P-806 Introduction: Funded by a U.S. EPA grant, RTI International has developed a “data collection platform” to collect time-stamped human exposure-related data regarding activity, location, exertion-level, diet, and use of consumer products. Our objective is to develop a platform that has sufficiently low participant burden that it can be used in longitudinal studies. This paper discusses the results of a pilot test with 40 participants in the spring of 2006. Methods: The pilot test compares four methods of data collection: paper forms, pocket PC menus, voice recordings, and photographs taken every 60 seconds. It also assesses the completeness and accuracy of: GPS data for outdoor locations, RF beacons for indoor room locations in the participant's residence, fob buttons for recording use of consumer products, and a heart rate monitor. All automated data are integrated through a pocket PC carried by the participant. Five pilot test subjects will be randomly assigned to each of eight experimental treatments. Each subject will participate for 7 consecutive days. Results: The burden of alternative data collection methods will be compared in terms of both the time required for participants to provide the data and the time required for analysts to process the data to the point where electronic databases suitable for statistical analysis are available. The methods that produce the greatest amount of detail, have the most events reported, and have least decline over time in the number of events reported will be considered the most reliable methods. For example, we will analyze the burden on participants and project staff to produce time/activity/location data as follows: Discussion and Conclusions: This paper will present recommendations for the method(s) that will be tested further in a 12-month field test with 150 participants in 2007. Results from this project will determine a set of collection methods that will produce accurate estimates of human exposure-related activities in future longitudinal studies.TABLE 1: Average Time (seconds) Required to Enter a Change of Activity or Location into the Database

The prognosis of patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (AOD) and oligoastrocytomas (AOA) is variable. Biomarkers might be helpful to identify more homogeneous disease subtypes and improve therapeutic index. The aim of this study is to develop new clinical, pathological and molecular prognostic models for locally diagnosed anaplastic gliomas with oligodendroglial features (AOD or AOA).Data from 368 patients with AOD or AOA recruited in The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) trial 26951 on adjuvant PCV (Procarbazine, CCNU, Vincristine) chemotherapy in anaplastic oligodendroglial tumours were used to develop multifactor models to predict progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Different models were compared by their percentage of explained variation (PEV). Prognostic calculators were derived from these new models.Treatment (for PFS only), younger age, confirmed absence of residual tumour on imaging, frontal location, good World Health Organisation (WHO) performance status, absence of endothelial abnormalities and/or necrosis, 1p/19q codeletion and Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation were independent factors that predicted better PFS and OS.We identified important prognostic factors for AOD and AOA and showed that molecular markers added a major contribution to clinical and pathological factors in explaining PFS and OS. With a positive predictive value of 92% for PFS and 94% for OS, our models allow physicians to precisely identify high risk patients and aid in making therapeutic decisions.

Pellizzari, E.; Freeman, N.; Head, S.; Whitmore, R.; Zelon, H.; Stroebel, C. Author Information

