Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is used as a treatment for breast cancer patients due to its potential to enable more conservative surgeries. Chemotherapeutic agents can produce side effects that result in functional impairments. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of neoadjuvant therapy on functional performance in breast cancer patients. Forty women were assessed. Twenty were undergoing neoadjuvant treatment for breast cancer, and twenty had not been diagnosed with breast cancer. The functional mobility was evaluated by the Timed Up and Go test, overall weakness by the hand grip strength test, and toxicity by a chemotherapy toxicity scale prior to the first cycle of chemotherapy (pre-C1), prior to the fifth cycle (pre-C5), and after the conclusion of treatment (post-C8). In the preferred upper limb, there was a significant difference between the values of hand grip strength among the groups at all assessment points. Significant differences were observed in mobility between the groups, with a longer time needed to complete the test at the pre-C5 and post-C8 moments, despite Grade 1 toxicity being identified. Therefore, functional performance was affected by neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment in breast cancer patients.

To simulate light propagation in human skin irradiated with laser sources emitting at 660 nm, 830 nm, and 904 nm, using different beam diameters and divergences, in order to characterize the internal fluence rate distribution profiles within the tissue. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the GPU-accelerated MCX platform. Optical properties (absorption and reduced scattering coefficients) were experimentally obtained from human skin samples and incorporated into a three-dimensional voxel-based model. Laser parameters, including output power, beam radius, and divergence, were experimentally characterized and used as input for simulations. The effects of wavelength, beam divergence, and source radius on axial and spatial fluence rate distribution were quantitatively evaluated under controlled power conditions. All wavelengths exhibited exponential attenuation with comparable depth-dependent behavior within the first millimeters of tissue. Beam radius significantly modulated surface peak fluence rate and central-axis magnitude at depth under constant total power. In contrast, real divergence values typical of commercial devices produced minimal changes in axial fluence under contact-mode conditions, whereas large theoretical divergence angles markedly reduced fluence retention and increased lateral spread. Among the investigated variables, beam radius exerted the strongest influence on subsurface fluence magnitude under constant power, whereas wavelengths within the therapeutic window (660–904 nm) showed comparable attenuation behavior in superficial tissue. Realistic divergence values typical of commercial devices minimally affected axial fluence under contact-mode conditions, while larger angular spreads significantly reduced central-axis fluence retention.

Nicotine compromises tissue perfusion and may reduce the viability of surgical flaps. Electrical stimulation has been investigated as a therapeutic strategy to improve tissue repair and flap survival. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the effect of high-voltage electrical stimulation and fixed diphasic current on the viability of the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap in rats subjected to the action of nicotine Thirty-six albino Wistar rats were divided into six groups: Saline Group = received saline solution; High-Voltage Electrical Stimulation Group = received saline solution and electrical stimulation with high-voltage current; Fixed Diphasic Current Group = received saline solution and electrical stimulation with fixed diphasic current; Nicotine Group = received nicotine; Nicotine + High-Voltage Electrical Stimulation Group = received nicotine and electrical stimulation with high-voltage current; Nicotine + Fixed Diphasic Current Group = received nicotine and electrical stimulation with fixed diphasic current. The application of high-voltage electrical stimulation or fixed diphasic current occurred immediately after surgery and during the subsequent two days. All groups were submitted to transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap surgery. The percentage of necrosis was assessed using AxioVision® software. The number of mast cells was evaluated by toluidine blue staining, and vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and neoformed vessels were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The two electric currents were effective in increasing the viability of the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap of rats submitted to nicotine. The fixed diphasic current showed better results, with decreased area of necrosis, increased number of mast cells, and increased number of fibroblast growth factor Both electrical stimulation protocols improved flap viability in rats exposed to nicotine, with fixed diphasic current demonstrating superior effects. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Objective.To evaluate whether pulse oximeters cleared under older U.S. food and drug administration (FDA) standards remain accurate in intensive care unit (ICU) patients under newer draft guidance, to assess their performance against different regulatory metrics, and to investigate whether skin tone or LED spectral characteristics could be associated with measurement bias.Approach.In this prospective ICU study, three regulatory-cleared pulse oximeters were compared against arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. Skin pigmentation was characterized using the individual typology angle, and differential bias was estimated following FDA recommendations. Red and infrared LED emissions were measured using a fiber-optic spectrometer, and Gaussian models were used to extract peak wavelengths.Main results.Two low-cost devices demonstrated large mean bias, wide limits of agreement, and poor correlation with ABG, failing both 2013 FDA guidance (accuracy root mean square, ARMS ⩽ 3%) and updated FDA accuracy requirements. The clinical bedside monitor showed lower bias and minimal pigmentation-related differential error, though still above the proposed ARMS threshold. All devices remained inside the 2017 ISO standard (ARMS ⩽ 4%). Spectral analysis revealed that the most accurate device used a longer infrared peak and a slightly shorter red peak, a combination that could influence separation at key hemoglobin absorption wavelengths and potentially reduce melanin-related interference.Significance.These findings indicate that some oximeters cleared under older standards may underperform in ICU patients when assessed against newer accuracy proposals, underscoring the importance of reevaluating device performance as guidance evolves.

