This review aims to provide comprehensive and practical information on the once-nearly-forgotten but now resurgent roles and trends of autologous transplantation in leukemias. We seek to categorize when it is necessary as a first-line treatment (plasma cell leukemia) and to identify well-defined patient subgroups (such as certain types with intermediate prognosis in AML, APL second remission, etc.) in which autologous transplantation might be comparably or even slightly more effective than allogeneic transplantation, not only in frail patients. In some leukemias, such as CLL, autologous transplantation still does not play a role. Attempts to achieve anti-leukaemic effects in autologous settings have proven largely ineffective, but new approaches might be promising. Newer cell therapies (such as CAR-T) are significantly more effective, and the same applies to in vitro graft purging. However, this area has been investigated relatively recently in an innovative manner, using specific graft pretreatments that may also stimulate anti-leukemic immune responses in autologous cases.

Background: This review aims to provide a comprehensive and practical overview of the evolving role of autologous transplantation in leukaemias, a strategy that was once largely abandoned but has recently regained interest in selected clinical settings. Methods: We reviewed the historical development of autologous transplantation in acute leukaemias, including the early period during which autologous transplantation was considered inferior to allogeneic approaches because of limited graft purification techniques and the inability to induce effective graft-versus-leukaemia (GVL)-like immune responses. We further summarise more recent experimental strategies aimed at improving stem cell purification and enhancing anti-leukaemic immune activity in autologous settings. In addition, we discuss how advances in measurable residual disease (MRD) assessment and molecular risk stratification have contributed to the renewed interest in autologous transplantation in selected subgroups of leukaemia patients. Results: This review identifies clinical situations in which autologous transplantation remains an important therapeutic option, including plasma cell leukaemia, where it continues to represent a standard first-line approach. We also discuss well-defined patient subgroups, particularly selected AML subtypes with intermediate-risk molecular profiles and acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) in second remission, in which outcomes following autologous transplantation may be comparable to, or occasionally superior to, those achieved with allogeneic transplantation. In contrast, autologous transplantation currently plays only a limited role in diseases such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Although attempts to induce potent anti-leukaemic immune effects in autologous settings have so far shown limited clinical efficacy, several emerging strategies appear promising and may further expand the role of autologous transplantation, particularly in elderly or frail patients. Discussion: Overall, current molecular and MRD-based risk stratification strategies, together with emerging immunological and graft-manipulation approaches, may redefine the role of autologous transplantation as a personalised therapeutic option in selected subgroups of leukaemia patients.

Richter's transformation (RT) is a feared and not completely understood complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). While most cases involve transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), CLL may, albeit rarely, progress to Hodgkin lymphoma (HL).  We report the case of a 74-year-old woman initially diagnosed with CLL/SLL who progressed to a rare form of HL subtype affecting the spinal cord. After receiving six cycles of brentuximab+doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (A+AVD) therapy at our Department of Hematology (University of Debrecen), the patient achieved complete metabolic remission (CMR) and remains in good condition. HL-RT in CLL is relatively rare and generally associated with poorer outcomes, though it is typically more favorable than DLBCL-RT. In this case report, we highlight not only an uncommon anatomical location of HL-RT but also the absence of typical predisposing factors, such as a TP53 mutation, unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHV) status, or a lack of 13q deletion.

In recent years, targeted therapies have become the standard of care for refractory/relapsed mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Although the mutational profile of MCL has been extensively studied, there is a lack of understanding of resistance mechanisms and genetic factors that impact the response to novel treatments. Since patients relapsing on targeted treatment experience poor clinical outcomes, understanding the genetic foundation of resistance mechanisms in MCL is essential. In this study, we aimed to scrutinize the copy number profile and clonal dynamics of double-resistant MCL patients treated sequentially with Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi) and venetoclax using low-coverage whole genome sequencing (lcWGS). Samples obtained after systemic therapy showed more copy number alterations (CNAs) (p = 0.039; Wilcoxon) compared to samples collected before treatment initiation. Patients showing early progression on BTKi demonstrated CNAs affecting cytobands encompassing the coding regions of NOTCH1, TRAF2, BIRC2, BIRC3, and ATM. A deletion in chromosome 9p21.3 was identified in two out of three venetoclax-resistant patients. For patient MCL2, progressing on ibrutinib but showing venetoclax resistance, a 9p21.3 deletion was found throughout the disease course, with acquired SMARCA4-del(19)(p13.3-q13.11) and DLC1-del(8)(p23.2-q11.1) observed at relapse, highlighting their role in disease progression and therapy resistance. Using lcWGS, an innovative genome-wide approach, this study revealed novel putative primary and acquired resistance mechanisms in BTKi and venetoclax double-resistant MCL patients. © 2025 The Author(s). The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

