Purpose The Australian Temperament Project Generation 3 Study (ATPG3) was established to examine the extent to which offspring social and emotional development is shaped in the decades prior to conception, in parent and grandparent histories of psychosocial adjustment (eg, emotional regulation, relationship quality and prosociality) and maladjustment (eg, depressive symptoms, substance use and antisociality). Participants The Australian Temperament Project (ATP) commenced in 1983 as a population representative survey of the social and emotional health of 2443 young Australians (Generation 2: 4–8 months old) and their parents (Generation 1). Since then, families have been followed from infancy to young adulthood (16 waves). Between 2012 and 2018, the cohort was screened biannually for pregnancies (Generation 3), with assessments conducted in the third trimester of pregnancy, and at 8 weeks and 1 year postpartum. Findings to date A total of 1167 offspring (607 female) born to 703 Generation 2 parents (400 mothers) were recruited into the ATPG3 Study. Findings to date highlight: (1) strong continuities in depressive symptoms and substance use from adolescence through to becoming a parent; (2) a role for persistent preconception mental health problems in risk for parent–child bonding difficulties, as well as infant emotional reactivity and behaviour problems; (3) the importance of secure attachments in adolescence in reducing long-term risk for postpartum mental health problems; and (4) the protective nature of perceived social support, both preconception and postpartum, in strengthening relationship quality and social support during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future plans Assessments of ATPG3 families in preschool and middle childhood are currently funded and underway. We intend to maintain the offspring cohort through childhood, adolescence, young adulthood and into parenthood. Data will be used to map preconception determinants of emotional health, and enhance approaches to population monitoring and targeted intervention over the life course and across generations.

Background: Skateboarding as a mode of transport is not often considered when planning the built environment. Skateboarders are vulnerable road users and are often made to feel unwelcome no matter where they ride. In New Zealand (NZ), skateboarders can legally travel on the road but are often ostracized and feel obligated to use the footpath, where they can threaten the safety of other users, and skateboarding bylaws vary by city. Methods: A comprehensive online survey, querying teenagers about their transport habits and subjective well-being, was disseminated to secondary schools in Southland, NZ in 2015 (n = 775). Results: Overall, 7% of adolescents (n = 50; 72% male) used skateboarding for transport. Those who skateboarded reported more physical activity during the previous week (? = 5.2 days/week) than their counterparts who used other modes of transport (? = 4.3 days/week). Skateboard users also accessed more activities during the previous month than their counterparts (? = 17.4 and ? = 15.7, respectively), and exhibited higher self-perceived strengths than those who used other modes on a validated subjective well-being scale (? = 14.4 and ? = 11.3, respectively). However, skateboarders also reported more screen time use (? = 5.9 h/day) than the rest of the sample (? = 4.7) and 52% reported feeling unsafe while travelling. Conclusions: Skateboarding for transport is a valid form of active transportation with perceived benefits for the user, and more research is needed to assess the potential bidirectional relationship between skateboarding and well-being. Skateboarding should be included as a transport mode in household transport surveys, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of both teenage well-being and transport modal split to inform research and policy endeavours.

ABSTRACTIntroductionIn extending work on early life antecedents of parenting, we investigate associations between childhood family history of disadvantage, adolescent socioemotional wellbeing, and age at first parenthood and subsequent parenting behaviour.MethodsParent‐child interactions were recorded when participants in the longitudinal Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (New Zealand) had a three‐year‐old child. Data were available for 358 mothers and 321 fathers, aged between 17.7 and 41.5 at the time of their child's birth. Associations between parenting and antecedent data on socioeconomic disadvantage, adolescent wellbeing and mental health, as well as current adult mental health and age at parenting, were tested for using structural equation modelling.ResultsFamily disadvantage in childhood and lower adolescent wellbeing was associated with less positive future parenting, but only adult (not adolescent) anxiety/depression symptoms were directly associated with parenting behaviour. Childhood family disadvantage was associated with further disadvantage across the life course that included less positive parenting of the next generation. In contrast, socioemotional wellbeing during adolescence and later age of onset of parenting were associated with more positive parenting.ConclusionsReducing childhood disadvantage and improving socioemotional wellbeing during childhood and adolescence is likely to have intergenerational benefits through better parenting of the next generation.

