üblicherweise die Beschreibung der Enzyme an, die die einzelnen Umsetzungen katalysieren. Dazu werden die Enzyme möglichst chromatographisch gereinigt und dann biochemisch und molekular charakterisiert. Die Ermittlung von Partialsequenzen der Enzympolypeptide kann zur Klonierung der entsprechenden cDNS genutzt werden. Die Überführung von einzelnen, vollständigen cDNSn in Expressionsvektoren und die Expression der funktionalen rekombinanten Enzyme in einem heterologen System beweist letztlich die Identität des jeweiligen Enzyms, Die Expression größerer Mengen der rekombinanten Enzyme eröffnet zudem die Möglichkeit, die Reaktionsmechanismen und die räumlichen Strukturen der Enzyme zu studieren.

Anthocyanidins were proposed to derive from (+)-naringenin via (2R,3R)-dihydroflavonol(s) and (2R,3S,4S)-leucocyanidin(s) which are eventually oxidized by anthocyanidin synthase (ANS). Recently, the role of ANS has been put into question, because the recombinant enzyme from Arabidopsis exhibited primarily flavonol synthase (FLS) activity with negligible ANS activity. This and other studies led to the proposal that ANS as well as FLS may select for dihydroflavonoid substrates carrying a "beta-face" C-3 hydroxyl group and initially form the 3-geminal diol by "alpha-face" hydroxylation. Assays with recombinant ANS from Gerbera hybrida fully supported the proposal and were extended to catechin and epicatechin isomers as potential substrates to delineate the enzyme specificity. Gerbera ANS converted (+)-catechin to two major and one minor product, whereas ent(-)-catechin (2S,3R-trans-catechin), (-)-epicatechin, ent(+)-epicatechin (2S,3S-cis-epicatechin) and (-)-gallocatechin were not accepted. The K(m) value for (+)-catechin was determined at 175 microM, and the products were identified by LC-MS(n) and NMR as the 4,4-dimer of oxidized (+)-catechin (93%), cyanidin (7%) and quercetin (trace). When these incubations were repeated in the presence of UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase from Fragariaxananassa (FaGT1), the product ratio shifted to cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (60%), cyanidin (14%) and dimeric oxidized (+)-catechin (26%) at an overall equivalent rate of conversion. The data appear to identify (+)-catechin as another substrate of ANS in vivo and shed new light on the mechanism of its catalysis. Moreover, the enzymatic dimerization of catechin monomers is reported for the first time suggesting a role for ANS beyond the oxidation of leucocyanidins.

A cDNA was cloned from Ruta graveolens cells encoding a novel O-methyltransferase (OMT) with high similarity to orcinol or chavicol/eugenol OMTs, but containing a serine-rich N-terminus and a 13 amino acid insertion between motifs IV and V. Expression in Escherichia coli revealed S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent OMT activity with methoxylated phenols only with an apparent Km of 20.4 for the prime substrate 3,5-dimethoxyphenol. The enzyme forms a homodimer of 84 kDa, and the activity was insignificantly affected by 2.0 mM Ca2+ or Mg2+, whereas Fe2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ or Hg2+ were inhibitory (78-100%). Dithiothreitol (DTT) suppressed the OMT activity. This effect was examined further, and, in the presence of Zn2+ as a potential thiol methyltransferase (TMT) cofactor, the recombinant OMT methylated DTT to DTT-monomethylthioether. Sets of kinetic OMT experiments with 3,5-dimethoxyphenol at various Zn2+/DTT concentrations revealed the competitive binding of DTT with an apparent Ki of 52.0 microM. Thus, the OMT exhibited TMT activity with almost equivalent affinity to the thiol pseudosubstrate which is structurally unrelated to methoxyphenols.