The National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) Phase I study is designed to be part of the total NHEXAS framework developed from a series of scientific discussions and workshops conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) during 1992 and 1993. NHEXAS examines total human exposure and is structured to include: Phase I, scoping studies; Phase II, a full national exposure survey; and Phase III, a series of highly focused characterization modules. Our research program examines the scientific issues important to Phase II, including statistical sampling, methods evaluation, media concentration measurements, formulating quality assurance goals, and identification of important pathways leading to exposure. To determine the feasibility of NHEXAS in characterizing human exposure for a representative population, a hypothesis-driven design is used to answer important questions about human exposure to specific environmental contaminants. This paper describes: (1) hypotheses to be tested; (2) contaminants selected for study; (3) strategies for measuring exposure; (4) study area and population; (5) population sampling design; (6) media sampling and analysis procedures; and (7) data analysis. The contaminants of concern in this Phase I study include selected metals and volatile organic compounds. From these classes the first-tier contaminants to be measured are lead, arsenic, benzene, chloroform, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene. Contaminants selected for examination may potentially be found in many media (personal-nonoccupational, personal-occupational, indoor, and outdoor residential air; dust; potable water; food/beverages; soil; blood; hair; and urine) and exposures may occur by multiple routes (inhalation, ingestion, dermal). The central hypothesis of our field study is to discover whether individual and population exposures determined by modeled or extant data are/are not significantly different from those determined directly from multipathway and multimedia measurements. In addition, there are a series of subhypotheses ranging from pollutant-specific exposure measurement and body burden hypotheses to the optimization of exposure models. In keeping with the NHEXAS framework, a probability-based population sample for total exposure and the field study will be conducted in counties located throughout EPA Region 5 (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan). Sampling units will be households and an individual residing within each household. Environmental, exposure, and biological media sample collection will be performed by this consortium. Analyses of the external media and biological media samples will be completed by this consortium or Federal laboratories of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), or EPA. The protocols and analytical techniques selected for use represent the best available for total exposure assessment at this time.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the California Air Resources Board studied the exposures of 51 residents of Los Angeles, California, to 25 volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) in air and drinking water in 1987. A major goal of the study was to measure personal, indoor, and outdoor air concentrations, and breath concentrations of VOCs in persons living in households that had previously been measured in 1984. Other goals were to confirm the marked day-night and seasonal differences observed in 1984; to determine room-to-room variability within homes; to determine source emission rates by measuring air exchange rates in each home; and to extend the coverage of chemicals by employing additional sampling and analysis methods. A total of 51 homes were visited in February of 1987, and 43 of these were revisited in July of 1987. The results confirmed previous TEAM Study findings of higher personal and indoor air concentrations than outdoor concentrations of all prevalent chemicals (except carbon tetrachloride); higher personal, indoor, and outdoor air concentrations in winter than in summer; and (in winter only) higher outdoor concentrations at night than in the daytime. New findings included the following: (1) room-to-room variability of 12-hour average concentrations was very small, indicating that a single monitor may be adequate for estimating indoor concentrations over this time span; (2) "whole-house" source emission rates were relatively constant during both seasons, with higher rates for odorous chemicals such as p-dichlorobenzene and limonene (often used in room air fresheners) than for other classes of chemicals; (3) breath concentrations measured during morning and evening were similar for most participants, suggesting the suitability of breath measurements for estimating exposure in the home; (4) limited data obtained on two additional chemicals-toluene and methylene chloride-indicated that both were prevalent at fairly high concentrations and that indoor air concentrations exceeded outdoor concentrations by a factor of about three.

Major design considerations of indoor air quality survey research studies con-ducted in the United States over the past seven years are examined.

The U.S. EPA carried out a study of personal exposures to 26 volatile organic chemicals in the air, drinking water, and exhaled breath of 188 California residents in 1984. Sixteen chemicals were often found above quantifiable limits in the personal air samples, but only the four trihalomethanes were often found in drinking water. The highest exposures were to 1,1,1-trichloroethane, para-dichlorobenzene, xylenes, benzene, and tetrachloroethylene. Indoor air concentrations generally exceeded outdoor air concentrations, particularly at the higher percentiles. Breath concentrations of eight chemicals showed significant correlations with preceding personal air concentrations in the two visits to Los Angeles. Smoking, employment, and automobile-related activities were identified as important sources of personal exposure to a number of target compounds.

EPA's TEAM Study has measured exposures to 20 volatile organic compounds in personal air, outdoor air, drinking water, and breath of approximately 400 residents of New Jersey, North Carolina, and North Dakota. All residents were selected by a probability sampling scheme to represent 128,000 inhabitants of Elizabeth and Bayonne, New Jersey, 131,000 residents of Greensboro, North Carolina, and 7000 residents of Devils Lake, North Dakota. Participants carried a personal monitor to collect two 12-hr air samples and gave a breath sample at the end of the day. Two consecutive 12-hr outdoor air samples were also collected on identical Tenax cartridges in the backyards of some of the participants. About 5000 samples were collected, of which 1500 were quality control samples. Ten compounds were often present in personal air and breath samples at all locations. Personal exposures were consistently higher than outdoor concentrations for these chemicals and were sometimes 10 times the outdoor concentrations. Indoor sources appeared to be responsible for much of the difference. Breath concentrations also often exceeded outdoor concentrations and correlated more strongly with personal exposures than with outdoor concentrations. Some activities (smoking, visiting dry cleaners or service stations) and occupations (chemical, paint, and plastics plants) were associated with significantly elevated exposures and breath levels for certain toxic chemicals. Homes with smokers had significantly increased benzene and styrene levels in indoor air. Residence near major point sources did not affect exposure.

