In previous publications, we investigated and discussed wavelength selective autostereoscopic 3D arrangements, consisting of common LCD and RGB‐color filter barriers. We determined computed advantages of wavelength selective barriers compared with conventional barriers like lenticular and parallax barriers. An experimental demonstration showed no satisfactory results using commercial displays. The broad band wavelength spectra of backlights and filter technology resulted in high crosstalk and undesirable moiré effects. Nowadays, LCDs with quantum dot materials have come into the market and compete with OLED by improved color depth and High Dynamic Range. In this paper, we describe how to improve the characteristics of autostereoscopic displays by using quantum dot materials and show the benefits of this technology in combination with novel color filter designs.

A time-sequential working, spatially-multiplexed autostereoscopic 3D display design consisting of a fast switchable RGB-color filter array and a fast color display is presented. The newly-introduced 3D display design is usable as a multi-user display, as well as a single-user system. The wavelength-selective filter barrier emits the light from a larger aperture than common autostereoscopic barrier displays with similar barrier pitch and ascent. Measurements on a demonstrator with commercial display components, simulations and computational evaluations have been carried out to describe the proposed wavelength-selective display design in static states and to show the weak spots of display filters in commercial displays. An optical modelling of wavelength-selective barriers has been used for instance to calculate the light ray distribution properties of that arrangement. In the time-sequential implementation, it is important to avoid that quick eye or eyelid movement leads to visible color artifacts. Therefore, color filter cells, switching faster than conventional LC display cells, must distribute directed light from different primaries at the same time, to create a 3D presentation. For that, electric tunable liquid crystal Fabry–Pérot color filters are presented. They switch on-off the colors red, green and blue in the millisecond regime. Their active areas consist of a sub-micrometer-thick nematic layer sandwiched between dielectric mirrors and indium tin oxide (ITO)-electrodes. These cells shall switch narrowband light of red, green or blue. A barrier filter array for a high resolution, glasses-free 3D display has to be equipped with several thousand switchable filter elements having different color apertures.

Stereoscopic image separation can be improved with parallax barriers consisting of single color filter strips. A novel spatially multiplexed autostereoscopic 3D display design with wavelengthselective color filters is presented here. In comparison to common parallax barriers the resolution and brightness are enhanced by factor two. High quality image separation can be provided by using narrow-band RGB-backlights and bandpass barrier-filter. The newly introduced arrangement is realized as a slanted color stripe structure based on a regular RGB-display panel. In this paper we discuss the static color filter design and the influence of the barrier gaps on the uniformity of light emission.

In this study, a novel autostereoscopic 3D display design based on our patent specification is proposed and demonstrated. In contrast to common autostereoscopic two-view-designs with lenticulars, our approach allows more distance between image splitter and display panel. In comparison to 3D displays showing details at nominal distance, our design projects the images to a near zone in front of the display. As a consequence, the low magnification factor reduces distance errors from relative movements of display panel and image splitter. An image processing algorithm was developed to arrange the content and correct display shortcomings of image allocation caused by optical properties of the lenticulars. In addition, this algorithm allows static adjustment and tracking of observer position in a defined area in front of the display. We integrated the display in a production chain for digitalization and presentation of cultural heritage objects and developed special web-based modules for stereo rendering and user interaction, so that observers may explore cultural content in a natural manner.

Various kinds of optical image splitters find application in flat autostereoscopic display devices for image content separation. All type of parallax barriers have to deal with lack of transmittable intensity. In this paper we determine and modify geometrical and optical properties of cylindrical lens raster for two prototype 3D-displays with 5K resolution. Optical simulation analysis is used for the parameter studies and is compared with experimental measurements. To obtain thin adaptive lenses the alternative GRIN technology using liquid crystal lenses is investigated too. We determine the imaging performance in terms of luminance profiles in the nominal distance.

Various kinds of optical image splitters find application in flat autostereoscopic display devices for image content separation. All type of parallax barriers have to deal with lack of transmittable intensity. In this paper we determine and modify geometrical and optical properties of cylindrical lens raster for two prototype 3D-displays with 5K resolution. Optical simulation analysis is used for the parameter studies and is compared with experimental measurements. To obtain thin adaptive lenses the alternative GRIN technology using liquid crystal lenses is investigated too. We determine the imaging performance in terms of luminance profiles in the nominal distance.