OBJECTIVE:This study investigated the efficacy of cognitive functional therapy (CFT) versus a sham procedure for pain intensity and disability for patients with non-specific chronic low back pain (CLBP). METHODS:This is a randomised sham-controlled trial conducted in a primary care public health service. A total of 152 participants were randomly assigned to the CFT group (n=76) and the sham group (n=76). The CFT group received six 1 hour individualised sessions; the sham procedure group received six individual sessions of neutral talking+detuned photobiomodulation (low-level laser therapy) equipment. Both groups received an education booklet with information on strategies for CLBP self-management. Primary outcomes were pain intensity and disability at 6 weeks. Participants were assessed preintervention, postintervention (at 6 weeks), and 3 and 6 months after randomisation. RESULTS:We obtained primary outcome data from 97.4% (n=74) of participants in the CFT group and 98.7% (n=75) from the sham group. The CFT group showed greater effects in pain intensity (mean difference (MD)=-1.8; 95% CI -2.5 to -1.1) and disability (MD=-9.9; 95% CI -13.2 to -6.5) postintervention compared with the sham group. The effect remained at the 3-month and 6-month follow-ups. CONCLUSIONS:CFT showed sustained clinical efficacy compared with a sham procedure for treating pain intensity and disability in patients with CLBP. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:This trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04518891 and was previously published https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35788240/.

Introduction: Recent evidence suggests that the combination of exercise and photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) enhances muscle performance, including improvements in strength, hypertrophy, and fatigue resistance. As muscle tissue changes after training, a dose progression over time may show additional effects. However, there needs to be more clarity regarding the optimal physical parameters for enhancing muscle performance. Thus, the aim was to evaluate the impact of strength training combined with PBMT at fixed or progressive doses on strength performance, metabolic activity, and clinical outcomes in healthy individuals. Methods: This was a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Fifty-six male participants were randomly allocated into four groups: Sham, minimal dose (60 J), maximal dose (300 J), and incremental dose (60-300 J). Baseline assessments included body composition analysis and isokinetic dynamometry (peak torque and total work of the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles), followed by ten sessions of strength training combined with PBMT applied before each exercise session, which consisted of three sets of stiff and squats. PBMT irradiation was applied to the quadriceps and hamstrings. Training loads and psychophysiological responses were monitored throughout the intervention. Participants were reassessed at the end of the training period and followed up for a total duration of seven days. Results: No significant differences were observed between the groups in isokinetic strength parameters (P>0.05), although small to moderate effect sizes favored the Incremental and Maximal Dose groups. Similar patterns were found for psychophysiological responses and training loads across the groups. Conclusion: In the context of this research model, PBMT combined with strength training did not yield superior outcomes in muscle strength, psychophysiological, or metabolic parameters compared to the different dosing strategies evaluated.

