This column in Cloud Continuum is titled “Frontiers in Software, Architecture, and Standards” or “Frontiers” for short. It will cover emerging design and implementation patterns being used to lay the software, architecture, and standards groundwork for new functional capabilities in the cloud-to-edge continuum. In it, we'll use articles, interviews, and contributions from leading proponents for new cloud tools to explain how they are being developed and designed to work together and the capabilities they provide. Wherever possible, we'll focus on areas that include opportunities for open source development and community involvement in carrying out these advances.

This panel brings together representatives from several funding agencies, who will address programmatic activities within their respective missions, which can support research and technology development in areas addressed in DDDAS2020 as well as those employing the DDDAS paradigm. Also, the panel will address potential for collaborations and synergism across agencies to support of basic and applied research and technology development in critical areas identified at the DDDAS2020 conference. Utilizing knowledge of recent trends, the panel will discuss programmatic changes, development efforts, and research opportunities across the federal sector, industry and academe, in the US and internationally.

Internet of Things (IoT) is reshaping the way Cloud Service Providers (CSP) collect data from sensors. With billions of devices deployed around the world, CSP are providing platforms dedicated to IoT that provides advanced features for those devices. This paper focuses on the virtualization of IoT devices and the way security automation can be achieved for this emerging category of virtualization. We present the different approaches used to virtualize IoT, the fundamental difference between IoT virtualization against server virtualization, and our contribution in terms of providing a cloud-based automatic mechanism to secure IoT cloud platforms.

The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure.ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology.ITL's

The first ethyl ester whose structure was determined by microwave spectroscopy is ethyl formate. It exists in two conformations. In the 1970s, that study was used as a model to determine the structures of other ethyl esters, ethyl cyanoformate, chloroformate, and trifluoroacetate. They display the same conformations as ethyl formate. But under the experimental conditions used, Stark modulation with a maximum electric field, static low pressure gas, rapid sweeping, and long detector time constants, each of those esters displays bands of an additional third species. A careful, high resolution study of ethyl cyanoformate only observed two conformers. A model has been proposed that the third species derives from a dense array of torsionally excited states with broadened transitions due to short lifetimes. The present study of ethyl trifluoroacetate in a pulsed jet Fourier Transform spectrometer is intended to clarify the earlier results. Two conformers are observed including all their monosubstituted 13C and 18O isotopologs. In a pulsed jet Fourier Transform spectrometer using argon as the carrier gas, only one conformer is observed. Switching to helium as the carrier gas, another, higher energy conformer is also observed.

Cloud services have gained tremendous attentionas a utility paradigm and have been deployed extensively across awide range of fields. However, Cloud security is not catching upto the fast adoption of its services and remains one of the biggestchallenges for Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) and Cloud ServiceConsumers (CSCs) from the industry, government, andacademia. These institutions are increasingly faced with threatssuch as DoS/DDoS attacks, ransomware attacks, and databreaches that are affecting the confidentiality, integrity, andavailability of the cloud system resources. In the current cloudsystems, security requires manual translation of securityrequirements into controls. Such an approach can be for themost part labor intensive, tedious, and error-prone leading toinevitable misconfigurations rendering the system-at-handvulnerable to misuse, either malicious or unintentional.Therefore, it is of utmost importance to automate theconfiguration of the cloud systems per the client’s securityrequirements steering clear from the caveats of the manualapproach. Furthermore, cloud systems need to be continuouslymonitored for any misconfigurations. This paper presents amethodology allowing for cloud security automation anddemonstrates how a cloud environment can be automaticallyconfigured to implement a set of NIST SP 800-53 securitycontrols. In addition, this paper shows how the implementationof these controls in the cloud systems can be continuouslymonitored and validated.

Although determining molecular structure using microwave spectroscopy is a mature technique, there are still simple but powerful insights to analysis of the data which are not generally appreciated. This paper summarizes three applications of second (or planar) moments which quickly and easily provide insights and conclusions about a molecule’s structure not easily obtained from the molecule’s rotational constants.If the molecule has a plane of symmetry, group second moments can verify that property and determine which groups are located on that plane. Common groups contribute predictable values to second moments. This study examines the contribution and transferability of CH2/CH3, CF2/CF3, isopropyl, and phenyl groups to molecular constants.Structures of related molecules can be critically compared using their second moments.A third application to any molecule, even those whose structures have only the identity symmetry element, determines bond lengths and angles which exactly reproduce experimentally determined 2nd moments, rotational constants, and moments of inertia. Approximate least squares methods are not needed.

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Relationships among the six bond angles about a central tetravalent atom depend on symmetry, ranging from the most symmetrical Td point group to the least symmetrical C1 point group having only the identity element. Exact relationships are derived here in two ways: (1) a purely algebraic treatment of the general mathematical conditions among the bond angles, followed by factorizations that arise from various symmetry constraints and (2) a reverse approach based on geometric analysis, starting with the most symmetrical Td case and relaxing constraints stepwise to lower point groups. The mathematical formulas show systematically how the degrees of freedom among the bond angles increase from zero to a maximum of five as the symmetry is relaxed from the Td symmetry.

