The IEEE 1017 family of standards was the first group of IEEE standards sponsored by the PCIC. IEEE 1017, 1018 and 1019 (now 1017.1, 1017.2, 1017.3) were originally published in 1984 and covered standardized practices for manufacturing and testing electrical submersible pump (ESP) cable. Now, after forty years, a new standard covering the rating and testing of ESP Induction Motors has been completed. This paper contains an overview of the practices standardized in 1017.4, including topics such as electrical and mechanical measurements taken during testing, routine tests, motor design performance tests, efficiency tests, test equipment, motor model and design parameters, surge comparison testing, vibration analysis and dynamic balancing, thermal insulation rating and general characteristics of connected drives.

The 2021 Published Versions of IEEE Recommended Practice (RP) 1017.1, RP1017.2 and RP1017.3 (formerly RP1017, RP1018 and RP1019) contain the most significant modifications to the documents since their initial publication in 1984. Version 5 (the 2021 version) includes greatly expanded content and a complete revamp of the group of Recommended Practices. All three RPs were expanded to include 8 kV rated cable in addition to the 3 kV and 5 kV historic rated voltages. Additionally, cable sizes were expanded to include #3/0 AWG and #4/0 AWG. RP 1017.1 was expanded to include all testing: factory, acceptance, and field testing. Additionally, advanced test methods including very low frequency tan-delta (VLF tan-delta) and partial discharge (PD) were included, along with interpretation guidance. Testing for surface feedthroughs and downhole connectors was added. New tests for qualification of encapsulating materials for non-lead metallic barrier cables with encapsulating jacket were also added. RP 1017.2 and RP 1017.3 were modified to include non-lead metallic barrier cables (sometimes called "tubing encapsulated power cable" or "TEPC"). The insulating and jacket material specifications were expanded to include reinforced high modulus materials. Finally, the Neher-McGrath curves were updated to correct an error and to make them more readable and usable.

Development of lightning protection standards for petrochemical processing and storage facilities has progressed significantly over the past 20 years. Standard requirements have become more stringent and prescriptive. Understanding of development and propagation of lightning has grown with the advent of 3-D detection systems. This is Part 3 of a 3-part primer on lightning protection systems for petrochemical production, storage, and processing facilities. Part 1 - basic science and history. Part 2 - current requirements of national and international standards for protection systems at petrochemical facilities. Part 3 alternative protection systems. The purpose of this paper, and the primer series, is to update the design and operating engineer’s knowledge of lightning protection at petrochemical facilities, and to increase the safety of these facilities to workers and equipment.

The development of lightning protection standards for petrochemical processing and storage facilities has progressed significantly over the past 20 years. Standard requirements have become more stringent and prescriptive. Understanding of the development and propagation of lightning has grown with the advent of 3D-detection systems. This is part 1 of a three-part primer on lightning protection systems (LPSs) for petrochemical production, storage, and processing facilities. Part 1 covers the basic science behind lightning strikes and the history of lightning research, protection systems, and models of attachment. The purpose of this article and this primer series is to update the design and operating engineer?s knowledge of lightning protection at petrochemical facilities and to increase worker and equipment safety in these facilities.

Recent discussions between governmental agencies, engineers, and standards/code making panels have raised the question of the appropriate type of grounding system conductor. What type of conductor should be used in grounding connections? What factors affect the life of grounding conductors? How should grounding conductors be sized? How do the current standards requirements affect the quality of the ground system? In many cases, the selection of the construction and material conductor to be used is considered a matter of preference. However, the proper selection of the conductor can enhance or degrade system reliability and performance. This is especially true in critical or high energy applications. The technical factors that go into the selection of a grounding conductor are discussed. Reliable criteria for the selection of the appropriate grounding conductor are developed and presented.

Recent discussions between governmental agencies, engineers, and standards / code making panels have raised the question of the appropriate type of grounding system conductor. What type of conductor should be used in grounding connections? What factors affect the life of grounding conductors? How should grounding conductors be sized? How do the current NEC requirements affect the quality of the ground system? In many cases, the selection of the appropriate conductor to be used is considered a matter of preference. However, the proper selection of the conductor can enhance or degrade system reliability and performance. This is especially true in critical or high energy applications. The technical factors that go into selection of a grounding conductor are discussed. Reliable criteria for selection of the appropriate grounding conductor are developed and presented.

Artificial lift systems are generally applied in the petroleum industry to provide the energy to transfer the oil from the reservoir to the surface. Electrical submersible pump (ESP) system is an artificial lift method extensively used in recovery. The maintenance cost of ESP and associate equipment is very high; therefore, the maximum availability of the system components is continuously sought. The aim of this paper is at analyzing the availability and reliability of frequency converters applied to medium voltage (MV) multilevel cascaded H-bridge inverters topology for ESP. A method to increase availability of MV frequency drives is thus proposed, enabling fewer losses in the production and a greater return on the economic investment (ROI).

