Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) is widely used to enhance the gain of antenna & reduces Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). In this work, a novel Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) is designed, analyzed, and fabricated along with passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) reader antenna operating at global Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) for wireless RFID applications. The antenna & FSS sheet is fabricated on less costly FR4 substrate with resonant bandwidth of 860-960 MHz. The Fabry-Perot arrangement of FSS sheet with antenna increases the gain & directivity without modifying the antenna profile or increasing radiation patch size. The maximum measured gain is 9.8 dB & 7.2 dB with the Reflection coefficient (S-11) of -35 dB & -15 dB at 910 MHz & 950 MHz respectively. The proposed antenna of dimension 40 mm by 40 mm is fabricated & tested for further experimental validation with measured read range longer than 8 m. The novelty in proposed work is integration of FSS with passive UHF RFID technology which can be effectively used in wireless RFID applications for improved read range, higher gain, lower power consumption & better immunity within the resonating band. The proposed antenna effectively isolates out-of-band frequencies from in-band frequencies over a required bandwidth reducing Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) for UHF RFID applications.

The transmission channel choice and other relevant characteristics affect the communication system's bandwidth loss and signal strength. This causes energy loss during transmission since the channel bandwidth is being used up so heavily. This may be avoided by carefully choosing the channels in the spectrum to allot the bandwidth in accordance with the consumption limit. In this study, the optimum energy reduction-based 5G communication system aids in improving the channel bandwidth selection in accordance with the prediction of the ideal antenna directionality. The Distributional Spectrum Series (DSS) and the beamforming method may be used to accomplish this. This kind of optimum antenna selection analyzes the signal spectrum and optimizes the energy based on the beamforming parameters by using directionality prediction from the Direction of Arrival (DOA). The testing results and comparative graphs demonstrate the performance of the proposed 5G communication system through parameters of Energy (Joule), Blocking Probability (BP), throughput (bps), and other relevant factors.

We describe a compact Ultra-wideband antenna with dimensions of 43mm×33mm×1.6 mm for RFID, WLAN, WiMAX, and satellite communication in the C-band in this work. The proposed design and simulation analysis of a circular monopole antenna with an octagon-shaped slot in the middle and a horizontal I-shaped slot on the top of a FR-4 substrate are presented in this work. Many RF bands like RFID, LTE, Wi-Fi, WLAN, Wi-MAX, satellite communication for C-band and X-band coexists in this band. The substrate having a relative permittivity of 4.4 is sandwiched by copper monopole patch on top with the copper defective ground and a loaded periodic structure at the bottom of the substrate. It achieves S 11 ≤ -10 dB in 2.45-11.3 GHz. We take the operating frequency at 3.5 GHz (Sub-6GHz), 5.8 GHz (RFID), and 6.165/4 GHz (satellite uplink/downlink at C-band) with a gain of 1.98 dBi, 3.96 dBi, and 2.78/2.05 dBi respectively.

A circularly polarized dual band wearable antenna using a frequency selective surface backed reflector for radio frequency identification reader resonating at global ultra-high frequency band (860-960 MHz) and ISM band (2.4 GHz) is proposed in this work.For circular polarization, the corner is truncated at the opposite end of a square patch with periodic slots over the patch for getting an orthogonal electric field in both the X and Y axis directions.Another truncated inner square slot patch miniaturizes the antenna further for stable frequency response.Finally, the periodic frequency selective surface-based reflector is used for gain enhancement and crosstalk reduction.The simulated and measured results for antenna over human body are plotted against the required bandwidth.The return loss and maximum radiated gains of -31 dB and 8.30 dB are achieved at a resonating frequency of 2.4 GHz with the reading range and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 6.98 m and 0.77 watt/kg, respectively.At 865 MHz, the return loss and maximum radiated gain are -23 dB and 5.31 dB with the reading range and SAR of 5.21 m and 0.65 watt/kg, respectively.The proposed Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) RFID antenna is circularly polarized with the axial ratio bandwidth less than 3 dB with approximately 15% (860-965 MHz and 2.4-2.45GHz) range.The designed wearable antenna provides better isolation when FSS is incorporated while enhancing the gain for longer read range.The FSS reflector below the antenna reduces the SAR for on-body wearable applications.This RFID antenna can be used efficiently for WBAN applications as a portable RFID reader wearable antenna for remote sensing and real time monitoring.