Twenty volatile organic compounds were measured in the personal air and drinking water of 350 New Jersey residents in the fall of 1981. Two consecutive 12-hour integrated personal air samples and two tap water samples were collected from each participant. At the end of the 24-hour monitoring period, each participant supplied a sample of exhaled breath. Simultaneous outdoor samples were collected in 100 residential locations in two cities. Eleven compounds were present much of the time in air, but only four (the trihalomethanes) in water; wide ranges of exposures (three to four orders of magnitude) were noted for most compounds. Ten of 11 compounds displayed significant correlations between air exposures and breath concentrations; the 11th (chloroform) was correlated with drinking water exposures. It was concluded that breath measurements are a feasible, cost-effective, and highly sensitive way to determine environmental and occupational exposures to volatile organic compounds.

Journal of Food ScienceVolume 40, Issue 1 p. 101-104 DIGESTIBILITY AND SAFETY OF LIMED HIDE COLLAGEN IN RAT FEEDING EXPERIMENTS R. WHITMORE, R. WHITMORE USDA Eastern Regional Research Center, ARS, Philadelphia, PA 19118Search for more papers by this authorA. BOOTH, A. BOOTH USDA Eastern Regional Research Center, ARS, Philadelphia, PA 19118 USDA Western Regional Research Center, ARS, Berkeley, CA 94710Search for more papers by this authorJ. NAGHSKI, J. NAGHSKI USDA Eastern Regional Research Center, ARS, Philadelphia, PA 19118Search for more papers by this authorC. SWIFT, C. SWIFT USDA Eastern Regional Research Center, ARS, Philadelphia, PA 19118Search for more papers by this author R. WHITMORE, R. WHITMORE USDA Eastern Regional Research Center, ARS, Philadelphia, PA 19118Search for more papers by this authorA. BOOTH, A. BOOTH USDA Eastern Regional Research Center, ARS, Philadelphia, PA 19118 USDA Western Regional Research Center, ARS, Berkeley, CA 94710Search for more papers by this authorJ. NAGHSKI, J. NAGHSKI USDA Eastern Regional Research Center, ARS, Philadelphia, PA 19118Search for more papers by this authorC. SWIFT, C. SWIFT USDA Eastern Regional Research Center, ARS, Philadelphia, PA 19118Search for more papers by this author First published: January 1975 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1975.tb03746.xCitations: 5 We thank Dr. D.L. Dungworth, Veterinary Pathologist, for the microscopic evaluation of the tissue sections and Stanley Elias and George Thompson of the Engineering & Development Lab. for freeze drying the collagen. Reference to brand or firm name does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture over others of a similar nature not mentioned. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume40, Issue1January 1975Pages 101-104 RelatedInformation

Journal of Food ScienceVolume 37, Issue 2 p. 302-305 PREPARATION AND VISCO-ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF FIBROUS COLLAGEN DISPERSIONS FROM LIMED CATTLEHIDE SPLITS R. WHITMORE, R. WHITMORE USDA Eastern Marketing & Nutrition Research Div., ARS Eastern Regional Research Lab., Philadelphia, PA 19118Search for more papers by this authorH. JONES, H. JONES USDA Eastern Marketing & Nutrition Research Div., ARS Eastern Regional Research Lab., Philadelphia, PA 19118Search for more papers by this authorW. WINDUS, W. WINDUS USDA Eastern Marketing & Nutrition Research Div., ARS Eastern Regional Research Lab., Philadelphia, PA 19118Search for more papers by this authorJ. NAGHSKI, J. NAGHSKI USDA Eastern Marketing & Nutrition Research Div., ARS Eastern Regional Research Lab., Philadelphia, PA 19118Search for more papers by this author R. WHITMORE, R. WHITMORE USDA Eastern Marketing & Nutrition Research Div., ARS Eastern Regional Research Lab., Philadelphia, PA 19118Search for more papers by this authorH. JONES, H. JONES USDA Eastern Marketing & Nutrition Research Div., ARS Eastern Regional Research Lab., Philadelphia, PA 19118Search for more papers by this authorW. WINDUS, W. WINDUS USDA Eastern Marketing & Nutrition Research Div., ARS Eastern Regional Research Lab., Philadelphia, PA 19118Search for more papers by this authorJ. NAGHSKI, J. NAGHSKI USDA Eastern Marketing & Nutrition Research Div., ARS Eastern Regional Research Lab., Philadelphia, PA 19118Search for more papers by this author First published: March 1972 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1972.tb05840.xCitations: 5 Presented in part at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Institute of Food Technologists in New York. Reference to brand or firm names does not constitute endorsement by the USDA over others of a similar nature not mentioned. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume37, Issue2March 1972Pages 302-305 RelatedInformation