Artificial Lift systems are routinely employed in the petroleum industry in order to provide the energy needed for the fluid to be transferred from the reservoir to the surface. The ESP system is a method of artificial lift widely used in recovery, often applied in mature fields or fields with heavy oil (low API gravity), as well as high flow rate wells. The energy for ESP systems is supplied by a submerged motor pump set, often driven by a medium voltage adjustable speed drive on the surface. Electrical systems present in oil production units generally depend on redundancy of electrical equipment, primarily related to operational and production safety, in order to increase system reliability. However, in the case of offshore ESP systems, the power to each well is dependent on the operation of a dedicated frequency converter, and redundancy is practically impossible due to the dimensions of the equipment located on the production platforms. Due to the high cost of interventions for replacement of the ESP equipment, the system requires the maximum availability possible. The reliability of applied frequency converters for ESP drives becomes essentially important to the operation of this system. A failure in the converter translates directly into lost production from that well, as well as high intervention costs. The objective of this paper is to analyze the availability and reliability of frequency converters used in medium voltage multilevel CHDI drive topology for ESPs. A method to improve availability of MV frequency drives using the implementation of technical resources, focusing on increased system availability over the entire useful life of the ESP, is proposed. This will enable achievement of lower production losses and a better economic return on investment.

The use of electrical motors in hostile environments continues to increase. One example is electrical submersible pumps used for oil and gas production. Additionally, ESPs are being used in wells with increasingly more expensive intervention costs and high productivity. As intervention costs increase, the necessity for longer downhole equipment life also increases. Go/No-Go tests such as hipot, surge test, insulation resistance and winding resistance are good to evaluate the actual (at the factory) condition or integrity of the equipment but they inadequately address long-term aging issues associated with the motor. The use of Partial Discharge testing for hostile environment motors, particularly in factory acceptance tests, may give users and manufacturers additional insight into the quality of construction of the motor and potential life shortening discrepancies in the winding insulation. Additionally, due to the construction of the motors

The uniqueness of power system designs for oilfield distribution is seldom acknowledged or addressed. Utilities provide construction typical of either commercial or rural applications. Oilfields commonly have large concentrated loads separated by thousands of feet. To minimize line losses, medium-voltage power is distributed and stepped down at the point of use. In addition to common load flow analysis and protection coordination, transformers, surge arresters, and grounding connections are important considerations for reliable production operations. Recloser settings typical for residential distribution cause major damage to submersible pumps. In remote areas where long neutral wires are necessary, solidly grounded power contributes to equipment failure but is nevertheless necessary for safety in surface equipment. The corner-grounded delta connection eliminates the neutral wire and is often used by rural utilities, despite its dangers. High-voltage three-wire construction can cause ferroresonance. Grounding influences the effectiveness of lightning and switching surge protection.

In conducting analysis of systems that have failed as a result of lightning and transients, the authors have observed repeated incidences associated with corrugated flexible tubing (CFT). Corrugated stainless-steel tubing is one of a group of flexible pipes used for low-pressure gas. This tubing is increasingly used not only in processes but also in laboratories, warehouses, and office facilities for distribution of heating gas. These products were designed with mechanical properties in mind. The design does not directly consider electrical characteristics; however, since these piping systems are constructed of conductive metals, they will have electrical properties. Despite the observed tendency of this piping to fail during lighting and transient events, there has been no coherent hypothesis for the phenomenon of CFT failure due to lightning. This paper will address the electromagnetic response of these tubing systems. Ten electrical properties are correlated to the impact of lightning and transients on materials such as corrugated tubing.

In conducting analysis of systems that have failed as a result of lightning and transients, the authors have observed repeated incidences associated with corrugated flexible tubing (CFT). Corrugated stainless-steel tubing is one of a group of flexible pipes used for low-pressure gas. This tubing is increasingly used not only in processes but also in laboratories, warehouses, and office facilities for distribution of heating gas. These products were designed with mechanical properties in mind. The design does not directly consider electrical characteristics; however, since these piping systems are constructed of conductive metals, they will have electrical properties. Despite the observed tendency of this piping to fail during lighting and transient events, there has been no coherent hypothesis for the phenomenon of CFT failure due to lightning. This paper will address the electromagnetic response of these tubing systems. Ten electrical properties are correlated to the impact of lightning and transients on materials such as corrugated tubing.