The Australian New Zealand Intergenerational Cohort Consortium (ANZ-ICC) brings together three of the longest running intergenerational cohort studies in Australia and New Zealand to examine the extent to which preconception parental life histories (from infancy to parenthood) predict next generation early health and development. The aims are threefold: (1) to describe pathways of advantage that strengthen emotional health and well-being from one generation to the next, (2) to describe pathways of disadvantage that perpetuate cycles of emotional and behavioural problems across generations, and (3) to identify modifiable factors capable of breaking intergenerational cycles. The Victorian Intergenerational Health Cohort Study has followed 1,943 young Australians from adolescence to adulthood across ten waves since 1992, and 1,030 offspring from pregnancy to early childhood since 2006. The Australian Temperament Project Generation 3 Study has followed 2,443 young Australians from infancy to adulthood across 15 waves since 1983, and 1170 offspring from pregnancy to early childhood since 2012. The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study Parenting Study has followed 1,037 young New Zealanders across 15 waves since 1972, and 730 offspring in early childhood since 1994. Cross-cohort replication analyses will be conducted for common preconception exposures and next generation offspring outcomes, while integrated data analysis of pooled data will be used for rare exposures and outcomes. The ANZ-ICC represents a unique collaboration that bridges the disciplines of lifecourse epidemiology, biostatistics, developmental psychology and psychiatry, to study the role of parental preconception exposures on next generation health and development.

Aim Over the past decade, paradoxes have emerged in the skin cancer prevention and sunburn reduction literature. These include that individuals with higher sun protection knowledge; lower positive attitudes towards tanning; and who are users of sunscreen have higher odds of sunburn. It is also possible that sunburn paradoxes may be associated with those whose sunburn was unintended. New Zealand and Australia have, by far, the highest age standardised incidence rates of melanoma skin cancer in the world, and this study examines the extent to which sunburn and unintended sunburn is associated with the sunburn paradox variables. Method Sun Exposure Survey data New Zealanders aged 15 + years were gathered by the New Zealand Health Promotion Agency in 2016. Results Linkages were examined between sunburn, unintended sunburn and the paradox variables: sun protection knowledge, attitudes towards tanning and use of sunscreen. Sunburn was associated with higher respondent sun protection knowledge. No statistically significant associations were found between unintended sunburn and the paradox variables. Conclusion This research indicates that in a well-designed study of a sample representative of the New Zealand population, the sun protection knowledge sunburn paradox still exists. Despite a high level of sun protection knowledge, many people still become sunburned. Therefore, it is important to examine this paradox further in order to find ways to reduce sunburn frequency among New Zealanders. Potential ways to reduce sunburn are discussed.

Issues addressed With the adoption of Smokefree 2025, further commitment from local government to extend smokefree outdoor area policies is becoming increasingly important in the presence of high public support. The aim of this study was to identify local government commitment in the Canterbury/West Coast (CWC) region to the New Zealand Smokefree 2025 goal through provision of smokefree outdoor areas. Methods Document analysis of the different stages of council long-term plans (LTPs) was undertaken, including 239 draft LTP documents, 5926 public submissions on these documents and 13 final LTP documents. A comparison between the 2015 final document and the 2012 final document was undertaken. Following this, semi-structured telephone interviews were undertaken with council staff. Results No council had referred to Smokefree 2025 or smokefree community spaces in any 2015 LTP draft document. Each of the CWC councils received a number of smokefree-related submissions, with the main theme being the extension of current Smokefree Outdoor Area Policy. The final LTP documents showed that 5 councils had included a brief statement about Smokefree 2025. Smokefree issues were mentioned more often in the 2012 LTP compared to the 2015 LTP. Conclusions This research highlights a need for more commitment by local government to achieving the Smokefree 2025 goal. So what? There are opportunities for health groups to work with councils to try and enhance their overall commitment to Smokefree 2025 and promote wellbeing.

