Active school transport (AST) refers to using active means of transport such as walking, cycling, or riding a non-motorised scooter to school. It can help improve adolescents’ physical activity levels and create a more sustainable environment. The study involved 70 adolescents (45 boys and 25 girls) aged 13 to 14 from one school in Skellefteå, in Northern Sweden. In an online questionnaire, they were asked about their perceptions of cycling, walking, and riding a non-motorised scooter to school. This study used descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis, and hypothesis testing with ANOVA to analyse the collected data and compare the perceptions of different types of transport on safety, environmental, and personal factors among adolescents in Northern Sweden. According to the results, more adolescents walked to school than cycled, and significantly few rode a non-motorised scooter to school. Most adolescents believe walking or cycling to school is a great way to exercise. Furthermore, the study also revealed that many adolescents avoid using AST due to the time it takes. Although the study showed that adolescents felt sufficient support for using AST from schools and parents, the number of adolescents using motorised transport is higher during winter than in summer. Additionally, most of them were more confident about cycling and walking to school than riding a non-motorised scooter and thought using AST was nice. Finally, most adolescents perceived having complete control over their transport options when going to school. The research indicates that it is crucial to implement interventions that inspire children to be interested and excited about using AST. These strategies should include fostering an AST culture that is fun and positive, as well as creating environments that are safe and supportive. The research results will guide the creation of a persuasive game that can motivate adolescents to use AST and measure its effectiveness.

Recent studies have shown that children are not adequately physically active and there is a need to increase children’s physical activity. This study describes new opportunities and solutions for using existing games and gamification to increase physical activity among children in Sweden. We adopted the principles of Tic-Tac-Training to redesign, build, and test a classical multiplayer cooperative game, Battleship, to create a PA game that children experience as fun and engaging. The low fidelity prototype of the game was developed using an iterative game development life cycle and tested with 13 young male children aged 8–11 in a real-world informal setting. A mixed-method research approach was used to understand the users’ experiences and the impact of the Battleship-PA game on behavior change regarding physical activity. Research data were collected through audio recordings of interactions, direct observation, and a user experience questionnaire. The results of this study indicate both positive and negative feedback that can be used to improve the game and user experiences. The results from the unfiltered recordings revealed that both teams were competitive, cooperated within their team, and became excited whenever they destroyed opponent’s ships or were close to winning. However, the children felt bored and exhausted when many gamification tasks were repeated several times in a game session. Direct observation indicated that the children enjoyed the physical activities resulting from playing the game. However, participants who had not previously played the classical version of Battleship were confused about the objectives and concept of the game. The analysis of the user experience questionnaire indicated that most children found the game easy to play, motivating, engaging, interactive, fun, cooperative, competitive, and visually appealing. Furthermore, most children agreed that the game helped them to be physically active and strongly agreed that they enjoyed performing the physical activities in the game. Future work is needed to improve the game user interface, gamification elements, and prepare additional physical activity tasks for a rewarding experience.

In this paper we present a case study of a location-dependent service, aimed for tourists. Two applications are developed, one based on native technologies, the other on HTML5 and related frameworks. We provide implementation details and compare the different solutions in terms of location support, compliance with required features, and cross-platform functionality. Our experiments show that web-based approaches may lead to significant benefits over using native technologies; both versions of the application displayed comparable location support and compliance with required features, while the web version superseded its native counterpart in cross-platform functionality.

This paper presents SAGA, a functional software architecture for distributing sensor data. The recursive architecture is dynamically instantiated for collecting, composing and storing data at multiple locations. Objectives are to support devices that are intermittently connected over different access-technologies, to save energy by avoiding repetitive transmission from sensors, and to scale out data compositions for different application services. When the architecture is instantiated the entities form a directed graph across organizational boundaries between sensors and applications. Data may be retrieved from sensors on-demand or be disseminated in real-time, for composition and delivery to the applications. The architecture is based on current sensor network principles such as client-server, representational state transfer and web services. The architecture is presented together with identified key requirements and design choices, and it has been instantiated in a prototype implementation for a smart city application. Some key issues for further research are presented.