This investigation attempts to elucidate power density's interplay with observed outcomes subsequent to a training regimen. Forty-two participants were stratified into three groups (Sham, Cluster, LED-Blanket), with irradiated groups receiving 300 J of energy under distinct parameters. Photobiomodulation irradiation was applied to the quadriceps and hamstrings before each of the ten prescribed training sessions, which consisted of three sets of stiff and squats. Participants underwent assessment during sessions, encompassing blood lactate measurements and psychophysiological scales (Numerical Rating Pain Scale for Pain and Rate of Perceived Effort). Additionally, pre-intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up evaluations on an isokinetic dynamometer measured peak torque. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA for intra- and inter-group comparisons. No significant inter-group differences or group-time interactions were discerned in lactate concentration or psychophysiological indices. Solely, a difference surfaced in the peak torque of the dominant limb during knee flexion, manifesting across pre-, post, and follow-up intervals (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001) with an effect size of n2 = 0.080. Within the outlined methodological framework, photobiomodulation was ineffective in eliciting performance enhancements, with divergent parameters evincing equivocal efficacy.

OBJECTIVES:To assess the long-term effects of the early combination of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and early mobilization (EM) in critically ill patients. DESIGN:Single-Center, randomized, controlled, and blinded clinical trial. SETTING:Hospital das Clínicas, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo. PATIENTS:Seventy-four patients who had been mechanically ventilated were randomized into two groups within the first 48 hours of ICU admission. INTERVENTIONS:One group received daily EM starting within first 48 hours of ICU admission (EM group). The other group received the same EM protocol plus NMES, applied 5 days a week, also starting within the first 48 hours of ICU admission until ICU discharge (EM + NMES group). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:After hospital discharge, patients were assessed by telephone at 15 days and 6 months, and in person at 30 days and 3 months. Functional status, muscle strength, functional independence, quality of life, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were assessed. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between groups. Patients in the EM + NMES group had significantly higher functional status, independence, and mobility compared with those in the EM group at all time points, as measured by the Barthel Index at 15 and 30 days, and at 3 and 6 months ( p < 0.05), and the ICU Mobility Scale at 15 days, and at 3 and 6 months ( p < 0.05). Additionally, quality of life was significantly improved in the EM + NMES group compared with the EM group, up to 6 months after hospital discharge ( p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in PTSD scores between groups. CONCLUSIONS:The application of early NMES in addition to an EM protocol, when initiated within the first 48 hours of ICU admission, resulted in better functional outcomes and quality of life for critically ill patients up to 6 months post-discharge.

The association of photobiomodulation (PBM) and antibiotics has been little investigated for bacterial control. This study aimed to verify possible changes in the antibiotic sensitivity profile in ATCC-type bacteria and bacteria collected from burned patients after irradiation with 465 and 630 nm LED at 30, 40 and 50 J/cm2. The species Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC®BAA-977), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from burned patients were used as proof of concept. A qualitative method was adopted to verify the antibiotic sensitivity profile. To quantify oxidative stress, assessments were performed using Malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant action using glutathione (GSH). Data were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk and ANOVA single-factor tests, with Tukey post-hoc (p < 0.05). Differences between the irradiated groups were found, however, without statistical significance or representing a change in the sensitivity profile of the bacteria investigated. The highest production of oxidative stress was at 465 nm (30 J/cm2), and no glutathione production was detected. LED irradiation was found to be safe for application to bacterial colonies, as it did not modify their antibiotic susceptibility profile, despite inducing oxidative stress.

LED photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is widely recognized for its beneficial effects in several clinical conditions; however, its potential in modulating vascular function is not yet fully established. This study aimed to evaluate the application of PBMT by LED (light-emittion diode) using a combined red and near-infrared light spectrum, with a focus on improving the vascular function of the radial artery in vitro. A total of 40 radial artery segments were studied and divided into Four groups of 10 segments, including the control (C), red (R), infrared (IR), and combined red + infrared (R + IR). Prior to light irradiation at wavelengths of 650 nm and 940 nm, vascular function in these segments was pharmacologically inhibited using L-NAME. The drugs phenylephrine, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside were used to determine if irradiation could restore the inhibited vascular functions. Superoxide anion levels, an important reactive oxygen specie (ROS), were measured using a chemiluminescence assay with lucigenin. The bioavailability of nitric oxide was evaluated using a Griess Reagent Kit assay. The vascular inflammation was determined by the Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression. The results indicate that combined PBMT improved vascular function compared to PBMT with isolated light spectra, promoting greater vascular relaxation by increasing nitric oxide by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and decreasing the superoxide anion production. Additionally, the combined light spectrum and the red spectrum decreased the ICAM-1 expression. Combined spectrum LED photobiomodulation therapy improves vascular function by promoting vasodilation, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and attenuating inflammatory responses.