Objective: Transport impacts teenagers by affecting their autonomy and independent access to activities. This manuscript reports descriptive findings of transport behaviours among teenagers in Southland, New Zealand, and discusses the implications of these for public health and policy. Methods: An online survey was implemented to investigate transport among respondents aged 16 years and older from twelve secondary schools. Two methods of survey distribution were used (in-class and at home). Descriptive results were analysed using Stata. Results: Response rate was 71.5% (n=775). The most common forms of transport were as a passenger in a car and walking. Two-thirds of participants had some form of driving licence. Half the sample expressed frustration at being unable to access activities. Significant gender differences existed regarding transport and types of activities accessed. Licence status was associated with physical activity, screen time and transport frustration. Conclusions: The transport decisions made by teenagers, in aggregate, have implications for policy and infrastructure, and findings provide a foundation for discussions around potential changes to driver education programming, the school uniform policy in New Zealand and further research. Implications for public health: Inquiring about everyday transport habits, outside of the trip to school, and activities accessed provided data about an under-researched group, supporting the ecological approach to transport in the context of public health.

Background Evidence suggests financial incentives can support smoking cessation among pregnant smokers and for employees in a workplace setting, yet low acceptability may limit the wider implementation of such schemes. The increasing adoption of endgame goals by numerous countries indicates a need for new and potentially controversial strategies that could bring about rapid declines in smoking prevalence. Limited research has examined how smokers themselves view the idea of financial incentive interventions for which the general population of smokers would be eligible. Methods A sample of 623 smokers was recruited from an internet panel to a survey assessing support for, and perceived effectiveness of, financial incentives for smoking cessation. We used descriptive statistics, plus logistic regression, to test associations between demographics and smoking, and support. We used qualitative content analysis to analyse open-ended responses to a question that invited respondents to comment on financial incentive schemes. Results Thirty-eight percent of smokers supported financial incentives to quit smoking; 42% did not. Support was higher among heavy (OR 3.96, CI 2.39 - 6.58) and moderate smokers (OR 1.68, CI 1.13 - 2.49), and those with a recent quit attempt (OR 1.47, 1.04 - 2.07). Support was strongly associated with perceived effectiveness. Of those who did not oppose financial incentives: 45% preferred a Government-funded reward-only scheme, while 35% preferred a Government-funded deposit-based scheme; few respondents supported employer-funded schemes. Open-ended responses (n=301) indicated three overarching themes in relation to opposition to financial incentives: smokers' individual responsibility for quitting, concerns about abuse of an incentive scheme, and concerns about unfairness. Conclusions Financial incentive schemes designed to reward smokers for quitting create controversy and attract low public support, despite growing evidence of their effectiveness. Media advocacy and health education could be used to increase public understanding of, and support for, financial incentives for smoking cessation.

We liaised with a wharekura (Maori language immersion school) to translate and disseminate an online survey for a group of Maori youth in Southland, New Zealand (NZ). The focus of this article is not results, but the processes of respondent orientation and engagement to more genuinely include Maori in a youth survey. An online survey about transport and well-being was conducted with older teenagers from 12 schools, including the wharekura. After working with wharekura staff and students, the survey was translated from English into te reo Maori using best-practice methods. Steps were taken to safeguard authentic engagement, including how the survey translation was conducted, and how the survey data were shared. This NZ-specific experience adds to the literature about the practice of applying the principle of respondent orientation to the process of translating an existing survey into te reo Maori, demonstrating commitment to some Treaty of Waitangi principles. While this is not a kaupapa Maori research project, it is informed by some kaupapa Maori principles. This may be seen as a limitation of this work; however, we believe there are many positive experiences and lessons to be learned from our approach.

•Transport-related issues appear to influence life satisfaction among older adolescents.

