A detailed procedure using XAD-8 resin is presented for the isolation of dissolved fulvic acids and humic acids from water. The procedure entails pressure filtration to remove suspended sediment, sorption of humic substances onto XAD-8 resin at pH 2, desorption of humic substances in base, fulvic/humic separation at pH 1, desalting on XAD-8 resin, hydrogen saturation on cation exchange resin, and freeze-drying. Careful attention must be given to thorough resin cleaning and many procedural details in order to obtain relatively ash-free humic isolates. The equipment required for the procedure is expensive and the method is time consuming, but no other isolation method is known to produce quantitative and unaltered humic isolates from water. The procedure can be used to isolate small quantities (less than 100 mg) of humic substances from water, or it can be scaled to produce large quantities (100 g or more) of humic substances from water. Humic substances may be characterized by several methods. The more useful traditional characterization methods include elemental analysis, ash content, functional group analysis by titration and infrared spectroscopy, and molecular weight analysis. The new characterization methods of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, pyrolysis/mass spectroscopy, amino acid analysis, saccharide analysis, and carbon isotopic analysis (14C and δ 13C content) are usually more definitive than traditional characterizations.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChlorination of humic materials: byproduct formation and chemical interpretationsDavid A. Reckhow, Philip C. Singer, and Ronald L. MalcolmCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1990, 24, 11, 1655–1664Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00081a005https://doi.org/10.1021/es00081a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2422Altmetric-Citations531LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Definitive compositional differences are shown to exist for both fulvic acids and humic acids from soil, stream and marine environments by five different methods (1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, 14C age and δ13C isotopic analyses, amino acid analyses and pyrolysis-mass spectrometry). Definitive differences are also found between fulvic acids and humic acids within each environment. These differences among humic substances from various sources are more readily discerned because the method employed for the isolation of humic substances from all environments excludes most of the non-humic components and results in more purified humic isolates from water and soils. The major compositional aspects of fulvic acids and humic acids which determine the observed characteristic differences in each environment are the amounts and composition of saccharide, phenolic, methoxyl, aromatic, hydrocarbon, amino acids and nitrogen moieties.

This book is based on the invited papers presented at the conference. Its 24 chapters are divided between 4 sections which have the following titles: degradative studies of humic substances; spectroscopic studies of the structure of humic substances; physicochemical studies of the structures of humic substances; humic substances: the emergence of structural forms. One chapter has been abstracted separately.

Fresh and decomposed spruce and pine litter and the Klason lignin fraction of spruce needles at different stages of decomposition were studied by CPMAS 13 C NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by chemical methods. It was shown that decomposition of needles is accompanied by an increase in aliphatic substances and carboxyl group content; the amount of polysaccharides is reduced. It is assumed that stable aliphatic compounds like cutin and lipids of microbial origin will accumulate during litter decomposition and humification. Aromaticity is low and does not alter drastically. The NMR spectra of the Klason lignin fraction show pronounced peaks at 30, 55, 115, 130, 150 and 175 ppm. Obviously, this fraction contains appreciable amounts of aliphatic and carboxyl carbon besides the typical aromatic units of lignin. During decomposition aromaticity decreases whereas the relative amounts of aliphatic substances and carboxyl groups increase. This is probably due to splitting of aromatic ring structures and side chains. The findings agree with the results from chemical analyses.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructural analysis of geochemical samples by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Role of paramagnetic materialAnthony M. Vassallo, Michael A. Wilson, Philip J. Collin, J. Malcolm. Oades, Angela G. Waters, and Ronald L. MalcolmCite this: Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 4, 558–562Publication Date (Print):February 15, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 February 1987https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00131a005Request reuse permissionsArticle Views160Altmetric-Citations65LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (650 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA unified physicochemical description of the protonation and metal ion complexation equilibria of natural organic acids (humic and fulvic acids). 2. Influence of polyelectrolyte properties and functional group heterogeneity on the protonation equilibria of fulvic acidJames. Ephraim, Salvador. Alegret, Andrew. Mathuthu, Margaret. Bicking, Ronald L. Malcolm, and Jacob A. MarinskyCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1986, 20, 4, 354–366Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1986https://doi.org/10.1021/es00146a007RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views346Altmetric-Citations94LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

ABSTRACTThe alluvial aquifer underlying and adjacent to the Mojave River near Barstow, California, has been subjected to degradation from percolation of industrial and municipal wastes for more than 60 years. Effluents discharged to the aquifer have contained high concentrations of both organic (detergents, oil and grease, phenols, humic compounds, and others) and inorganic (chromium, chloride, phosphates, and others) substances. The concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), as determined by a wet combustion technique, has been shown to be a definitive parameter in identifying ground water affected by waste disposal. DOC concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 0.8 milligram per liter in the nondegraded ground water and exceeded 6 milligrams per liter in the ground water affected by the waste discharge.The general distribution of DOC in the degraded ground water has been defined both areally and vertically. The vertical distribution of DOC and other constituents indicates that two plumes of degraded water occur at different depths. A comparison of the areal distribution of DOC and detergents (as MBAS) suggests that some organic compounds may have been adsorbed by the aquifer sediments.

The exchange capacity of sediments can have a significant effect on the chemistry of stream water, and a better understanding of the rate and magnitude of this exchange for sedi ment particles of different sizes is needed. Techniques have been devel oped for the simultaneous measure ment of exchange rate and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clay minerals using specific-ion electrode techniques (1) (2) (3). Because the sandand gravel-size fractions can rep resent an important part of the total sediment transported by streams, it is necessary to evaluate the contribution of these size fractions to the total ex change and transport properties of the stream. The purpose of this paper is to report the variation in cation exchange capacity and cation-exchange rate with particle size of stream sedi ments from the Mattole River of north ern California.

AbstractA cationic electrode (used as a potassium specific‐ion electrode and a sodium specific‐ion electrode were used to measure rates of cation exchange on clay minerals. The Ba‐K exchange rates for kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite were rapid with >75% exchange being measured within 3 sec. Because this time interval represents response time of the specific‐ion electrode, the Ba‐K exchange on these clay minerals occurs at a faster rate than this and may be an instantaneous process. Ba‐K exchange on vermiculitic materials was characterized by both a rapid and a slow rate of exchange. A major part of the Ba‐K exchange in silt‐ and clay‐size vermiculite was found to be diffusion controlled.Ca‐K, Mg‐K, Ca‐Na, and Mg‐Na exchange rates were rapid for all vermiculites and other clay minerals used in the experiment. Only Poole vermiculite exhibited two rates of Ba‐Na exchange similar to those shown by all vermiculites during Ba‐K exchange. Ba‐Na exchange rates on all vermiculites except Poole were rapid.