Plant species of the family Apiaceae are known to accumulate flavonoids mainly in the form of flavones and flavonols. Three 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, flavone synthase or flavanone 3 β-hydroxylase and flavonol synthase are involved in the biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites. The corresponding genes were cloned recently from parsley (Petroselinum crispum) leaves. Flavone synthase I appears to be confined to the Apiaceae, and the unique occurrence as well as its high sequence similarity to flavanone 3β-hydroxylase laid the basis for evolutionary studies. In order to examine the relationship of these two enzymes throughout the Apiaceae, RT-PCR based cloning and functional identification of flavone synthases I or flavanone 3β-hydroxylases were accomplished from Ammi majus, Anethum graveolens, Apium graveolens, Pimpinella anisum, Conium maculatum and Daucus carota, yielding three additional synthase and three additional hydroxylase cDNAs. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of these sequences were compatible with the phylogeny based on morphological characteristics and suggested that flavone synthase I most likely resulted from gene duplication of flavanone 3β-hydroxylase, and functional diversification at some point during the development of the apiaceae subfamilies. Furthermore, the genomic sequences from Petroselinum crispum and Daucus carota revealed two introns in each of the synthases and a lack of introns in the hydroxylases. These results might be explained by intron losses from the hydroxylases occurring at a later stage of evolution.

Chalcone synthases (CHSs) and acridone synthases (ACSs) belong to the superfamily of type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) and condense the starter substrate 4-coumaroyl-CoA or N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA with three malonyl-CoAs to produce flavonoids and acridone alkaloids, respectively. ACSs which have been cloned exclusively from Ruta graveolens share about 75-85% polypeptide sequence homology with CHSs from other plant families, while 90% similarity was observed with CHSs from Rutaceae, i.e., R. graveolens, Citrus sinensis and Dictamnus albus. CHSs cloned from many plants do not accept N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA as a starter substrate, whereas ACSs were shown to possess some side activity with 4-coumaroyl-CoA. The transformation of an ACS to a functional CHS with 10% residual ACS activity was accomplished previously by substitution of three amino acids through the corresponding residues from Ruta-CHS1 (Ser132Thr, Ala133Ser and Val265Phe). Therefore, the reverse triple mutation of Ruta-CHS1 (mutant R2) was generated, which affected only insignificantly the CHS activity and did not confer ACS activity. However, competitive inhibition of CHS activity by N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA was observed for the mutant in contrast to wild-type CHSs. Homology modeling of ACS2 with docking of 1,3-dihydroxy-N-methylacridone suggested that the starter substrates for CHS or ACS reaction are placed in different topographies in the active site pocket. Additional site specific substitutions (Asp205Pro/Thr206Asp/His207Ala or Arg60Thr and Val100Ala/Gly218Ala, respectively) diminished the CHS activity to 75-50% of the wild-type CHS1 without promoting ACS activity. The results suggest that conformational changes in the periphery beyond the active site cavity volumes determine the product formation by ACSs vs. CHSs in R. graveolens. It is likely that ACS has evolved from CHS, but the sole enlargement of the active site pocket as in CHS1 mutant R2 is insufficient to explain this process.

For Matthiola incana (Brassicaceae), used as a model system to study biochemical and genetical aspects of anthocyanin biosynthesis, several nearly isogenic colored wild type lines and white-flowering mutant lines are available, each with a specific defect in the genes responsible for anthocyanin production (genes e, f, and g). For gene f supposed to code for chalcone synthase (CHS; EC 2.3.1.74), the key enzyme of the flavonoid/anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway belonging to the group of type III polyketide synthases (PKS), the wild type genomic sequence of M. incana line 04 was determined in comparison to the white-flowering CHS mutant line 18. The type of mutation in the chs gene was characterized as a single nucleotide substitution in a triplet AGG coding for an evolutionary conserved arginine into AGT coding for serine (R72S). Northern blots and RT-PCR demonstrated that the mutated gene is expressed in flower petals. Heterologous expression of the wild type and mutated CHS cDNA in E. Scherichia coli, verified by Western blotting and enzyme assays with various starter molecules, revealed that the mutant protein had no detectable activity, indicating that the strictly conserved arginine residue is essential for the enzymatic reaction. This mutation, which previously was not detected by mutagenic screening, is discussed in the light of structural and functional information on alfalfa CHS and related type III PKS enzymes.

Flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase (FHT), a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-ODD), catalyzes the hydroxylation of (2S)-flavanones to (2R/3R)-dihydroflavonols in plants as a key step towards the biosynthesis of flavonols, anthocyanins and catechins. Crystallographic studies of 2-ODDs typically revealed a jelly roll in the enzyme core, and the C-terminus of the enzyme polypeptides was proposed to form a lid covering the active site cavity, thereby reducing the chances for oxidative or proteolytic damage and unfolding. Moreover, it has been proposed that in some cases the C-terminus is involved in substrate selectivity of 2-ODDs. In a systematic approach with highly active Petunia FHT, four C-terminally truncated enzyme forms were generated by deletion of five, 11, 24 or 29 amino acids. The recombinant FHTs preserved their substrate selectivity, but the specific activity decreased gradually with the extent of truncation. Then, an enzyme chimera was constructed by domain swapping replacing the C-terminal 52 amino acids of Petunia FHT by the equivalent region of flavonol synthase (FLS) from Citrus unshiu, an enzyme showing ambiguous FLS and FHT activity. The chimeric dioxygenase still revealed exclusively FHT activity, albeit at a moderate level only. The data predict that the selectivity of FHT is not governed by the C-terminal sequence accounting for about 13% of the enzyme polypeptide.

Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) flavonoids have a simple methylation pattern. Characteristic are B-ring 5' and 3' methylations and a methylation in the position 7 of the A-ring. The first two can be explained by a previously identified unusual O-methyltransferase (CrOMT2) that performs two sequential methylations. We used a homology based RT-PCR strategy to search for cDNAs encoding the enzyme for the A-ring 7 position. Full-length cDNAs for three proteins were characterized (CrOMT5, CrOMT6, CrOMT7). The deduced polypeptides shared 59-66% identity among each other, with CrOMT2, and with CrOMT4 (a previously characterized protein of unknown function). The five proteins formed a cluster separate from all other OMTs in a relationship tree. Analysis of the genes showed that all C. roseus OMTs had a single intron in a conserved position, and a survey of OMT genes in other plants revealed that this intron was highly conserved in evolution. The three cDNAs were cloned for expression of His-tagged recombinant proteins. CrOMT5 was insoluble, but CrOMT6 and CrOMT7 could be purified by affinity chromatography. CrOMT7 was inactive with all compounds tested. The only substrates found for CrOMT6 were 3'-O-methyl-eriodictyol (homoeriodictyol) and the corresponding flavones and flavonols. The mass spectrometric analysis showed that the enzyme was not the expected 7OMT, but a B-ring 4'OMT. OMTs with this specificity had not been described before, and 3',4'-dimethylated flavonoids had not been found so far in C. roseus, but they are well-known from other plants. The identification of this enzyme activity raised the question whether methylation could be a part of the mechanisms channeling flavonoid biosynthesis. We investigated four purified recombinant 2-oxoglutarate-dependent flavonoid dioxygenases: flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase, flavone synthase, flavonol synthase, and anthocyanidin synthase. 3'-O-Methyl-eriodictyol was a substrate for all four enzymes. The activities were only slightly lower than with the standard substrate naringenin, and in some cases much higher than with eriodictyol. Methylation in the A-ring, however, strongly reduced or abolished the activities with all four enzymes. The results suggested that B-ring 3' methylation is no hindrance for flavonoid dioxygenases. These results characterized a new type of flavonoid O-methyltransferase, and also provided new insights into the catalytic capacities of key dioxygenases in flavonoid biosynthesis.