Assessing the responses to the application of photobiomodulation using red and infrared spectrum light-emitting diodes (LED) on diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic volunteers, of both genders, aged between 30 and 65 years, with grade I or II ulcers, were randomized into the groups: red LED, infrared LED, LED associated, and control. Home-based interventions took place on a daily basis for 12 weeks. Assessments of sample characterization were performed on day 1 and 90, and the variables wound healing index, mean skin temperature, sensitivity and pain in the wound area were measured at the pre-intervention time on days 1, 30, 60 and 90, with subsequent follow-up 30 days after the end of treatment. For statistical analysis, the software SPSS, version 17.0, intention-to-treat analysis, data normality was tested, and the linear mixed effects model, with a significance level of 5%. Magnitudes of clinical effect by Cohen's d. At the pre vs post intervention time of 90 days, we found a large clinical effect of G-LED V (d=1.7) and G -LED IV (d=1.6) in relation to G-C, where these intervention groups showed a tendency for faster wound healing compared to G-C. We also observed small clinical effect of G-LED IV, which showed greater reduction in the area in relation to G-LED V (d=0.4) and G-LED A (d=0.3). Conclusion: The use of individually applied red and infrared LED phototherapy clinically tended to be more effective for the reduction of diabetic foot ulcer areas, and infrared LED was the most effective. Trial registration: NCT03250533 (clinicaltrials.gov).

Physical factors and tissue characteristics determine the transmission of light through tissues. One of the significant clinical limitations of photobiomodulation is the quantification of fluence delivered at application sites and optical penetration depth in vivo. There is also the difficulty of determining the distances of the application points to cover a uniformly irradiated area. Thus, the aim was to evaluate in vivo the influence of melanin on light transmission of the 660 nm and 830 nm laser wavelengths on skin and tendon. Thirty young individuals of both sexes were recruited, divided into two groups based on melanin index, and submitted to photobiomodulation protocols in the posterior region of the elbow (skin-skin) and the calcaneus tendon (skin-tendon-skin). The irradiation area was evaluated using a homemade linear array of five sensors. We found significant transmission power values for different melanin indexes and wavelengths (p<0.0001). Also, different equipment can generate significant differences in the transmitted power at an 830-nm wavelength. Average scattering values are 14 mm and 21 mm for 660 nm, in higher and lower melanin index, respectively. For 830 nm, values of 20 mm and 26 mm are indicated. Laser light transmission in vivo tissues is related to wavelength, beam diameter, tissue thickness, and composition, as well as melanin index. The 830-nm laser presents higher light transmission on the skin than 660 nm. The distances between the application points can be different, with higher values for 830 nm than 660 nm.

Esse relato de experiência trata-se do desenvolvimento e implementação de um protocolo de eletroestimulação neuromuscular (EENM) em pacientes críticos, em um hospital de urgência e emergência. A escolha do tema foi pela necessidade observada no serviço em realizar a manutenção muscular dos pacientes internados, buscando uma melhora funcional mais rápida conforme a literatura. Portanto, o objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um protocolo de eletroestimulação para pacientes críticos baseado em evidências científicas e realizar sua implementação. Para o desenvolvimento do protocolo foi realizada uma revisão de literatura utilizando a plataforma Rayyan. A busca envolveu as bases de dados LILACS, SciELO e MedLine, usando os descritores “unidade de terapia intensiva”, “fisioterapia”, “estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea” e “ensaio clínico randomizado”. Foram encontrados 81 estudos dos quais foram selecionados apenas 11 artigos para a elaboração do protocolo. O protocolo foi submetido para a avaliação de dois fisioterapeutas experts no assunto, para garantir maior segurança e qualidade aos parâmetros definidos. Para implementação do protocolo foi realizado um treinamento com os fisioterapeutas do serviço, para que a utilização do protocolo fosse de forma correta e segura. Após o treinamento, foi realizado o acompanhamento da aplicação do protocolo em três paci­entes. A percepção que tivemos dos feedbacks dos profissionais de saúde foi que após a elaboração do protocolo de EENM houve um notório aumento na confiança do profissional na tomada de decisões clínicas e melhorou a comunicação entre membros da equipe de fisioterapia, garantindo uma estrutura sólida para a aplicação da técnica em pacientes em cuidados intensivos.

Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into specific cell lineages in the tissue repair process. Photobiomodulation with laser and LED is used to treat several comorbidities, can interfere in cell proliferation and viability, in addition to promoting responses related to the physical parameters adopted. Evaluate and compare the effects of laser and LED on mesenchymal cells, with different energy doses and different wavelengths, in addition to viability and wound closure. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human adipocytes were irradiated with laser (energy of 0.5 J, 2 J and 4 J, wavelength of 660 nm and 830 nm), and LED (energy of 0.5 J, 2 J and 4 J, where lengths are 630 nm and 850 nm). The wound closure process was evaluated through monitoring the reduction of the lesion area in vitro. Viability was determined by analysis with Hoechst and Propidium Iodide markers, and quantification of viable and non-viable cells respectively Data distributions were analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Homogeneity was analyzed using Levene's test. The comparison between the parameters used was analyzed using the Two-way ANOVA test. The T test was applied to data relating to viability and lesion area. For LED photobiomodulation, only the 630 nm wavelength obtained a significant result in 24, 48 and 72 h (p = 0,027; p = 0,024; p = 0,009). The results related to the in vitro wound closure test indicate that both photobiomodulation with laser and LED demonstrated significant results considering the time it takes to approach the edges (p < 0.05). Considering the in vitro experimental conditions of the study, it is possible to conclude that the physical parameters of photobiomodulation, such as energy and wavelength, with laser or LED in mesenchymal stem cells, can play a potential role in cell viability and wound closure.

Objective: Investigating the effect of different parameters of photobiomodulation (PBM) with low-power laser on multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adipose tissue in terms of proliferation and cell death. Methods: MSCs were submitted to PBM applications with combinations of the following physical parameters: control group (no intervention), wavelengths of 660 and 830 nm; energy of 0.5, 2, and 4 J; and power of 40 and 100 mW. MSC analysis was performed using MetaXpress (R) software at 24, 48, and 72 h. Results: Irradiation promoted a significant increase in cell proliferation (p < 0.05), with 830 nm laser, 100 mW, with energy of 0.5, 2, and 4 J in relation to the control group at all times. PBM with 660 nm, power of 40 mW, and energy of 0.5, 2, and 4 J produced greater cell death at 24 h compared with the control group. At the time of 72 h, there was no significant difference concerning cell death. Conclusions: According to the results found, we can conclude that both wavelengths were effective; however, the 830 nm laser was more effective in terms of cell proliferation compared with the 660 nm laser. The 660 nm wavelength showed a significant increase in cell death when compared with the 830 nm laser.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability of low-cost commercial devices to measure skin tone, moisture, and oiliness; determine associations with the Fitzpatrick Scale; and compare results with those of widely used commercial equipment.METHODSResearchers bilaterally collected a total of 36 samples from 18 participants. For data acquisition, two experienced raters were considered for skin index assessment. Evaluations were conducted independently, with measurements taken at two different times with an interval between them, thus enabling intrarater and interrater reliability measures. The measurements were made with two low-cost devices and compared with those acquired using standard equipment for such analyses.RESULTSFor the intraexaminer reliability results, the authors observed intraclass correlation coefficient ranging from moderate to high reliability between these tools (0.747-0.971). Regarding interexaminer reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient ranging from moderate to high (0.541-0.939) were observed. For the results of the correlations, a moderate to a large association was observed for skin tone. However, a small association for moisture was observed among the tools.CONCLUSIONSEvaluations of skin tonality, oiliness, and moisture showed moderate to excellent intrareliability and interreliability. These methods can be applied in different environments, especially clinics, because of their low cost and ease of use.