The design and analysis of a four-port multi-input multi-output (MIMO) super wideband antenna (SWB) with a metamaterial superstrate are proposed. Initially, a single antenna is constructed with a hexagonal radiator loaded with dodecagon slots along with a slotted partial ground. An impedance bandwidth of 4.1-14.7 GHz is achieved by using symmetric coplanar waveguide feeding technique and three iterations of dodecagon slot-loaded radiating element. The design is extended to a 2 x 2 MIMO antenna with dimensions 50 x 50 x 1.6 mm(3). The four symmetrical SWB antennas are placed orthogonally to each other at four corners of a square-shaped FR4 substrate. A metamaterial superstrate is used above the four-port antenna to increase the antenna's performance characteristics. A 7 x 7 array of rectangular metamaterial unit cells acts as a building block for the metamaterial superstrate to improve impedance matching, enhance isolation between the elements, and boost the antenna's gain. The metamaterial unit cells are made up of three rectangular rings that are put on top of a 1.6 mm thick FR4 substrate. With a mutual coupling of (>15 dB), the antenna achieved S11 < -10 dB for an impedance bandwidth of 11 GHz. The gain enhancement of up to 1.73 dB is obtained in C and X bands using metamaterial superstrate. The antenna characteristics mainly peak gain, return loss, bandwidth, and isolation are examined. The simulated results affirm a decent deal with experimental results.

Abstract Improvement in the spectral efficiency (SE) for Device is Device (D2D) is important and essential to get enhancement in the data rate, bandwidth per unit area, the number of connected devices per unit area, availability, coverage, energy usage, and latency. This can be achieved by the implementation of a higher-order modulation technique. But the basic problem is interference. This paper is going to implement higher-order modulation (up to 1024 QAM) with the help of Transport Block Size (TBS) for the Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH). Here SE is improving as the order of the modulation or TBS rises. Block error rate (BLER) and the Average number of transmissions are also cultivating as TBS or order of the modulation increasing. Development in the BLER reflects the enrichment in block error due to interference. Here frequency selective fading and additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) are added to the channel to see the effect of fading and noise.

Abstract Improvement in the spectral efficiency (SE) for Device is Device (D2D) is important and essential to get enhancement in the data rate, bandwidth per unit area, the number of connected devices per unit area, availability, coverage, energy usage, and latency. This can be achieved by the implementation of a higher-order modulation technique. But the basic problem is interference. This paper is going to implement higher-order modulation (up to 1024 QAM) with the help of Transport Block Size (TBS) for the Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH). Here SE is improving as the order of the modulation or TBS rises. Block error rate (BLER) and the Average number of transmissions are also cultivating as TBS or order of the modulation increasing. Development in the BLER reflects the enrichment in block error due to interference. Here frequency selective fading and additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) are added to the channel to see the effect of fading and noise.

In this paper, the design and simulation results of an ultra-broadband with high absorption rate metamaterial absorber known as MMA are presented. The structure of this material is composed of rectangular copper patches that are arranged on top of an FR-4 Epoxy dielectric substrate with a thickness of 2.7 mm. The relative bandwidth above 90

In this paper, we present a frequency selective surface (FSS) working at X-band for application of airborne radome. A dipole unit cell FSS is designed and simulated. Further, the FSS is simulated into 3×3 dipole array and A-sandwich radome wall design to check the behavior of the EM wave after passing the FSS. The proposed FSS and FSS based radome wall is analyzed with different incident angles (0°, 10°, 20°, and 30°) for both the structures. The suggested band-pass dipole FSS structure has dimension of 10mm×10mm×1.54mm with two conducting rings (thickness 0.035mm) having a plus sign in the middle is embedded on either side of the core layer (ɛr = 3.5 and tanδ = 0.003). The -10 dB relative bandwidth (BW) of the suggested single element is from 9.6 - 10.7 GHz and with a very good insertion loss (IL) of 0.1 dB. Moreover, the single element A-sandwich radome wall structure has a dual band from 8.08 to 10.53 GHz and 10.56 to 12.35 GHz with better IL of 0.1dB and 0.05dB from the two bands respectively. The proposed system is designed and simulated on CST Microwave Studio.