It is a real pleasure to welcome the attendees to this sixth edition of the IEEE Workshop on User MObility and Vehicular Networks (IEEE ON-MOVE 2012).

This paper describes a sensor-based system for monitoring of sewer flooding. A global trend in Smart Cities is the installation of sensors for surveillance of the city infrastructure. The presented system is mounted in a number of strategic sewers for initial evaluation. In order to monitor the natural variations of the sewer (including daily variations) the system should be able to integrate into normal monitoring/alarm systems. The communication channel and mounting position (sewer well in the ground) put limitations on the system.

Projektet amnar till att mojliggora uppkoppling av fler hushall och foretag till bredbandsnat, utveckla en teknisk plattform som okar tillgang till tjanster och mojliggor mobilitet mellan olika acc ...

This paper focuses on estimating network performance in order to make proper decisions regarding data flow path selection. The purpose is to estimate the available bandwidth without flooding the network with traffic like traditional bandwidth measurement tools such as Iperf. By using small datagrams to probe the network rather than flooding the link, delay and jitter can be measured and used for calculations. The idea is to use statistical information about the delay to make an acceptable estimation of the available bandwidth. Lntransform of delay and standard deviation of delay were found to be the most accurate parameters and provide the best correlation. Also, some network technologies have a significant difference in up and downlink delay. This can pose a problem when estimating the link performance. Therefore this paper also proposes a solution to handle measurements in asymmetrical links.

Mobility is gaining a tremendous interest among Internet users and wireless access networks are increasingly being installed to enable mobile usage. Internet mobility requires solutions to move between access networks with maintained network connectivity. Seamless mobility in turn means that the experience of using a service is unaffected while being mobile. Communication in next generation networks will use multiple access technologies, creating a heterogeneous network environment. Further, roaming between network service providers may take place. To enable mobile nodes to move between access networks within as well as between network service providers with minimal disruption, nodes should be able to maintain multiple active network connections. With the usage of multihomed nodes, seamless mobility can be achieved in already installed infrastructures, not providing mobility support. Mobility in heterogeneous access networks also requires network selections that scale for services. In this article we propose an architecture where application service providers and network service providers define service levels to be used by a mobile node and its user. The user selects a service and the service level from an application service provider. When performing access network selection, information received as part of an application service level will be used to find a network that supports the service required. The performance of available access networks will be monitored and considered when making the decision. Our proposed architecture provides solutions to move flows between interfaces in real-time based on network performance, quality of service signalling to correspondent nodes, and cancellation of flows to give way for more important traffic.

Communication in next generation networks will use multiple access technologies, creating a heterogeneous network environment. To enable end-user terminals to move between access networks with minimal disruption, the terminals should be able to maintain multiple active network connections. Such a multihomed mobile host will experience differences in capabilities and coverage area depending on the access technologies. This paper proposes and evaluates an extension to Mobile IP enabling multihoming, regardless of the access technology. Mobility of multimedia communication in this environment should adapt to changing conditions and be based on dynamic measurements and user preferences. The proposed architecture gives opportunities for mobile multimedia applications to use multiple access networks simultaneously and the possibility to move individual flows between access networks and between user devices. Media flows are identified by destination IP address, protocol and port number. Evaluation results are presented both from a simulation study and from a real world prototype implementation using three different wireless access technologies: 802.11, UMTS and 802.16-2004.

This paper presents a mobility management solution to support both applications who are mobility-aware and those who are not.Mobility management in heterogeneous network environments needs to address the double meaning of the IP address as an endpoint identifier and a location identifier.Application-layer mobility use a non-IP endpoint identifier (e.g.user@realm) while network-layer mobility uses a fixed home IPaddress as endpoint identifier.The resolving of the endpoint identifier to a temporary unicast IP address as location identifier needs support from a mobility management system.This paper proposes a mobility support system that integrates the benefits of application-layer SIP mobility with network-layer MIP mobility.A cross-layer information system provides context for mobility adaptation.Context awareness enhances handover decisions, transport performance and media adoption.The network-layer mobility supports the application to locate the destination ondemand for the initial setup of the sessions.The paper includes an initial evaluation of the network-layer mobility part of the solution.