Abstract Objective To analyze the bioelectrical impedance parameters of the lower limbs of individuals with hip osteoarthritis and healthy individuals. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting The study was carried out at the Hip Surgery Outpatient Clinic. Participants The volunteers had to be between 45 and 70 years of age, of both sexes, with a clinical and radiological diagnosis of hip osteoarthritis for at least three years, unilateral involvement, or a significant complaint in one hip. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. Fifty-four individuals were recruited for the study, 31 individuals with hip osteoarthritis (OA group) and 29 healthy individuals for the control group (C group). Demographic and anthropometric data were collected and then the Numerical Pain Rating Scale, WOMAC, Harris Hip Score, and bioimpedance assessment were applied. Main outcome measure(s) Electrical bioimpedance parameters. Phase angle (PhA), impedance, reactance, and muscle mass. Results There was a significant difference in phase angle (PhA), impedance, and muscle mass at 50 kHz frequency on the side affected by OA when compared to the contralateral side. In the OA group, there was a significant decrease in phase angle (PhA) -0.54 (-0.85 to -0.23) and muscle mass − 0.29 (-0.40 to -0,19), as well as an increase in impedance at the 50 kHz frequency on the side affected by OA when compared to contralateral side 21.71 (13.69 to 29.74). In the C group, there was no difference between the dominant and non-dominant sides (P > 0.05). Conclusion The segmental electrical bioimpedance equipment can detect differences between limbs affected and unaffected by hip osteoarthritis.

This study aims to estimate the optical properties, absorption (μ a), and reduced scattering (μ s ') coefficients of ex vivo human skin through the individual typology angle (ITA) by only using the skin color parameters. Human skin samples were grouped according to their ITA value and measured using a colorimeter for validation. An integrating sphere and the inverse adding-doubling algorithm were applied to compute the samples μ a and μ s '. The μ a increases as the ITA decreases. An axis swap was performed to generate the μ a versus the ITA for all wavelengths between 500 nm and 800 nm with a spectral resolution of 10 nm. Linearization was performed and a correlation was found. An equation to fit μ a based solely on the ITA values was estimated. The μ s ' does not change with ITA, but it could be fit with an inverse power law as a function of the wavelength. Both equations have a coefficient of determination (R 2) higher than 0.93, indicating a good agreement with our model. An experimental model to estimate the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of ex vivo human skin through ITA was found. The model has high agreement with the experimental data, with an R 2 between 0.932 and 0.997, and these findings may be relevant for photobiomodulation and light treatment applications to estimate the effect of the melanin on the therapy.

To evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation on the physical performance of healthy women, considering the menstrual cycle. 27 physically active healthy women (age 25.68 ± 3.99 years; mass 63.76 ± 12.77 kg; height 1.65 ± 0.59 cm) during the initial follicular phase (FF1 and FF2) of the menstrual cycle underwent performance evaluations, through a supramaximal test, subjective perception of exertion, blood lactate, and evaluations in the isokinetic dynamometer. Photobiomodulation (PBM) (200J) and Sham (0J) therapy were applied 10 min before the performance evaluations on the quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, and triceps surae muscles. A significance level of 5

Objective: This study aims to correlate human skin phototypes with complete optical characterization (absorption, scattering, effective attenuation, optical penetration, and albedo coefficients) based on individual typology angle (ITA) values and colorimetric parameters.Methods: A colorimeter was used to group 12, fresh, ex vivo human skin samples according to their phototype; the CIELAB color scale and ITA values were employed. An integrating sphere system and the inverse adding-doubling algorithm were applied during optical characterization, conducted from 500 to 1300 nm.Results: On the basis of ITA values and their classification, the skin samples were separated into six groups: two intermediates, two tan, and two brown. In the visible range, for lower ITA values (darker skins), the absorption and effective attenuation coefficient parameters increased, whereas the albedo and depth penetration parameters decreased. In the infrared region, all the phototypes had similar parameters. The scattering coefficient was similar for all the samples and did not change with ITA values.Conclusions: ITA analysis, a quantitative method, showed that the human skin tissue's optical properties and pigmentation colors were highly correlated.