New Zealand (NZ) has the highest melanoma incidence rate in the world. Primary prevention efforts focus on reducing sunburn incidence and increasing sun protective practices in the population. However, sunburn from excessive ultraviolet radiation (UVR) remains common. To reduce sunburn incidence, it is important to examine those individuals who experience unintended sunburn. This study aims to use data from the NZ Triennial Sun Protection Survey to describe respondents who were not intending to tan but were sunburnt after outdoor UVR exposure. Information on sociodemographics, concurrent weather conditions, sun protection attitudes and knowledge, and outdoor behaviour was also collected. The results showed 13.5% of respondents' experienced unintended sunburn during the survey weekend but had not attempted to obtain a tan that summer. Respondents who reported unintended sunburn were more likely than others to have been near water and in unshaded areas, used sunscreen, had higher SunSmart knowledge scores, had lower positive attitudes towards tanning, and were outdoors for a longer duration with less body coverage. As sunburn was unintended these respondents' outdoor sun protective behaviours may be amenable to change. Future public health initiatives should focus on increasing sun protection (clothing and shade) and reducing potential barriers to sun protection.

OBJECTIVE:This study examines the extent to which young people are acting as 'agents of change' in discouraging smoking among their peers.METHODS:This study used data from a survey of 2,919 New Zealand secondary school students who participated in the 2014 national Youth In-depth Survey. Relevant questions were used to assess the extent to which students engaged in behaviours to discourage or promote smoking among their peers.RESULTS:About half of all students reported some form of behaviour discouraging others from smoking, while only one in ten reported encouraging smoking. Discouragement was associated with non-smoking or lower levels of smoking, having more friends who smoked, and exposure to more health promotion messages about not smoking. Māori and Pacific young people also reported more discouraging behaviours.CONCLUSIONS:The results highlight the positive impact that young people can have on discouraging smoking among their peers. Implications for public health: The findings of this study point to encouraging and training young people as 'agents of change' to spread the smokefree message.

AIM:Higher tobacco retailer density promotes smoking by making cigarettes more accessible and available, and by increasing environmental cues to smoke. We aimed to examine tobacco control experts' views on policies that could reduce tobacco retail availability.METHODS:Telephone interviews with 25 individuals drawn from academia, non-governmental organisations, Māori and Pacific health, smoking cessation services, district health boards and other public health-related organisations. We used a semi-structured interview guide to explore the perceived importance of reducing tobacco retail supply, views on different policy options and barriers to policy adoption. Qualitative content analysis was conducted using transcripts as the data source.RESULTS:Participants believed tobacco retailer licensing was an important short-term step towards the 2025 goal. In the long-term, participants envisaged tobacco only being available at a small number of specialised outlets, either pharmacies or adult-only stores. To achieve that long-term scenario, participants suggested a sinking-lid policy on licences or a zoning approach could be adopted to gradually reduce outlet density. Policies banning sales at certain types of outlet were not considered feasible.CONCLUSIONS:There is tension between the tobacco retail reduction policies seen as more likely to be politically acceptable, and the need to make substantial changes to the tobacco retail environment by 2025. Future research could investigate possible legal mechanisms for requiring existing tobacco retailers to transition out of selling tobacco.

Mixed methods research requires integration of qualitative and quantitative data. However, there is debate about how to define integration and what is required for integration to occur. This paper describes a mixed methods research project which revisits datasets from different eras, which were originally instigated for different purposes and had different theoretical frameworks. Using selected results about the relationship between teenagers' vocational aspirations and adult occupations we show how the research topic and question integrated the projects within a constructivist theoretical position. We argue that reanalysing and comparing historical datasets can provide new insights into a topic even with minimal integration of the data. We recommend a broad definition of integration and reflexive research practice to encourage innovation and diversity in mixed methods research, particularly with regard to reanalysis of datasets from different eras.