Author Institution: Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060; Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3046

Cloud computing is the next step in the continued evolution of information systems. Cloud computing allows consumers to choose what service they want, how the services will be delivered, and provides usage based. The resource pooling and rapid provisioning of cloud services allow providers to more efficiently supply these resources. This results in the consumers’ needs being better met while at the same time using fewer resources (both physical assets and energy). To achieve these goals a better understanding of the implications of cloud computing along with interoperability, portability, and security standards is needed. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been tasked to help drive adoption of cloud computing by federal agencies through the identification and resolution of high-priority interoperability, portability and security issues.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 500-292 discusses how the adoption of cloud computing into the Federal Government and its implementation depend upon a variety of technical and non-technical factors. A fundamental reference point, based on the NIST definition of Cloud Computing, is needed to describe an overall framework that can be used government-wide. This document presents the NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture (RA) and Taxonomy (Tax) that will accurately communicate the components and offerings of cloud computing.~

Vinyl chloroformate is confirmed to have the planar structure reported in an earlier study [1]. Our study uses much higher resolution microwave rotational spectra and ab initio calculations have been extended to a higher level. Naturally abundant isotopologs with single substitution of 37Cl, 13C, and 18O isotopes have also been measured and a substitution structure obtained. The quadrupole coupling constants of the 35Cl and 37Cl isotopologs have been determined. The potential energy profiles of internal rotation about the OCOC and COCC dihedral angles have been calculated.

New molecular structural data is presented for a cyanide terminated oligomer of polytetrafluoroethene. The target molecule, CF3–(CF2)6–CN, has been seeded within a pulsed supersonic expansion of argon. The result of this action is to cool the species to rotational temperatures below 4K. Within this state, the pure rotational spectrum of the oligomer has been recorded using two types of Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. A total of 111 transitions have been identified involving rotational J levels between 6 and 40. Only a- and b-type transitions were observed. The spectrum has been analyzed using a Hamiltonian containing all three rotational constants and one centrifugal distortion constant, DJ. The experimental spectroscopic constants have been used to develop an effective molecular structure by scaling the quantum chemical calculated structure. The data shows that the seven carbon perfluorinated chain for the isolated oligomer twists ≈104°. This compares well to the C7F13-twist of ≈97° anticipated from the X-ray structure of phase II polytetrafluoroethene.

The rotational spectra of benzyl alcohol and of its OD isotopologue have been assigned and measured in a supersonic expansion, either with pulsed-jet Fourier transform microwave or free jet absorption millimeter wave spectroscopy. The spectrum is consistent with a gauche conformation of the oxygen atom, characterized by a theta (OC7-C1C2) dihedral angle of approximately 55 degrees. Such a configuration is 4-fold degenerate, corresponding to minima with theta approximate to +/- 60 degrees, +/- 120 degrees. The four equivalent minima are separated by two kinds of barrier, corresponding to theta = +/- 90 degrees, and 0 or 180 degrees. Only the theta = +/- 90 degrees barriers are low enough to generate a tunneling splitting, which has been measured in a spectrum strongly perturbed by tunneling interactions. The observed splittings diminish considerably upon deuterium substitution. The tunneling splittings are consistent with a barrier about 280 cm(-1) and high level ab initio calculations predicting a 320 cm(-1) barrier.

Two conformations of 1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (1H-heptafluoropropane, HFP) have been observed and characterized by its microwave rotational spectrum. The HC(1)C(2)C(3) dihedral angle is analogous to the CCCC dihedral angle in butane and exhibits both trans and gauche orientations. Rotational transitions of all three selection rules are observed for the gauche conformer, consistent with C(1) symmetry. Only a- and b-type transitions are observed for the trans form, consistent with a 180 degrees dihedral angle and overall C(s) symmetry. Computed models at the PBE0/VTZ level are in excellent agreement with experimental results. The structures were characterized by scaling the principal coordinates of the computed models to exactly reproduce the observed second moments.

The microwave spectrum of isobutylbenzene (2-methyl-1-phenylpropane) reveals the presence of two conformers that are characterized by their microwave spectra and by quantum chemical calculations. The more stable conformer has a gauche configuration of the C(phenyl)-C(1)-C(2)-H chain coupled with a approximately 80 degrees dihedral angle between the phenyl group and the C(phenyl)-C(1)-C(2) plane with C(1) symmetry. The less stable conformer has a plane of symmetry, C(s), with an anti configuration of the C(phenyl)-C(1)-C(2)-H chain coupled with a 90 degrees dihedral angle between the phenyl group and the C(phenyl)-C(1)-C(2) plane. The rotational constant values are 3070.9273(4) MHz, 736.01980(6) MHz, and 680.92889(6) MHz for the C(1) species and 2500.780(8) MHz, 885.72743(10) MHz, and 770.42036(10) MHz for the C(s) species. Quantum chemical calculations are in agreement with these structures and predict a relative energy between those two conformers of 0.4 kcal/mol.