In this study, we extend and refine several results concerning the geometric properties of generalized Bessel functions established by Á. Baricz (Mathematica 48(71):1318, 2006). The analysis focuses on cases where the parameters lie within a bounded domain. The primary methodology employs classical sufficient conditions for univalency, convexity, starlikeness, and close-to-convexity of analytic functions defined within the open unit disk, as originally formulated by Ozaki (Sci. Rep. Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku 2:167–188, 1935) and Mocanu (Libertas Math. 13:27–40, 1993). Additionally, this work explores the uniform convexity and starlikeness of the normalized form of the Bessel function. To demonstrate the validity and applicability of the theoretical framework, several specific examples are provided.

Cotîrlă and Szász (Comput Methods Funct Theory: 2023) solved a conjecture related with inclusion relation for Bessel functions, proposed by Baricz and András (Complex Var Elliptic Equ 54(7): 689–696, 2009). In this paper, we prove this conjecture for normalized Struve functions by using subordination factor sequences.

A célzott hatásmechanizmusú kismolekulák szinte teljesen kiszorították a klasszikus kemoimmunoterápiákat a krónikus limfocitás leukémia (CLL) kezeléséből. A kezelés két fő alappillérét a Bruton-féle tirozin-kináz inhibitorok (BTKi) és a BCL2 inhibitor venetoklax képezi, a foszfatidilinozitol 3-kináz gátló (PI3Ki) idelalisib és duvelisib hazánkban nem elérhető. Egyes protokolloknak továbbra is fontos része a CD20-ellenes antitest rituximab vagy obinutuzumab. A célzott kezelések hatásmechanizmusa, így alkalmazási módja jelentősen különbözik, ezért a terápiaválasztás alkalmával több szempontot kell mérlegelnünk. A várható terápiás válasz és a beteg preferenciái mellett kiemelt jelentősége van a gyógyszerek potenciális mellékhatásainak, melyek egy része a komorbiditás függvénye. Ugyanakkor a CLL indolens, relabáló jellegéből adódóan a betegek többsége mindkét csoportba tartozó szerrel találkozhat élete során. Az eltervezett kezelés kivitelezése, a protokollok előírásszerű betartása szoros összefüggést mutat az elérhető progressziómentes túléléssel, így a mellékhatások kezelése kiemelt jelentőséggel bír. Az alábbiakban a leggyakoribb vagy legfontosabb mellékhatásokat említjük meg, ezek közül is a BTKi-k okozta kardiovaszkuláris eltérésekre koncentrálunk, melyek az utóbbi időben kerültek az érdeklődés központjába.

Despite the availability of many novel therapies for multiple myeloma, it remains an incurable disease with relapse fated in almost all patients. In the era of modern agents, second autologous stem cell transplantation still holds its role in patients relapsing after first-line autologous transplant. The authors reviewed a single-center experience with a second auto-SCT for relapsed multiple myeloma. Thirty patients had received a salvage auto-SCT at the institution. The median follow-up after diagnosis was 86 months, and the median time between transplants was 59.1 months. Response before second ASCT was the following: CR – 11 cases, VGPR – 9 cases, PR – 10 cases. Most patients received reduced dose (140 mg/m2) of melphalan as a conditioning regimen for the second auto-SCT. Treatment-related mortality was 3%. With a median follow-up time of 34 months after the second transplant, median progression-free survival was 24 months. The median PFS in the patients achieving CR or VGPR at day 100 after the second transplantation was 32 months. By 15 months, all patients achieved only partial remission progressed, with a median PFS of 8.5 months. During the follow-up period, no MDS or AML developed, and the frequency of second malignancy was also low, 3%. In conclusion, second autologous stem cell transplantation is a well-tolerated and effective treatment option for relapsed multiple myeloma in selected patients, though with a shorter PFS than in first remission.