IntroductionFinancial incentives can support smoking cessation, yet low acceptability may limit the wider implementation of such schemes. Few studies have examined how smokers view financial-incentive interventions aimed at reducing smoking prevalence.MethodsWe recruited a sample of 623 smokers from an internet panel to a survey assessing support for, and perceived effectiveness of, financial incentives for smoking cessation. We used descriptive statistics, plus logistic regression, to test associations between demographics and smoking, and support. We used qualitative content analysis to analyze open-ended responses to a question that invited respondents to comment on financial incentives.ResultsFinancial incentives were supported by 38.4% of smokers; 42.2% did not support and 19.4% had no opinion. Support was higher among heavy (OR = 3.96, 95% CI = 2.39 to 6.58) and moderate smokers (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.13 to 2.49), and those with a recent quit attempt (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.04 to 2.07). Support was strongly associated with perceived effectiveness. A Government-funded reward-only scheme was seen as the most acceptable option (preferred by 26.6% of participants), followed by a Government-funded deposit-based scheme (20.6%); few respondents supported employer-funded schemes. Open-ended responses (n = 301) indicated three overarching themes expressing opposition to financial incentives: smokers' individual responsibility for quitting, concerns about abuse of an incentive scheme, and concerns about unfairness.ConclusionEven amongst those who would benefit from schemes designed to reward smokers for quitting, support for such schemes is muted, despite the evidence of their effectiveness. Media advocacy and health education could be used to increase the understanding of, and support for, financial incentives for smoking cessation.ImplicationsGiven the absolute effectiveness and cost effectiveness of financial-incentive schemes for smoking cessation amongst pregnant smokers and in workplaces, implementing such schemes at a national-level could help reduce overall smoking prevalence and contribute to endgame goals. Our study found that similar proportions of smokers supported and opposed financial-incentive schemes and suggests that much of the opposition was underpinned by information gaps, which could be addressed using education and media advocacy.

Drug and Alcohol ReviewVolume 36, Issue 4 p. E1-E2 Letter to the Editor Alcohol imagery on New Zealand Television: Ten years on Louise Marsh, Corresponding Author Louise Marsh louise.marsh@otago.ac.nz Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorRob Mcgee, Rob Mcgee Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorBrett Maclennan, Brett Maclennan Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorLindsay Robertson, Lindsay Robertson Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorRebecca Llewellyn, Rebecca Llewellyn Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorMatthew Ward, Matthew Ward Department of Media, Film and Communication, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this author Louise Marsh, Corresponding Author Louise Marsh louise.marsh@otago.ac.nz Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorRob Mcgee, Rob Mcgee Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorBrett Maclennan, Brett Maclennan Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorLindsay Robertson, Lindsay Robertson Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorRebecca Llewellyn, Rebecca Llewellyn Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorMatthew Ward, Matthew Ward Department of Media, Film and Communication, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 February 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12491Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume36, Issue4July 2017Pages E1-E2 RelatedInformation

OBJECTIVE:International studies have shown that patients want their spiritual needs attended to at the end of life. The present authors developed a project to investigate people's understanding of spirituality and spiritual care practices in New Zealand (NZ) hospices.METHOD:A mixed-methods approach included 52 semistructured interviews and a survey of 642 patients, family members, and staff from 25 (78%) of NZ's hospices. We employed a generic qualitative design and analysis to capture the experiences and understandings of participants' spirituality and spiritual care, while a cross-sectional survey yielded population level information.RESULTS:Our findings suggest that spirituality is broadly understood and considered important for all three of the populations studied. The patient and family populations had high spiritual needs that included a search for (1) meaning, (2) peace of mind, and (3) a degree of certainty in an uncertain world. The healthcare professionals in the hospices surveyed seldom explicitly met the needs of patients and families. Staff had spiritual needs, but organizational support was sometimes lacking in attending to these needs.SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS:As a result of our study, which was the first nationwide study in NZ to examine spirituality in hospice care, Hospice New Zealand has developed a spirituality professional development program. Given that spirituality was found to be important to the majority of our participants, it is hoped that the adoption of such an approach will impact on spiritual care for patients and families in NZ hospices.

