Computer generated images are visually becoming increasingly genuine, due to advances in technology as well as good graphic applications. Consequently, making distinction between computer generated images and natural images is no longer a simple task. Manual identification of computer generated images have failed to resolve the problems associated with legal issues on exact qualification of images. In this work, a colour range histogram was developed to categorise colours in computer generated images and natural images from a point of reference. Four groups were selected, using the algorithm, consisting of exact Red-Green-Blue (RGB) code (group 1), colour code within a range of 10 (group 2), colour code within a range of 20 (group 3) and colour code within a range of 30 (group 4) from the point of reference. An optimised equation for the four Colour Code Groups (CCG) was developed. The computer generated images categorised an average of 69.8%, 92.9%, 96.9% and 98.6%, of any colour code for groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The categorised colours for natural images were 31.1%, 82.6%, 90.8% and 95.0% for groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The results showed that natural images contain a wide range of RGB colours which makes them different. Consequently, the disparity in the percentage of colours categorised can be used to differentiate computer generated images from natural images.

Increasing proliferation of images due to multimedia capabilities of hand-held devices has resulted in loss of source information resulting from inherent mobility. These images are cumbersome to search out once stored away from their original source because they drop their descriptive data. This work, developed a model to encapsulate descriptive metadata into the Exif section of image header for effective retrieval and mobility. The resulting metadata used for retrieval purposes was mobile, searchable and non-obstructive.

Video classifications are usually tailored towards categorizing videos into one or more predefined categories (e.g.genres) using the contexts associated with such categories.This limits their application to only "production videos" (i.e.video produced and edited for a viewing audience).We seek to make the classification criteria more flexible by classifying videos using low-level computable features that can be determined for any type of video independent of the context associated with its predetermined genre.The methodology adopted was based on choosing unrestricted computable features for developing a classification scheme.It extracted and analyzed the low-level components (key frames) and computable features (such as dominant color, lighting condition, and color dynamics) from sample videos.It then generated a model SVM classifier that was able to discriminate between tested videos to be classified.It finally, developed an interactive application to automate the extraction and analysis process.

Concept Extraction in multimedia is identifying and segmenting of multimedia documents based on their implicit contextual characteristics found in the associated transcript file. Multimedia retrieval is being encountered every now and then; however multimedia search systems that can retrieve video segments through large multimedia collections for useful information rarely exist. Extracting segments of multimedia lecture footage based on a particular concept is a huge problem. The aim of this research is to design a video search system that enable users extract concept from the pool of multimedia (particularly video) lecture footage for learning purposes. Fifty lecture videos were selected and preprocessed. The pre-processing included converting the video file to MPEG standard. Indexing of the video segments was done bearing in mind the user’s profile. Semantic algorithms (porter stemming and pattern matching algorithms) were introduced and implemented in the database. The retrieval System (Concept Extraction in Multimedia) took advantage of the internet technology. The Concept Extraction in Multimedia (CEM) enabled retrieval of segment of multimedia based on keyword, subject, date and author’s name. The retrieved segments were accessed independent of other segments in the video. This enabled users to access interesting areas of videos in a learning environment. Concept extraction in multimedia was developed. It enabled users in learning environment to retrieve segment of multimedia document that is of interest to them.

Problem of knowledge sharing is common among students in computer science. One of the fundamental problems in sharing programming knowledge is related to identifying a student that has similar experience and thinking patterns. This is particularly an issue when programming knowledge level varies. Six learning levels and three learning types in taxonomy of educational objective were used to solve this problem. The six levels can always be identified where there is learning. Incidentally, each learning level expresses a degree of knowledge in learning. The work characterized the learning levels and used the characteristics to map learning level of students in a programming environment. Eighty students in second year university were given programming assignments in two programming courses of JavaScript and PHP. The learning level of each submission of each student was identified and was used for mapping. Where two students expressed similar learning concerns they were identified as potential partners in programming. Potential application of this mapping was discussed.

Early spam mails were only text-based, however spammers have moved to more sophisticated spamming techniques that involve images now generally termed image based spam. In most image-based spam, the entire spam message, which could be sometimes text, is embedded in an image of any format. This type of spam emails creates another dimension to the spam filtering problem scenario. Extracting text from the image and filtering these text components is one method that has been used to deal with image spam with little success because Spammers modify their approaches to beat such filters even when such filters are based on Optical Character Recognition. In this work, we used employ the Sobel edge detection algorithm, which analyses a low level feature of an image as an alternative to the OCR only based filtering system. The low level feature resultant from the filtering activity is then used to calculate the global magnitude of the edge which aides in classifying the image as either spam or ham. Our system named WiSpaf can analyse images as well as photographic images and be able to tell them apart.