A novel simulation tool has been developed for spatial multiplexed 3D displays. Main purpose of our software is the 3D display design with optical image splitter in particular lenticular grids or wavelength-selective barriers. As a result of interaction of image splitter with ray emitting displays a spatial light-modulator generating the autostereoscopic image representation was modeled. Based on the simulation model the interaction of optoelectronic devices with the defined spatial planes is described. Time-sequential multiplexing enables increasing the resolution of such 3D displays. On that reason the program was extended with an intermediate data cumulating component. The simulation program represents a stepwise quasi-static functionality and control of the arrangement. It calculates and renders the whole display ray emission and luminance distribution on viewing distance. The degree of result complexity will increase by using wavelength-selective barriers. Visible images at the viewer's eye positon were determined by simulation after every switching operation of optical image splitter. The summation and evaluation of the resulting data is processed in correspondence to the equivalent time sequence. Hereby the simulation was expanded by a complex algorithm for automated search and validation of possible solutions in the multi-dimensional parameter space. For the multiview 3D display design a combination of ray-tracing and 3D rendering was used. Therefore the emitted light intensity distribution of each subpixel will be evaluated by researching in terms of color, luminance and visible area by using different content distribution on subpixel plane. The analysis of the accumulated data will deliver different solutions distinguished by standards of evaluation.

In this paper a procedure for crosstalk (CT) measurements on spatial-multiplexed multi-user autostereoscopic 3D displays with so-called viewing distance control (VDC) is presented. VDC makes use of a rendering method which allows shifting of the viewing distance for multiview displays by using a novel distribution of the content at sub-pixel level. Methods for CT measurements to date cannot be used as the measurements have to be executed at distances that are not defined in the standard procedures for stereoscopic displays. The measuring procedures used so far are not applicable, as neither a measurement process nor any test images are defined for the use at different viewing distances. As separate CT-measurement specifications for two-view and multiview autostereoscopic displays already exist, the authors propose a unified measurement process. This process is supposed to utilize both, the equipment, as well as the physical arrangement of measuring subject and instrument that are used so far. It has to be considered that, due to the basic functional principles, several quality measurement and evaluation criteria for 3D displays have emerged. Different autostereoscopic display technologies lead to different measurement procedures. A unified method for analyzing image quality features in 3D displays, requiring no enhanced effort but offering comparable results, is desirable.

The design of autostereoscopic display devices is mainly based on the formation of different viewing zones respective to expected positions and interpupillary distances of observers. We developed a generic model approach for the description of light ray distributions through common kinds of optical image splitters. The calculation of viewing zones is based on our subpixel area model. As a novel feature, lenticular image splitters with different designs e.g. spherical or elliptical orientation were implemented. The optical simulation of these lenticular arrays was tested for a real single and multiview system. Based on our results the optimization of common autostereoscopic display designs by the fast simulation would be recommended.

In this paper we present a model approach for a simulation and optimization of ray characteristics of autostereoscopic displays. Based on the assignment of view content to single subpixels, ray paths and intensity distributions are rendered as a function of construction parameters of the modeled display. We investigate models which use parallax barrier arrays as image separating optics. We are able to calculate and visualize an intensity distribution of different views in any chosen distance to the pixel plane. The bidirectional simulation is equally capable of generating rays at user's specific eye position. In our optical model the Lambertian radiator and Fresnel, respectively Fraunhofer diffraction approximation is used. The model assumptions are proved by comparing simulated and experimental data. The various visualization and analysis methods in the simulation can be used to estimate the quality of autostereoscopic imaging. Our aim is to provide a useful tool for optimization of 3D display design and image processing algorithms.

Ideal autostereoscopic display designs show a symmetrical light intensity distribution in the viewer's space. Real displays however always show some inhomogeneities. We investigated and simulated an autostereoscopic display with motion parallax barrier. Thereby our newly developed subpixel area model (SAM) served as a basis for barrier and intensity dependent viewing zone calculations. We introduce the implementation of our SAM approach for the simulation of the luminance and the content distribution in viewing distance. Furthermore, a special misalignment of the optical image splitter has been simulated and metrologically compared with the effect of a similar error in an assembled autostereoscopic display. In detail, the truncated shape of the luminous subpixel area under the image splitter, the misalignment and its result have been mathematically described.