In conducting analysis of systems that have failed as a result of lightning and transients, the authors have observed repeated incidences associated with corrugated flexible tubing. Corrugated stainless steel tubing is one of a group of flexible pipes used for low-pressure gas. This tubing is increasingly used not only in processes, but in laboratory, warehouse and office facilities for distribution of heating gas. These products were designed with mechanical properties in mind. The design does not directly consider electrical characteristics; however, since these piping systems are constructed of conductive metals, they will have electrical properties. Despite the observed tendency of this piping to fail during lighting and transient events, there has been no coherent hypothesis for the phenomenon of corrugated flexible tubing failure due to lightning. This paper will address the electromagnetic response of these tubing systems. Ten electrical properties are correlated to the impact of lightning and transients on material such as corrugated tubing.

Recent literature suggests that monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting β-amyloid (Aβ) may act as potential immunotherapies against Alzheimer's disease (AD) via a peripheral sink mechanism. The peripheral sink hypothesis states that the various forms of cerebral and peripheral Aβ peptides are in equilibrium; therefore, removal of peripheral Aβ with antibodies results in migration of cerebral Aβ into blood. PF-04360365, a humanized IgG2 mAb that recognizes amino acids 33-40 of the Aβ1-40 peptide, is currently in development for the treatment of AD. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of PF-04360365 in young and aged monkeys. All procedures were performed according to protocols approved by the IACUC, Covance Laboratories GmbH. Young (~3 years) and aged (15-20 years) female cynomolgus monkeys received a single intravenous bolus injection of either vehicle or PF-04360365 at 0.3 or 3 mg/kg. Multiple blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected for 60 days after dosing. Samples were analyzed for free plasma PF-04360365, total plasma Aβ1-x and total CSF Aβ1-x concentrations using ligand binding assay and ELISA, respectively. The pharmacokinetics of PF-04360365 were linear over the dose range studied with mean clearance, volume of distribution and half-life values of 3.7-4.7 mL/d/kg, 48-83 mL/kg and 13.1-16.1 days, respectively. Elevation in plasma Aβ1-x generally lagged behind plasma drug exposure with maximum response occurring at 1.4-8.0 days post dose. In young monkeys, the mean values for the area under the plasma Aβ1-x curve were 831 and 4375 d*ng/mL for the 0.3 and 3 mg/kg dose groups, respectively. The corresponding mean values in the aged monkeys were 869 and 3929 d*ng/mL, respectively. No apparent effect on CSF Aβ1-x was observed for any group studied. The pharmacokinetics of PF-04360365 are consistent with those of a typical IgG2 mAb. Treatment of monkeys with PF-04360365 resulted in dose-dependent elevation of plasma Aβ1-x, a mechanism biomarker. Similar responses were observed for young and aged monkeys suggesting that, for this particular study, age does not have an effect on plasma Aβ1-x response in monkeys.

Lightning damages millions of dollars of electrical equipment each year. With the protective devices currently available this should not happen. Unfortunately, in most cases, little consideration is given to the effects of grounding on the effectiveness of surge suppression. When the surge suppression device cannot be directly connected at the terminals of the equipment to be protected, the impedance of the connecting means must be examined. High ground resistance and lead inductance greatly diminish the effectiveness of surge suppression.This paper describes a circuits approach to lightning protection starting with a discussion of infinite ground, ground resistance and lead inductance. These concepts are then applied to various types of pole-top grounding. Normally the grounding terminal of transformer secondary-windings connects to the common terminal of the lightning arresters. This is demonstrated to be a central cause for much of the ensuing damage. Usually several surge suppression devices are connected to a single ground wire, and the transient voltages on that wire not only reduce the effectiveness of the devices but, because of their bi-lateral characteristics, can actually cause damage.Multiple ground wires terminating on a primary, low-resistance ground have proven very effective in minimizing equipment damage. The integrity of ground bonding for personnel safety is still preserved. The only alteration is how and where ground wires are connected. This solution greatly increases the efficacy of lightning protection, without sacrificing safety or code compliance.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry successfully analyzes mixed populations of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides, providing a profile in which changes caused by drug action are directly observed. A spectrum of Abeta immunocaptured from guinea pig brain included a novel component with monoisotopic [M+H]+ at 4511.22, close to the monoisotopic value of [M+H]+ for Abeta(1-42) of 4512.27 and overlapping and interfering with the authentic Abeta(1-42) peak. Hypothesis and experiment led to the conclusion that modification of Abeta(1-40) by the protease inhibitor aminoethylbenzenesulfonyl fluoride generates a product with monoisotopic [M+H]+ at 4511.19, and that this accounts for the interfering peak.

Lightning is a natural phenomenon that cannot be stopped. However, it can be controlled and the energy diverted. Lightning is described and the induced energy is calculated. Adequate grounding and bonding are demonstrated. The effects of the configuration of metal are discussed. Actual photos illustrate problems with unbalanced and inadequate ground paths that have resulted in fires we have investigated.