The objective of the work was to propose a model for accessing information in an information bearing objects (documents) in a multidisciplinary and collaborative environment for its reuse. A model proposed is associated to information system development for product innovation. Forging this specification of information access is expected to provide a base for programmable methodology for accessing a wide range of information in a consistent manner. For example, it was conceived to provide a base to address an information space with specific parameters. It was also meant to provide methodology of programming such as events, methods and properties for such space. The conception was meant not only to create associated programming methodology but storage of shared knowledge emanating from multidisciplinary collaborative environments. The initial concern was to provide a way to share expertise information for transport product innovation in a region of France. The work identified four parameters of information bearing objects: Content, Reference, Annotation and Support. These parameters were used to propose methodology of information representation associated to electronic domain. The detailed parameters were explained with examples.

Collaboration has been pronouncedly emphasized in computer mediated works. The idea is to use computer to collaboratively share information among participants. Little is known about the possibility to use it to evaluate and improve public transport. This work proposed a model not only to share information collaboratively but as a means of accessing other evaluations that has been suggested. Suggested evaluations are basis for further evaluation. An initial interview was conducted in some localities around Paris regions in France to appraise what is needed in a public transport system. These interviews were analyzed and used as the basis for the TranSOM model. TranSOM model was not to promote market. It was not growth model because cost, competition and government policies were not considered in the model. TranSOM model considered participations in collaborative re-evaluation as a node. Each node decomposed to an input, a process and an output. A process in a node is a sequence of operations with implied persons or group of persons, activities, object and management. Persons (participants) in the collaborations can assume a leadership role. The model was designed to analyze the contributions of participants.

LEXSYS, (Legume Expert System) was a project conceived at IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture) Ibadan Nigeria. It was initiated by the COMBS (Collaborative Group on Maize-Based Systems Research in the 1990. It was meant for a general framework for characterizing on-farm testing for technology design for sustainable cereal-based cropping system. LEXSYS is not a true expert system as the name would imply, but simply a user-friendly information system. This work is an attempt to give a formal representation of the existing system and then present areas where intelligent agent can be applied.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a solution to discontinuity experienced when rendering web‐based multimedia due to buffering; and a solution to access to specific region of web‐based multimedia rendering for annotation.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology used was based on a Javascript multiplexer to segment and multiplex multimedia document for separate access to sections of the document.FindingsThe paper shows that without extra equipment or software, users of web multimedia documents can access documents just like cards are accessed in a card game.Practical implicationsWith this approach, it is possible for a group of users to share a multimedia document on the internet with their specific comments on a specific segment of the document. It is also possible to evaluate users in a group based on their comments and their environment.Originality/valueThe paper shows a new way of sharing multimedia web documents integrating users' perspectives for knowledge management

One of the outstanding ways of enhancing human capital development is rooted in collaboration and leadership. No enterprise can make progress in whatever its endeavor if collaboration and leadership is poorly addressed (Jeston and Nelis, 2008). Collaboration is needed in every sectors of life (family affairs, educational accomplishments…). Collaboration may be horizontal (as in play groups) or horizontal (as in teacher to student relationship). Leadership can exist both in horizontal or vertical collaboration. The question at the heart of this work is: How can leadership in collaboration be characterized and explored to enhance human resource sharing? To answer this question, leadership attainment, collaboration typologies and leadership style were used to propose a model in a second order collaborative environment. Collaboration is deemed to produce contributions that can be personalized and shared contributions. Shared contribution is stored in a digital form for its global access.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to share knowledge of how annotation can be the basis for knowledge sharing. Design/methodology/approach The method used was derived from mathematical methods applied to set theory. Findings It was presented that one document can be easily used for experience sharing with multiple users. Multiple documents will be difficult to use as source of experience sharing. Originality/value Experience sharing has never been presented as intersection of annotation, document and users using mathematic principles.

The foundation of this work was hinged on four questions. The questions were: How is knowledge generated? How is generated knowledge compiled? Can compiled knowledge be shared? Can compiled knowledge be reused, reformulated or re-evaluated integrating users? These questions were considered bearing in mind their relationship with cognition. A compiled cognitive knowledge is can be used to aid in decision making and planning. A model of first order knowledge generation from second order cybernetics was proposed. Cognition was associated to knowledge measured from gradual personal knowledge expressions. Second order collaborative knowledge generation environment was used to integrate user's cognitive dimensions to evolving knowledge generation.

This study centers on multiple-scheme encryption using annotation technology. The objective was to propose a composite encryption framework that combines several encryption specifications. It was assumed that combining several encryption standards can further enhance information security. It divided a message to be encrypted into packets and each packet was coded with a methodology independent of other packets in the same information cluster. No specific consideration was given to the chose and specificity of division of information into packets. The conception attempted using Internet Web pages as a launch pad. A selected Web page was divided into paragraph and sub titles. Each paragraph was coded using one of the encryption standards. Annotation model was applied to code packets. Coding and decoding of the entire page or/and sections of page is achieved via accompanying annotations.