Determining the direction of arrival, which requires the estimate of smart antenna properties, is one way to improve communication performance. Data has already been sorted using spectral classification to determine the best course of action for improving service quality. This research work proposes an alternative approach called Improved Grey Wolf Optimizer (I-GWO) to enhance the spectrum analysis model for choosing the optimum antenna and determining the direction of arrival (DOA) route in 5G communication systems. The antenna signal emission direction is tracked, and its properties are calculated using the I-GWO approach. The proposed model examines the radiation pattern and effectiveness of antenna beam to strengthen the signal and reduce noise (SNR). In comparison to earlier techniques, the I-GWO algorithm speeds up searching and improves the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) value with each iteration of the snapshot. Using intelligent directional signal processing in 5G communication systems, the existing methodologies are analyzed to provide an algorithm and methodology, offer the results and analysis, and carry out a comparison study. The I-GWO method aids in the development of more effective and efficient 5G communication systems while enhancing signal quality.

In this research work, a flexible polymer-based compact wearable antenna has been designed, fabricated, and analysed for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) IoT enabled applications. The antenna is fabricated on a Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) with lambda L as the lowest operating free-space wavelength resonating for sub-6 GHz band at 2.4 GHz, 3.3 GHz, 4.1 GHz and 5.8 GHz. Periodic Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) reflector is used which reduces Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) antenna and enhances the gain of the antenna. The simulation results prove that this flexible wearable antenna radiates an increased gain of approximately 10 dB and returns loss of -36 dB at the lowest frequency with FSS as a reflector. The simulation results are validated by experimental results which offer a good agreement. An average SAR value of l.5 watts/gm is measured within the specific safety limit which makes it feasible for practical implementation. This antenna provides better isolation against on-body losses and reduces SAR value with improved radiation efficiency for WBAN IoT enabled applications.

In this paper, an X-band frequency selective surface (FSS)-antenna-radome system has been studied for airborne applications. In order to examine the electromagnetic (EM) behavior after traversing the system, a dipole unit cell FSS and A-sandwich radome wall are developed and simulated in the first step. The -10dB relative bandwidth (BW) of the suggested single element is from 9.6 - 10.7 GHz and with a very good insertion loss (IL) of 0.1 dB. Moreover, the single element Asandwich radome wall structure has a dual band with better IL of 0.1dB and 0. 05dB from the two bands respectively. Both the suggested FSS and radome wall is analyzed for polarization-insensitivity. In the second step, we take a high directional horn antenna, which is then covered with 5 × 6 FSS array on the broadside for secure communication. Then, we design a full radome having same thickness as the unit cell radome wall. The radome is placed on the broadside covering the entire horn antenna and check the EM characteristic at X-band after passing the suggested system. We witness that $S_{11}\leq-10dB$ covering entire X-band with a high gain for the respective structures, making it applicable for airborne radome.

The wireless communication in 5G system enhances the transmission rate and the packet delivery ratio. There are several methods to improve the performance of 5G communication based on the optima selection of Antenna parameters. In this paper, a novel bilateral antenna pattern selection (BAPS) was proposed as the optimization technique for the best selection of spectrum pattern from the antenna parameters. Based on the Direction of Arrival (DOA), the best antenna was selected optimally to achieve the higher value of gain parameter. The spectrum of the signal was estimated to form the signal pattern of an antenna with the combination of beamforming technique to represent the design of smart antenna in the 5G communication system. These spectrum selections and the pattern validation of an DOA provides the best match of antenna that are selected for the communication. This improves the high gain and the signal strength for transmission. This also reduces the noise ratio in the signal. Due to the optimal selection of antenna parameters by using BAPS technique, this will reduce the power consumption than the traditional communication system. The result analysis validates the performance of proposed optimization technique by comparing with the other state-of-art methods.

Mobile and data communication systems are providing various services such as voice, video, text messaging, etc. They required enhanced data rates with a high level of accuracy. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique can achieve enhanced data rates along with low error. OFDM divides overall system bandwidth into multiple orthogonal frequency sub-bands. Each sub-band uses separate sub-carriers. This implies a reduction of inter symbol interference (ISI). Data is modulated with these subcarriers. OFDM also uses higher-order modulation/demodulation techniques and inverse fast Fourier transform/fast Fourier transform (IFFT/FFT) to deal with a large number of subcarriers. To improve the performance of OFDM, F-OFDM (filtered OFDM) was introduced. This manuscript represents the improved spectral efficiency of F-OFDM as compared to OFDM in terms of reduced bit error rate (BER), peak to average power ratio (PAPR), and power spectral density (PSD). This paper provides efforts to reduce the BER and PAPR by changing the size/value of, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), IFFT/FFT, resource blocks (RBs), tone offset (excess bandwidth in subcarrier), and signal to noise ratio (SNR). This effort achieves control in the BER and PAPR by varying the size/value of QAM, FFT/IFFT, RBs, tone offset, and SNR.