Support for host mobility an essential and necessary feature for roaming users who connect to wireless networks via access points. Access points may have different capabilities, be connected to different networks and be installed by different providers. A mobile host will discover multiple access points in this environment. In such an environment, a mobile host should be able to use the best available connection to communicate with a correspondent host and perhaps use multiple connections for different hosts. In areas with wireless local area network access, pockets with limited or no coverage could exist. Such restricted connectivity could be compensated by neighbor hosts who form an ad hoc network and relay packets until they reach an access point. This paper describes and discusses a proposed solution towards enabling and supporting connectivity in wireless networks. In the proposed solution the network layer software will evaluate and decide which wireless network connections to use. A Running Variance Metric (RVM) and a Relative Network Load(RNL) are used to measure the traffic load of access points in wireless access networks. RVM and RNL can be efficiently used for both infrastructure networks and ad hoc networks. Multihomed Mobile IP (M-MIP) is an extension of Mobile IP that enables mobile hosts to use multiple care-of addresses simultaneously. The extension enhances network connectivity by enabling the mobile host, the home agent and correspondent hosts to evaluate and select the best connection. A proposed gateway architecture using M-MIP that integrates wired IP networks with ad hoc networks is described. The M-MIP and gateway architecture using the RVM and RNL metrics have been validated with simulation studies and results are presented.

Future wireless networks are expected to be based on coexistence of multiple different access network technologies. Mobile devices will then be equipped with multiple wireless interfaces enabling connectivity via multiple architectures. Different wireless technologies differ widely considering their capabilities and coverage. This requires a mobile node to maintain multiple active connections depending on the applications used and available access networks. To enable this, a mobile node needs to be multihomed and able to direct traffic flows via different interfaces. This paper describes a proposal extending mobile IPv6 with multihoming functionality. Multihoming is managed using IP address, protocol and port number

Much effort has gone into mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) research over the past decade. Yet, even today, mobile ad-hoc networking is seen as a relatively new area of research. The reason for this can be traced to the fact that the maturity in truly understanding these networks is still alarmingly low and actual deployment of these networks rare. In this paper, we investigate the reasons for this lack and suggest ways for overcoming the shortcomings. We then describe four sub-topics in ad hoc networking that have not received much attention, but are crucial for making real deployment of MANETs feasible.

The need for maintaining gateway connectivity in an ad hoc access network is vital considering the 80/20 ratio of Internet traffic. There are several proposals of how to integrate gateway forwarding strategies but they all rely on the route discovery procedure of reactive routing protocols. We propose a proactive approach to avoid the delay of the route discovery process. Mobile IP is often suggested to handle macro mobility and we use the advertisements periodically sent by the gateway to update routing tables in the ad hoc network. Since advertisements may arrive to a mobile host through multiple paths, it is important to keep track of the best path to each gateway. We demonstrate the use of a proposed dynamic metric and how to handle location of correspondent hosts. A simulation study demonstrates the usefulness and efficiency of our approach

This paper proposes and analyzes a Running Variance Metric performance measurement of wireless local area networks and its formal aspects. Our approach evaluates the performance of wireless local area networks in infrastructure mode as well as in ad hoc mode. The Running Variance Metric is used to discover relative traffic loads of available access-points/gateways at the network layer in order to provide connectivity to the wired network. The paper discusses a simulation study. The simulation results demonstrate the usefulness and efficiency of the Running Variance Metric to evaluate the utilization of available access-points/gateways. It is also shown that this metric can be used for hop-analysis in multihop ad hoc wireless networks.