Plants belonging to the Apiaceae or Rutaceae accumulate methoxylated psoralens, such as bergapten or xanthotoxin, as the final products of their furanocoumarin biosynthesis, and the rate of accumulation depends on environmental and other cues. Distinct O-methyltransferase activities had been reported to methylate bergaptol to bergapten and xanthotoxol to xanthotoxin, from induced cell cultures of Ruta graveolens, Petroselinum crispum and Ammi majus. Bergaptol 5-O-methyltransferase (BMT) cDNA was cloned from dark-grown Ammi majus L. cells treated with a crude fungal elicitor. The translated polypeptide of 38.7 kDa, composed of 354 amino acids, revealed considerable sequence similarity to heterologous caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferases (COMTs). For homologous comparison, COMT was cloned from A. majus plants and shown to share 64% identity and about 79% similarity with the BMT sequence at the polypeptide level. Functional expression of both enzymes in Escherichia coli revealed that the BMT activity in the bacterial extracts was labile and rapidly lost on purification, whereas the COMT activity remained stable. Furthermore, the recombinant AmBMT, which was most active in potassium phosphate buffer of pH 8 at 42 degrees C, showed narrow substrate specificity for bergaptol (Km SAM 6.5 micro m; Km Bergaptol 2.8 micro m) when assayed with a variety of substrates, including xanthotoxol, while the AmCOMT accepted 5-hydroxyferulic acid, esculetin and other substrates. Dark-grown A. majus cells expressed significant BMT activity which nevertheless increased sevenfold within 8 h upon the addition of elicitor and reached a transient maximum at 8-11 h, whereas the COMT activity was rather low and did not respond to the elicitation. Complementary Northern blotting revealed that the BMT transcript abundance increased to a maximum at 7 h, while only a weak constitutive signal was observed for the COMT transcript. The AmBMT sequence thus represents a novel database accession specific for the biosynthesis of psoralens.

Caffeoyl-coenzyme A O-methyltransferase cDNA was cloned from dark-grown Ammi majus L. (Apiaceae) cells treated with a crude fungal elicitor and the open reading frame was expressed in Escherichia coli. The translated polypeptide of 27.1-kDa shared significant identity to other members of this highly conserved class of proteins and was 98.8% identical to the corresponding O-methyltransferase from parsley. For biochemical characterization, the recombinant enzyme could be purified to apparent homogeneity by metal-affinity chromatography, although the recombinant enzyme did not contain any affinity tag. Based on sequence analysis and substrate specificity, the enzyme classifies as a cation-dependent O-methyltransferase with pronounced preference for caffeoyl coenzyme A, when assayed in the presence of Mg2+-ions. Surprisingly, however, the substrate specificity changed dramatically, when Mg2+ was replaced by Mn2+ or Co2+ in the assays. This effect could point to yet unknown functions and substrate specificities in situ and suggests promiscuous roles for the lignin specific cluster of plant O-methyltransferases.

Flavone synthases (FNSs) catalyze the oxidation of flavanones to flavones, i.e. the formation of apigenin from (2S)‐naringenin. While many plants express a microsomal‐type FNS II, the soluble FNS I appears to be confined to a few species of the Apiaceae and was cloned recently from parsley plants. FNS I belongs to the FeII/2‐oxoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenases characterized by short conserved sequence elements for cofactor binding, and its evolutionary context and mode of action are under investigation. Using a homology‐based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction approach, two additional flavonoid‐specific dioxygenases were cloned from immature parsley leaflets, which were identified as flavanone 3β‐hydroxylase (FHT) and flavonol synthase (FLS) after expression in yeast cells. Sequence alignments revealed marginal differences among the parsley FNS I and FHT polypeptides of only 6%, while much less identity (about 29%) was observed with the parsley FLS. Analogous to FNS I, FLS oxidizes the flavonoid γ‐pyrone by introducing a C2, C3 double bond, and (2R,3S)‐dihydrokaempferol (cis‐dihydrokaempferol) was proposed recently as the most likely intermediate in both FNS I and FLS catalysis. Incubation of either FNS I or FLS with cis‐dihydrokaempferol exclusively produced kaempferol and confirmed the assumption that flavonol formation occurs via hydroxylation at C3 followed by dehydratation. However, the lack of apigenin in these incubations ruled out cis‐dihydrokaempferol as a free intermediate in FNS I catalysis. Furthermore, neither (+)‐trans‐dihydrokaempferol nor unnatural (−)‐trans‐dihydrokaempferol and 2‐hydroxynaringenin served as a substrate for FNS I. Overall, the data suggest that FNS I has evolved uniquely in some Apiaceae as a paraphyletic gene from FHT, irrespective of the fact that FNS I and FLS catalyze equivalent desaturation reactions.

