The present study includes a systematic analysis of sediment contamination by heavy metals of the River Ghaghara flowing through the Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in Indian Territory. To estimate the geochemical environment of the river, seven heavy metals, namely Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, Zn, and Pb were examined from the freshly deposited river bed sediment. All the sediment samples were collected on a seasonal basis for the assessment of fluctuation in 2014–2015 and after preparation samples were analyzed using standard procedure. Result showed that heavy metal concentration ranged between 11.37 and 18.42 mg/kg for Co, 2.76 and 11.74 mg/kg for Cu, 61.25 and 87.68 mg/kg for Cr, 15.29 and 25.59 mg/kg for Ni, 0.21 and 0.28 mg/kg for Cd, 13.26 and 17.59 mg/kg for Zn, 10.71 and 14.26 mg/kg for Pb in different season. Metal contamination factor indicates the anthropogenic input in the river sediment was in the range of (0.62–0.97) for Co, (0.04–0.26) for Cu, (0.68–0.97) for Cr, (0.22–0.38) for Ni, (0.70–0.93) for Cd, (0.14–0.19) for Zn, and (0.54–0.71) for Pb. The highest contamination degree of the sediment was noticed as 4.01 at Ayodhya and lowest as 3.16 at Katerniaghat. Geo-accumulation index was noted between (0 and 1) which showed that sediment was uncontaminated to moderately contaminated and may have adverse affects on freshwater ecology of the river. Pollution load index (PLI) was found highest at Chhapra which was 0.45 and lowest at Katerniaghat which was 0.35 and it indicates that the river sediment has a low level of contamination. Significant high correlation was observed between Co, Cu, and Zn, it suggests same source of contamination input is mainly due to human settlement and agriculture activity. Positive correlation between Zn, Co, Cu, Cr, and Ni indicated a natural origin of these elements in the river sediment. Cluster analysis suggests grouping of similar polluted sites. The strong similarity between Co, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Cd showed relationship of these metals come from the same origin, which is possibly from natural and anthropogenic input which was also confirmed by correlation analysis. Using the various pollution indicators it was found that the river bed sediment is less contaminated by toxic metals during the study but the sediment quality may degrade in the near future due to increasing anthropogenic inputs in the river basin, hence proper management strategies are required to control the direct dumping of wastewater in the river.

In the present investigation the physico-chemical parameter of the River Ganga at Shringverpur , Allahabad were analyzed.The analysis of water sample were taken during January 2013-December 2013.Seasonal variations at different sampling sites of Shringverpur were observed.The results shown that the fluctuation occurred in physico-chemical parameter in different seasons.Correlation coefficient value indicates high positive and negative relationships (p<0.01 level) and also show significant positive and negative relationship (p<0.05level).About 16 physico-chemical parameter were taken in consideration for analysis of the River water such as water temperature, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, pH, Total solids, Dissolved oxygen, Biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, Transparency, Turbidity, Electrical conductivity, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Chloride and Salinity.This paper deal with the study of river Ganga at Allahabad.From Allahabad the sites were taken Shringverpur that were located at 40km distance from Allahabad main city.

The present investigation reveals the seasonal changes in concentration of physico-chemical parameters in river Ganga at Allahabad. Water samples under investigations were collected from the different sites viz: Phaphamau, Dashashumedh Ghat & Sangam of Allahabad during summer, monsoon & winter seasons in year 2013-14. The physico-chemical parameter as Temperature, pH , Dissolved Oxygen (DO) , Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) , Total alkalinity (TA) , Total Hardness (TH) , Total Dissolve Solids (T.D.S) , Turbidity & Chloride were used to analyse the pollution index of river Ganga at selected sites. A correlation matrix test was carried out to check the significant relationship among the physico-chemical parameters (significance level 0.05). Water Quality Index (WQI) was also calculated for all three sampling sites at Allahabad in three seasons. The results revealed that the water quality was severely polluted in monsoon and moderately polluted in winter season.