The importance of annotation as personal expression of individuals on documents of interest can not be over emphasized in decision support systems and experience sharing. An annotation model (AMIE: annotation model for information exchange) proposed the integration of the peculiarity of annotation creator for decision making. The fact that annotation can assist in decision making was well discussed in AMIE. If annotation is to be used for decision support, peculiarity of decision maker must be given proper attention specifically when it has to do with collaborative efforts. It is a known fact that more and more decision makers are favored to the use of divergent access to information devices including PDA and other non convectional devices. Possibility of information access specifically in annotation through divergent sources must be considered with substantial attention. The work gave a reviewed description of AMIE model in relation to divergences of information sources. It presented efforts made in making annotation available across divergent devices in a collaborative environment for decision making and for experience sharing. The platform of Microsoft visual studio dot net was used to experiment the proposal. Database running on SQI server CE from PDA was synchronized to the standard SQI server to permit divergent information creation and access.

No single information source can be good enough to satisfy the divergent and dynamic needs of users all the time. Integrating information from divergent sources can be a solution to deficiencies in information content. We present how Information from multimedia document can be collected based on associating a generic database to a federated database. Information collected in this way is brought into relevance by integrating the parameters of usage and user's parameter for decision making. We identified seven different classifications of multimedia document.

This article describes an innovative way to facilitate and to provide a collaborative semantic management of digital resources of Islamic historical buildings. The approach combines a topic maps-based semantic support to the 5W1H model (Where, Who, When, What, Who and How) with objective of enabling comprehensive semantics of digital contents for research and education purposes. The topic maps-based semantic support enables to reduce the problems of semantic gaps among different communities (cultural, linguistic ambiguities among various types of multi-disciplinary experts). Furthermore, a multi-faceted resource category management, applied to metadata sets and related semantic features, allows metadata optimization of the description of the cultural resources. This innovative approach has been used to build the Isfahan Islamic Architecture Database (IIAD) Collection as a case study. The research demonstrates that a topic maps-based semantic model applied to collaborative metadata management paradigms can be easily exploited as a tool to enhance traditional architectural and cross-disciplinary studies.

Providing solutions to problems associated with methodical creation, management and information search in an annotation archive is the core of this study. Information archives grow at a relatively slow space but annotations associated with archives grow geometrically because of the diversity of reflections on documents emanating from different authors and with time. Information annotation by users of document is generally connected to a definite document, specific individuals or a precise time. Annotation can be seen as an informal way for individuals who do not freely have initial rights for a document to "publish" their thoughts on a subject of interest. Publishing one's thoughts using annotations does not involve publication protocols such as copyright issues. Where there is freedom of expression through annotation, the flexibility and frequencies of "publishing" one's views on a subject are bound to increase. This flexibility and simplicity in expression entails a systematic management of an annotation archive. The creation of an annotation database is often seen as the human activity that can embed the function of its creator (who is also a document user), the original document and time. It means that a database of annotations based on three parameters (creator, document and time) may include divergent annotations as a result of multiple documents and human factors. With participation of diverse users, there can be divergent interpretations of subjects of interest based on varying thoughts of users. With change of time, a user's opinion on a subject can change. The question that quickly comes to mind is how can a database growing geometrically, with divergent reflections (annotations), by divergent users with considerable length of time be created and searched effectively in a collaborative environment? We consider creation and the exploration of an annotation database by combining the concept of semantic technology with the topic maps data model. Each word used by users in annotation creation benefits from the potential of semantic technology based on topic maps to resolve the difficulty in management. More precisely, our attention in this study is the creation and exploitation of annotation databases to improve information research. Our TMSUMS platform benefits of combining the SUMS-based semantic logical model with the topic maps-based semantic physical data model. As one of the key issues, we brought to light, the problem related to annotation creation in a collaborative environment. Thereafter, we introduce scenarios of information search in an annotation database constructed on specific parameters. We demonstrate how difficult it to search for meaningful information from such an annotation archive/database in a normal situation. Our proposal is a search through such a database with the concepts of semantic technology and topic maps data model to demonstrate how such a search can be improved. Our conception on how various elements of such annotation system illustrates how to build semantic management based on topic maps data model. We point out how annotation management can be improved following this approach.

The primary objective of document annotation in whatever form, manual or electronic is to allow those who may not have control to original document to provide personal view on information source. Beyond providing personal assessment to original information sources, we are looking at a situation where annotation made can be used as additional source of information for document tracking and recommendation service. Most of the annotation tools existing today were conceived for their independent use with no reference to the creator of the annotation. We propose AMIEDoT (Annotation Model for Information Exchange and Document Tracking) an annotation model that can assist in document tracking and recommendation service. The model is based on three parameters in the acts of annotation. We believe that introducing document parameters, time and the parameters of the creator of annotation into an annotation process can be a dependable source to know, who used a document, when a document was used and for what a document was used for. Beyond document tracking, our model can be used in not only for selective dissemination of information but for recommendation services. AMIEDoT can also be used for information sharing and information reuse.