Flavonol synthase was classified as a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase converting natural (2R,3R)-dihydroflavonols, i.e. dihydrokaempferol, to the corresponding flavonols (kaempferol). Flavonol synthase from Citrus unshiu (Satsuma mandarin), expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity, was shown to accept also (2S)-naringenin as a substrate, producing kaempferol in high yield and assigning sequential flavanone 3β-hydroxylase and flavonol synthase activities to the enzyme. In contrast, dihydrokaempferol was identified as the predominant product from assays performed with the unnatural (2R)-naringenin as substrate. The product which was not converted any further on repeated incubations was identified by 1H NMR and CD spectroscopies as (−)-trans-dihydrokaempferol. The data demonstrate that Citrus flavonol synthase encompasses an additional non-specific activity trans-hydroxylating the flavanones (2S)-naringenin as well as the unnatural (2R)-naringenin at C-3.

Total RNA was isolated from dark-grown cell suspension cultures of Ammi majus L. that had been induced with fungal elicitor or treated with water for control and used as template with cytochrome P450-specific primers for DD-RT-PCR amplifications. A cDNA clone was generated from the elicited transcripts and assigned to cinnamate 4-monooxygenase based on sequence alignments and functional expression in yeast cells. Comparison of the translated polypeptide with database accessions of heterologous cytochrome P450 monooxygenases revealed a high degree of similarity (99.6%) with 98.6% identity to cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase from parsley, documenting the close evolutionary relationship within the Apiaceae family. Maximal activity of the Ammi hydroxylase in yeast microsomes was determined at 25 degreesC and in the pH range of 6.5-7.0 reaching 2.5 pkat/mg on average. An apparent K-m of 8.9 muM was determined for cinnamate. Preincubations with psoralen or 8-methoxypsoralen added up to 100 muM in the presence or absence of NADPH hardly affected the turnover rate. A. majus cell cultures accumulate sets of O-prenylated umbelliferones and linear furanocoumarins besides lignin-like compounds upon treatment with elicitor, and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase catalyzes the initial reaction leading from the general into the various phenylpropanoid branch pathways. Correspondingly, the hydroxylase transcript abundance was induced in the elicited cells. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Flavonols are produced by the desaturation of flavanols catalyzed by flavonol synthase. The enzyme belongs to the class of intermolecular dioxygenases which depend on molecular oxygen and FeII/2-oxoglutarate for activity, and have been in focus of structural studies recently. Flavonol synthase cDNAs were cloned from six plant species, but none of the enzymes had been studied in detail. Therefore, a cDNA from Citrus unshiu (Satsuma mandarin) designated as flavonol synthase was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified recombinant enzyme was subjected to kinetic and mutational chacterizations. The integrity of the recombinant synthase was revealed by a molecular ion from MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry at m/z 37888 +/- 40 (as compared to 37899 Da calculated for the translated polypeptide), and by partial N-terminal sequencing. Maximal flavonol synthase activity was observed in the range of pH 5-6 with dihydroquercetin as substrate and a temperature optimum at about 37 degrees C. Km values of 272, 11 and 36 micro m were determined for dihydroquercetin, FeII and 2-oxoglutarate, respectively, with a sixfold higher affinity to dihydrokaempferol (Km 45 micro m). Flavonol synthase polypeptides share an overall sequence similarity of 85% (47% identity), whereas only 30-60% similarity were apparent with other dioxygenases. Like the other dioxygenases of this class, Citrus flavonol synthase cDNA encodes eight strictly conserved amino-acid residues which include two histidines (His221, His277) and one acidic amino acid (Asp223) residue for FeII-coordination, an arginine (Arg287) proposed to bind 2-oxoglutarate, and four amino acids (Gly68, His75, Gly261, Pro207) with no obvious functionality. Replacements of Gly68 and Gly261 by alanine reduced the catalytic activity by 95%, while the exchange of these Gly residues for proline completely abolished the enzyme activity. Alternatively, the substitution of Pro207 by glycine hardly affected the activity. The data suggest that Gly68 and Gly261, at least, are required for proper folding of the flavonol synthase polypeptide.

A cDNA encoding flavone synthase I was amplified by RT-PCR from leaflets of Petroselinum crispum cv. Italian Giant seedlings and functionally expressed in yeast cells. The identity of the recombinant, 2-oxoglutarate-dependent enzyme was verified in assays converting (2S)-naringenin to apigenin.

