Earlier diagnosis of chylothorax following pediatric cardiac surgery is associated with decreased duration of chylothorax. Pleural fluid testing is used to diagnosis chylothorax which may delay detection in patients who are not enterally fed at time of chylothorax onset. Our aim was to develop and externally validate a prediction model to detect chylothorax earlier than pleural fluid testing in pediatric patients following cardiac surgery. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed to detect chylothorax using a stepwise approach. The model was developed using data from patients < 18 years following cardiac surgery from Primary Children's Hospital, a tertiary-care academic center, between 2017 and 2020. External validation used a contemporary cohort (n = 171) from Lucille Packard Children's Hospital. A total of 763 encounters (735 patients) were analyzed, of which 72 had chylothorax. The final variables selected were chest tube output (CTO) the day after sternal closure (dichotomized at 15.6 mL/kg/day, and as a continuous variable) and delayed sternal closure. The highest odds of chylothorax were associated with CTO on post-sternal closure day 1 > 15.6 mL/kg/day (odds ratio 11.3, 95% CI 6,3, 21.3). The c-statistic for the internal and external validation datasets using the dichotomized CTO variable were 0.78 (95% CI 0.73, 0.82) and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.78, 0.9) and performance improved when using CTO as a continuous variable (OR 0.84, CI: 95% CI 0.80, 0.87). Using the models described, chylothorax after pediatric cardiac surgery may be detected earlier and without reliance on enteral feeds.

BACKGROUND Medical management, primarily a fat-modified diet (FMD), is the mainstay of treatment for most pa-tients with chylothorax. Duration of FMD is traditionally reported as 6 weeks, but no studies have demonstrated the shortest effective duration that prevents recurrence of chylothorax. The aim of this study was to decrease FMD duration to 2 weeks in children with postoperative chylothorax without a significant increase in recurrence. METHODS This single-center study included pediatric (aged <18 years) patients in whom chylothorax developed within 30 days of cardiac surgery. Patients with cavopulmonary anastomoses were excluded. The preintervention cohort consisted of 19 patients with a diagnosis of chylothorax between February 2014 and June 2015, and the post -intervention cohort comprised 98 patients from July 2015 to December 2019. FMD duration was decreased from 6 weeks to 4 weeks in May 2016 and to 2 weeks in June 2018. Recurrence was defined as a return of a chylous effusion requiring chest tube placement or hospital readmission within 30 days of resuming a regular diet. RESULTS The median duration of FMD decreased from 42 days (interquartile range, 30, 43 days) in the preintervention cohort to 26 days (interquartile range, 14, 29 days) in the postintervention cohort, with no recurrence of chylothorax in any group. Compliance with the FMD duration instruction in the 6-week, 4-week, and 2-week groups was 100%, 84%, and 67% respectively. Compared with the first 6 months, compliance with the 2-week FMD instruction during the final 12 months increased from 40% (6/15) to 79% (26/33). CONCLUSIONS At the study center, FMD duration decreased from 6 weeks to 2 weeks without any recurrence of chylothorax.

AbstractObjective:A standardised multi-site approach to manage paediatric post-operative chylothorax does not exist and leads to unnecessary practice variation. The Chylothorax Work Group utilised the Pediatric Critical Care Consortium infrastructure to address this gap.Methods:Over 60 multi-disciplinary providers representing 22 centres convened virtually as a quality initiative to develop an algorithm to manage paediatric post-operative chylothorax. Agreement was objectively quantified for each recommendation in the algorithm by utilising an anonymous survey. “Consensus” was defined as ≥ 80% of responses as “agree” or “strongly agree” to a recommendation. In order to determine if the algorithm recommendations would be correctly interpreted in the clinical environment, we developed ex vivo simulations and surveyed patients who developed the algorithm and patients who did not.Results:The algorithm is intended for all children (<18 years of age) within 30 days of cardiac surgery. It contains rationale for 11 central chylothorax management recommendations; diagnostic criteria and evaluation, trial of fat-modified diet, stratification by volume of daily output, timing of first-line medical therapy for “low” and “high” volume patients, and timing and duration of fat-modified diet. All recommendations achieved “consensus” (agreement >80%) by the workgroup (range 81–100%). Ex vivo simulations demonstrated good understanding by developers (range 94–100%) and non-developers (73%–100%).Conclusions:The quality improvement effort represents the first multi-site algorithm for the management of paediatric post-operative chylothorax. The algorithm includes transparent and objective measures of agreement and understanding. Agreement to the algorithm recommendations was >80%, and overall understanding was 94%.

Objective To investigate change in weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ) and risk factors for impaired weight gain between stage 1 palliation (S1P) for single ventricle physiology and discharge. Study design This was a secondary analysis of the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative Phase II database. The primary outcome was change in WAZ between S1P and discharge. Risk factors were selected using multivariable mixed effects regression constructed by step-wise model selection, with adjustment for WAZ at S1P and a random effect for center. Results Of 730 infants who were discharged after S1P, WAZ decreased in 98.6% (-1.5 +/- 0.7). WAZ at discharge was <-1 but >-2 (at risk) in 40% and <-2 (failure to thrive) in 35% of participants. Males, higher WAZ at S1P, non-S1P procedures (mostly noncardiac), increased length of stay, necrotizing enterocolitis, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use at discharge were associated with a greater decrease in WAZ. Preoperative enteral feeding and respiratory medications were associated with a lesser decrease in the WAZ. Conclusions Nearly all infants lose weight after S1P with little recovery by hospital discharge. At discharge, three-quarters of the infants in the cohort were at risk for impaired weight gain or had failure to thrive. Most risk factors associated with change in WAZ were unmodifiable or surrogates of disease severity. Novel interventions are needed to minimize the early catabolic effects and promote anabolic recovery after S1P.

Cardiac injuries following blunt trauma are rare but potentially lethal in children. We present a 23-month-old child who sustained an aneurysm of the left ventricle free wall and ventricular septum with associated ventricular septal defect following blunt trauma. She underwent successful surgical repair 6 weeks following her date of injury. Surgical decision-making surrounding this case is discussed.

Interstage weight gain after stage 1 palliation (S1P) has improved. However, the maximal negative impact on weight occurs before discharge, when catabolic demands are high and caloric intake is often limited. Change in weight for age z-score (ΔWAZ) in the immediate post-operative period has not

Decubitus ulcers are a costly and widespread issue in healthcare today, that result from impaired blood flow in skin and underlying muscle and tissue. To address this need, a point of care multi-wavelength diagnostic imaging system has been developed to monitor hemodynamic processes via use of optical imaging of deep tissue. The resulting measurements demonstrate changes in light-tissue interaction to differentiate healthy and pathologic tissue without disturbing patients in a hospital setting. The identification of light source-detector illumination patterns uniquely map to spatial depths of tissue. The additional time dependent component, allows a novel four-dimensional analysis of tissue. The portable, noninvasive, and non-contact features provide quantitative in-situ measurements.

The use of deep-tissue multiwavelength imaging is of paramount importance in clinical settings as a noninvasive solution to identify and monitor the progression of decubitus ulcers. A point-of-care multiwavelength imager is being developed, whose utility results from the provision of important physiological characteristics and blood flow metrics via analysis of deep-tissue response to light. The noninvasive real-time monitoring and analysis of tissue focusing on wound imaging is integral, because it allows for quantitative in situ measurements that characterize tissue to assess the progress of either tissue healing or necrosis.