This research paper addressed a significant knowledge gap in the field of complex analysis by introducing a pioneering category of $ q $-starlike and $ q $-convex functions intricately interconnected with $ (u, v) $-symmetrical functions. Recognizing the limited exploration of these relationships in existing literature, the authors delved into the new classes $ \mathcal{S}_q(\alpha, u, v) $ and $ \mathcal{T}_q(\alpha, u, v) $. The main contribution of this work was the establishment of a framework that amalgamates $ q $-starlikeness and $ q $-convexity with the symmetry conditions imposed by $ (u, v) $-symmetrical functions. This comprehensive study include coefficient estimates, convolution conditions, and the properties underpinning the $ (\rho, q) $-neighborhood, thereby enriching the understanding of these novel function classes.

Abstract Background and Aims Immunotactoid glomerulopathy (ITG) is a very rare disease, observable in less than 0.1% of native kidney biopsy samples. It is most often associated with hematological diseases. We confirmed ITG in two cases among our 850 kidney biopsy patients in the past 9 years. In both patients, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was the underlying cause. Method Case 1, a 56-year-old man was admitted due to severely increased proteinuria (2 g/day) with preserved renal function, while case 2, a 57-year-old-man was referred with rapidly decreasing eGFR (20 ml/min/1.73m2) with nephrotic syndrome (serum albumin level was 24 g/l). In case 1, no previous history of hematological disease was known, in case 2, CLL - that did not require treatment - was diagnosed half a year before admission. He still had no kidney involvement even 3 months after the CLL diagnosis. We performed kidney biopsy. Light microscopy revealed mesangial proliferative-atypical membranous pattern in case 1, and membranoproliferative pattern in case 2. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed IgG1-lambda deposition, electron microscopy confirmed the organised deposits, microtubular structures with a diameter of 44 nanometers in both cases. Neither monoclonal gammopathy nor systemic immune disease was confirmed. In case 2, low titer ANA positivity, low C3 and high anti-C1q antibody titer was detected, lupus nephritis was ruled out. Previously, lymphocyte count was slightly increased in case 1, CLL was confirmed after kidney biopsy. The immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene somatic hypermutation status was borderline in case 1, while in the other case it was unmutated. Fluorescein in situ hybridisation revealed trisomy 12 in both cases. In case 1, chemotherapy was not used due to Rai stage 0, and with appropriate antihypertensive treatment, we could preserve kidney function, and proteinuria was persistently low (below 1 g/day). In case 2, due to Rai stage 1, and progressive renal and lymph node involvement, immunochemotherapy was started (obinutuzumab-venetoclax). Three months later eGFR stabilized at 27 ml/min/1.73 m2, proteinuria decreased below 1 g/day, the C3 level normalized. Conclusion ITG can develop in the early stages of CLL, but it can also indicate CLL progression. The light microscopy histological pattern and, in parallel, the clinical appearance can be of varying severity. Immunochemotherapy resulting reduction of CLL tumor burden and cessation of complement damage, both play a role of improving renal status. Our cases also draw attention to the need for close collaboration with hematologists.

We will prove the Brannan conjecture provided that the parameters alpha and beta verify the conditions 34 alpha beta 1. The basic tool of the study is a new integral representation deduced in this paper.

We will give some sufficient conditions, which imply the conjecture of Sendov. We use convexity methods in order to prove the main result.

"Giving the sharp version of an univalence condition means to give the final response to an open question. We prove in this paper the sharp version of a starlikeness condition. The basic tool in our study is the convolution theory. We present a short history of the problem before the proof of the main result."

The authors of (Complex Var Elliptic Equ 54(7):689–696, 2009) proved a kind of monotony of Bessel functions using integral represen- tations. This paper establishes a monotonicity property for the normalized Lommel function of the first kind using the method of subordination factor sequences.