In this work, a compact inset-fed microstrip patch antenna integrated with a double negative metamaterial superstrate is presented for terahertz applications. A rectangular-shaped inset-fed antenna is utilized as the main radiator, which gives an impedance bandwidth of 1.281–1.354 THz. To improve the bandwidth and gain characteristics, a nested rectangular ring-shaped metamaterial structure is designed. This structure shows double negative properties at the resonance frequency, which enhances the gain and bandwidth simultaneously. The designed antenna achieves a gain improvement of 1.9 dB at Φ = 0° and Φ = 90°. A reflection coefficient of −24 dB is achieved with a bandwidth enhancement of 26% at 1.32 THz. The antenna maintains very good radiation characteristics, and the peak gain value reaches 7.72 dB at 1.32 THz. This metamaterial-based antenna can be used for biomedical, imaging, and radar applications.

5G is the advanced technology beyond the 4G, which has faster speed, more bandwidth, wider range, low latency, and better Quality of Services. Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is an innovation that can contribute to the fulfillment of the demand of 5G. Previous researchers in this field demonstrated the improvement in spectral efficiency for D2D communication using various techniques such as clustering, frequency reusing, spectrum sharing, resource block allocation, and implementation of the new generation waveforms i.e., orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Filter bank multicarrier, and Universal carrier multicarrier. This manuscript will review the achieved performance in the used network for different algorithms or methods suggested by researchers.

A novel broadband and high gain multi-input multi-output antenna with metamaterial superstrate is reported in this paper. The operating frequency band is 3.6–18 GHz with inter element isolation of more than 15 dB. To improve the gain, an array of metamaterial unit cells is designed and used as a superstrate at a distance of λ/2 for the WLAN frequency spectrum. As a result, the peak gain is increased by 1.2 dB at 5.2 GHz. The antenna is 52 × 52 × 1.6 mm3 in size. The simulated and measured outcomes are very similar.

In the 5G based wireless communication system, the most of the applications are initiating the increase in bandwidth capacity and optimal selection of routing path to make the high speed of data transmission. The communication process can also be improving by detecting the direction of arrival which is to estimate for the smart antenna in 5G communication. For this most commonly the spectrum of the antenna parameters was classified and find the optimal solution for improving the Quality of Service. To enhance the spectrum analysis model, adaptive beamforming method was implemented to improve the performance of smart antenna propagation. The smart antenna can improve the coverage area by combining a greater number of uninterrupted connections in 5G network. In this propose work, the Recursive Spectral Classification (RSC) algorithm with the beamforming were used to classify and identify the best match of spectral pattern of the signal to monitor the directionality of the antenna signal radiation. This estimates the parameters such as antenna gain, radiation pattern, power density factor, etc. that are representing the design properties of array antenna. The simulation results show the performance result of proposed work by comparing the proposed model of adaptive beamforming method with other state-of-art methods.

This paper communicates the design and simulation analysis of a slotted planar monopole antenna with a defective ground surface which is useful for various wireless applications. The antenna structure has a dimension of 83 mm × 55 mm × 3.2 mm and is designed on the substrate, FR4, with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and a thickness of 3.2 mm. The proposed antenna exhibits impedance bandwidth for 0.85-1.05 GHz and 2.24-6.83 GHz, which incorporates GSM (890–960 MHz); Bluetooth (2400–2500 MHz); WiMAX (3.3–3.8); WLAN (5.1–5.8 GHz), and Sub-6 GHz bands. The substrate is sandwiched by a copper monopole at the top and a copper defective ground at the bottom. The proposed antenna when operating at the frequencies of 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz provides a gain of 0.62 dBi, 1.99 dBi, 4.28 dBi, and 3.36 dBi, respectively.

Near field communication (NFC) is a subcategory of Radio frequency identification (RFID) that is completely vital as a part of 5G and IoT. The Device-to-Device (D2D) communique, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communique, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communique, and Internet-of-Things (IoT) are the modern-day techniques, which contributes an essential function in present wireless and mobile communique. But the primary hassle for the cutting edge wireless communique system is the `steering withinside the layout of ultra-low latency'. Ultra-low latency wireless transmission makes use of asynchronous transmission. Universal Filter Multi-Carrier (UFMC) is a brand new modulation method alongside an advanced filtering wireless mechanism that overcomes this hassle. This paper is provided that the increment withinside the range of sub-bands complements the Bit Error Rate (BER) for UFMC. Here efforts are furnished for the discount withinside the BER through growing SNR.