INTRODUCTION:Reducing the widespread retail availability of tobacco could help realize tobacco endgame strategies. We assessed New Zealand smokers' perceptions of five potential policies designed to reduce the retail supply of tobacco, relative to a "benchmark" policy of annual tobacco tax increases.METHODS:A sample of 623 smokers was recruited from an internet panel. Participants evaluated one of six randomly assigned policy scenarios that would reduce tobacco outlet density: (1) no tobacco sold at alcohol on-licensed premises, (2) no tobacco sold within 500 m of a high school, (3) no tobacco sold within 1 km of any school, (4) tobacco sold only at pharmacies, and (5) tobacco sold only at half the existing liquor stores. Continued 10% annual tobacco tax increases served as a benchmark condition. Participants rated the likely effectiveness of one policy on preventing uptake by a 15-year-old susceptible never-smoker and supporting quitting by an adult smoker. Analyses involved pooled t tests and logistic regression.RESULTS:The policy scenarios in which tobacco was only sold at half the existing liquor stores or only at pharmacies were rated more likely to prevent youth smoking initiation, and at least as likely to help smokers to quit, relative to the benchmark policy.CONCLUSIONS:This is the first study to compare potential retail interventions against a measure known to reduce smoking prevalence. Policies that substantially reduce tobacco availability and remove it from smokers' usual places of purchase are perceived as being at least as effective in reducing smoking initiation and supporting cessation, as tax increases.IMPLICATIONS:Tobacco control advocates have proposed a range of policies to reduce tobacco retail outlet density, as part of endgame strategies. There are no published data on the relative effectiveness of different approaches, therefore it is unclear which would be most likely to reduce smoking prevalence. This study provides an insight into smokers' perspectives on the effectiveness of retail reduction strategies and indicates that some of these could be at least as effective in reducing initiation and promoting quitting as tax increases. Smokers' perceptions of the relative effectiveness of these policy options may help inform the advocacy efforts of the sector.

ObjectiveWhile teenagers exhibit a disproportionate risk of physical harm from motor vehicle crashes, transport among young people should also be considered in the context of well-being. We embarked on preliminary qualitative work (Ward, Freeman et al., 2015) as well as a pilot survey to map this research terrain prior to a larger scale survey in Southland1.It is good science to assess feasibility of large studies by way of smaller studies (Thabane, Ma et al., 2010) to assess participant engagement, measurement and adequacy of resulting data to address research questions. This would seem especially important with young people, whose involvement in research poses challenges (Schoeppe, Oliver et al., 2014), as well as with new research topics. We conducted a pilot survey to assess survey design, content, resource management and distribution.MethodsSurvey This research is approved by the Otago Ethics Committee (reference numbers 14/062 and 14/163), and the Ngai Tahu Research Consultation Committee. We chose a web-based survey which has advantages including lower cost, more design options, less data entry time, and suitability for convenience samples.(Fan and Zheng, 2010) Most measures were taken from existing surveys, but some questions were written by the main researcher.Various question formats were used to maintain interest. Questions were straightforward to decrease non-response. The order of question response choices was randomised to decrease order bias, taking into account that respondents tend to favour responses at the beginning and end of response lists (Fricker and Rand, 2002). Most questions offered an open-ended response option. Personalised invitations, incentives and reminder emails were included to enhance participation.Participants Two co-educational schools, one urban and one rural with rolls of about 800 and 190 respectively, were recruited, separately from the main survey. Classes were deliberately chosen that would not be participating in the main study, therefore avoiding problems associated with multiplicity (Thabane, Ma et al., 2010). Sampling only senior secondary students (Years 12 and 13, aged 16-19 years) was purposeful, in order to include only those old enough to obtain some level of license, and therefore were theoretical able to use all modes of transport.Procedures Information and consent processes were paperless, but a paper consent option was also trialled. Two methods of delivery were assessed to gauge response rates. For the "in-class" method, student emails were gathered from staff, and invitations emailed to 35 potential respondents. An introduction was presented, consisting of survey purpose, expected completion time, and description of incentives (one $25 gift voucher per school). Students then completed the survey during class time. A debriefing session after the survey was audiotaped.The "at-home" method was designed for completion at home. Hard-copy information and consent forms were distributed during class, and invitations were later emailed to potential participants' preferred email addresses (n=20). This method was devised in anticipation that schools in the main study may be reluctant to provide dedicated class time, so was potentially more attractive. Two follow-up emails prompted responses from those who had not started or completed the survey.ResultsFifty-five students (male=58%) with an average age of 16.9 years participated. Participants self-identified as NZ European (79%), Maori (14%), Pacific Islander (7%), Indian (2%), Other Asian (5%), and Other (12%).Forty-five participants responded, resulting in a response rate of 82%, and 93% of respondents answered all questions posed. Participation was higher "in-class" than "at-home" (97% and 55%, respectively). Females were more likely than males to complete the survey regardless of method (100% and 67%, respectively). All missing data (6.7%) came from male respondents. …