The oral, highly selective Bcl2 inhibitor venetoclax has substantially improved the therapeutic landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Despite the remarkable response rates in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease, acquired resistance is the leading cause of treatment failure, with somatic BCL2 mutations being the predominant genetic drivers underpinning venetoclax resistance. To assess the correlation between disease progression and the most common BCL2 mutations G101V and D103Y, sensitive (10−4) screening for the most common BCL2 mutations G101V and D103Y was performed in 67 R/R CLL patients during venetoclax single-agent or venetoclax–rituximab combination therapy. With a median follow-up time of 23 months, BCL2 G101V and D103Y were detected in 10.4% (7/67) and 11.9% (8/67) of the cases, respectively, with four patients harboring both resistance mutations. Ten out of eleven patients carrying BCL2 G101V and/or D103Y experienced relapse during the follow-up period, representing 43.5% of the cases (10/23) showing clinical signs of disease progression. All BCL2 G101V or D103Y variants were detected in patients receiving venetoclax as a continuous single-agent treatment while these mutations were not observed during or after fixed-duration venetoclax therapy. Targeted ultra-deep sequencing of BCL2 uncovered three additional variants in four patient samples obtained at relapse, suggesting convergent evolution and implying a cooperating role of BCL2 mutations in driving venetoclax resistance. This cohort is the largest R/R CLL patient population reported to date in which BCL2 resistance mutations were investigated. Our study demonstrates the feasibility and clinical value of sensitive screening for BCL2 resistance mutations in R/R CLL.

Treating relapsed and refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is still challenging for clinicians, but the available CAR-T and bispecific antibodies have revolutionized therapy. Autologous stem cell transplantation was the most effective treatment modality previously. The authors reported data from a single center over ten years. The retrospective study included 116 patients, with 53 relapsed cases, 39 primary refractory cases, 19 who had CNS involvement, and 5 who had received primary consolidation transplants. The median duration of follow-up was 46 months. The median event-free survival was 75 months, and the median overall survival was 105 months for all cases. Five-year overall survival was 59%, and event-free survival was 54%. Pretreatment prognostic factors at diagnosis had no effect on the outcome of transplantation. The authors found no difference between survival in relapsed or refractory cases, and the number of salvage lines or the germinal center/activated B-cell type also did not influence the results. Complete metabolic response before transplantation confirmed by 18FDG PET/CT strongly affected survival. The pre-transplant creatinine and CRP levels significantly influenced the long-term outcome. The number of stem cells infused did not affect survival, but engraftment within nine days did result in a longer survival. These data support the finding that the response to salvage therapy did facilitate the identification of a better prognostic group who may still benefit from autologous transplantation.

Bevezetés: A szerzők egy ritka entitásnak számító, a prosztatát érintő lymphomás megbetegedés esetét mutatják be. Esetismertetés: A 78 éves férfi betegünk anamnézisében egyéb betegségei mellett thalassemia és B-sejtes krónikus lymphocytás leukémia szerepel, ami miatt hematológián aktív surveillance alatt állt évek óta. LUTS-os (lower urinary tract symptoms) panaszok miatt indult kivizsgálás során alsó húgyúti obstrukció igazolódott. A prosztata transurethralis reszekcióját végeztük el. A szövettani vizsgálat krónikus prostatitist igazolt. Műtétet követően 12 hónappal a prosztataspecifikus-antigén (PSA) értéke 6,42 ng/ml volt. 3 hónap múlva a PSA 14,55 ng/ml-re növekedett. Rektális digitális vizsgálat kórosat nem jelzett. Kismedence mágnesesrezonancia- (MR) vizsgálat történt, amely mindkét prosztata lebenyében perifériásan malignitásra utaló terüle- teket véleményezett. A kép alapján mieloproliferatív kórkép lehetősége merült fel. Tekintettel az emelkedő PSA-értékre és az MR-vizsgálat eredményére, ultrahang-vezérelt prosztatabiopsziát végeztünk. A szövettani és immunhisztokémiai vizsgálat indolens B-sejtes lymphomát igazolt a prosztatában. Tekintettel a vérképben, a státuszában és képalkotókban együttesen jelentkező progresszióra, a hematológián aktív kezelésre váltottak. Kezelést követően teljes remissziót értek el. A kontroll PSA 2020-ban 7,94 ng/ml, 2021-ben 7,54 ng/ml, 2022-ben 7,05 ng/ml volt. A beteget mai napig rendszeresen gondozza urológiai és hematológiai szakrendelés.

Let J_p denote the Bessel function of the first kind. In Baricz and András (Complex Var. Ellipti Equ. 54(7):689–696, 2009) the authors deduced a kind of monotony for a normalized form of the Bessel function J_p. They proved using integral representations that the inequalities -1/4