Acridone synthase (ACS) and chalcone synthase (CHS) catalyse the pivotal reactions in the formation of acridone alkaloids or flavonoids. While acridone alkaloids are confined almost exclusively to the Rutaceae, flavonoids occur abundantly in all seed-bearing plants. ACSs and CHSs had been cloned from Ruta graveolens and shown to be closely related polyketide synthases which use N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA and 4-coumaroyl-CoA, respectively, as the starter substrate to produce the acridone or naringenin chalcone. As proposed for the related 2-pyrone synthase from Gerbera, the differential substrate specificities of ACS and CHS might be attributed to the relative volume of the active site cavities. The primary sequences as well as the immunological cross reactivities and molecular modeling studies suggested an almost identical spatial structure for ACS and CHS. Based on the Ruta ACS2 model the residues Ser132, Ala133 and Val265 were assumed to play a critical role in substrate specificity. Exchange of a single amino acid (Val265Phe) reduced the catalytic activity by about 75% but grossly shifted the specificity towards CHS activity, and site-directed mutagenesis replacing all three residues by the corresponding amino acids present in CHS (Ser132Thr, Ala133Ser and Val265Phe) fully transformed the enzyme to a functional CHS with comparatively marginal ACS activity. The results suggested that ACS divergently has evolved from CHS by very few amino acid exchanges, and it remains to be established why this route of functional diversity has developed in the Rutaceae only.

Flavone synthase I, a soluble 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase catalyzing the oxidation of flavanones to flavones in several Apiaceae species, was induced in parsley cell cultures by continuous irradiation with ultraviolet/blue light for 20 h. The enzyme was extracted from these cells and purified by a revised purification protocol including the fractionation on hydroxyapatite, Fractogel EMD DEAE, and Mono Q anion exchangers, which resulted in an apparently homogeneous flavone synthase at approximately 10-fold higher yield as compared to the previous report. The homogeneous enzyme was employed to raise an antiserum in rabbit for partial immunological characterization. The specificity of the polyclonal antibodies was demonstrated by immunotitration and Western blotting of the crude ammonium sulfate-fractionated enzyme as well as of the enzyme at various stages of the purification. High titer cross-reactivity was observed toward flavone synthase I, showing two bands in the crude extract corresponding to molecular weights of 44 and 41 kDa, respectively, while only the 41 kDa was detected on further purification. The polyclonal antiserum did not cross-react with recombinantly expressed flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase from Petunia hybrida or flavonol synthase from Citrus unshiu, two related 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases involved in the flavonoid pathway.

Flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase catalyzes the Fe(II)/oxoglutarate-dependent hydroxylation of (2S)-flavanones to (2R,3R)-dihydroflavonols in the course of flavonol/anthocyanin or catechin biosynthesis. The enzyme from Petunia hybrida consists of a 41,655-Da polypeptide that is prone to rapid proteolysis in crude plant extracts as well as on expression in Escherichia coli, and commercial protease inhibitors were inefficient in stopping the degradation. To pinpoint the primary site of proteolysis and to improve the activity yields, two revised schemes of purification were developed for the recombinant polypeptides. Applying a four-step protocol based on extraction and ion-exchange chromatography at pH 7.5, the primary, catalytically inactive proteolytic enzyme fragment (1.1 mg) was isolated and shown to cross-react on Western blotting as one homogeneous band of about 38 kDa. Mass spectrometric analysis assigned a mass of 37,820 +/- 100 Da to this fragment, and partial sequencing revealed an unblocked amino terminus identical to that of the native 3beta-hydroxylase. Thus, the native enzyme had been degraded by proteolysis of a small carboxy-terminal portion, and the primary site of cleavage must be assigned most likely to the Glu 337-Leu 338 bond, accounting for a loss of about 3800 Da. Alternatively, the enzyme degradation was greatly reduced when the extraction of recombinant bacteria was carried out with phosphate buffer at pH 5.5 followed by size exlusion and anion-exchange chromatography. This rapid, two-step purification resulted in a homogeneous 3beta-hydroxylase of high specific acitivity (about 32 mkat/kg) at roughly 5% yield, and the procedure is a major breakthrough in mechanistic investigations of this class of labile dioxygenases.