This study optimized the procedures for preparing flavored sesame oil using roasted sesame hulls and elucidated the contribution of hulls-derived compounds to flavor enhancement and oxidative stability. The optimal extraction conditions were a hull-to-oil ratio of 1:5 at 45 °C for 8 h. The resulting oil displayed the most balanced flavor profile (enhanced caramel, roasty, and nutty notes), attributed to efficient transfer of key aromatics from the roasted sesame hulls. Accelerated storage revealed that the flavored oil exhibited a slightly shorter initial oxidation induction time and higher acid value (AV) and p-anisidine value (AnV). However, after 40 days, increases in AV, peroxide value, and AnV were significantly lower than in the control. Volatiles analysis also showed reduced accumulation of lipid oxidation-derived off-flavor compounds (e.g., 2-pentylfuran, aldehydes). These findings demonstrate the dual functionality of roasted sesame hulls in flavor enhancement and oxidative stabilization, offering practical strategies for high-quality flavored oil production.

Roasting constitutes a critical stage in sesame oil production, where the thermal degradation of pectic polysaccharide initiates fundamental chemical transformations including caramelization, Maillard processes, lipid oxidation and Strecker degradation. This study systematically examines the structural, chemical and oil antioxidant capacity of sesame hull-derived pectic polysaccharides (URA and URB) under 160-220 degrees C, and their impacts on sesame oil oxidative stability. The results demonstrate temperature-dependent molecular restructuring of URA and URB with molecular weights increasing proportionally and reduced total yields by 42.73 % until 220 degrees C. Furfural and organic acids were identified as primary pyrolysis products, accompanied by volatile aromatic compounds including furans, benzenes, and phenols. Sesame oil with the mixture of URA and URB (HSO-URA/B) exhibited optimal thermal antioxidant performance, demonstrating improved sesame oil oxidative stability as evidenced by peroxide value (0.07-0.81 g/100 g) and oxidative stability index (22.6 h). This work provides a scientific foundation for optimizing sesame oil quality while transforming hull byproducts into valueadded food ingredients.

This study aimed to explore the effects of minerals on the structure and degradation product distribution of sesame hull (SH) lignin during the roasting process. SH lignin was impregnated with various minerals (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) before roasting. The results indicated that mineral addition significantly affected the carbohydrate composition and content of SH lignin, with K- and Na-treated samples (0.6 %-0.72 %) exhibiting higher carbohydrate content than those treated with Ca and Mg (0.12 %-0.48 %). Minerals caused lignin macromolecular fragments to break down into smaller fragments. 2D heteronuclear single quantum correlation nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy shown that the (3-O-4 aryl ether linkage bond content was reduced in the alkali metal treated samples (9.05 %-9.07 %) as compared to the alkaline earth metal (13.73 %-15.27 %) and control samples (11.49 %). Minerals used in this study increased the content of (3-(3 resinous alcohol linkages and decreased the content of benzodioxane linkages. Thermal desorption unit gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis indicated that K and Na increased the production of volatile phenolic compounds, while Ca and Mg reduced their production. The results of this study suggest that SH lignin in the presence of minerals during roasting causes the breaking of lignin linkage bonds, which affects the lignin degradation products.

In this study, free, soluble bound (glycosylated, esterified), and insoluble-bound phenolic compounds from safflower seeds were identified and quantified by UPLC-MS/MS. The four phenolic fractions were assessed for their antioxidant capacity and inhibition of α-amylase and tyrosinase. In four phenolic fractions, 55 phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids (19) and phenolic acids (16), were identified. Caffeoylserotonin was found in safflower seeds for the first time. Determination of total phenolic content showed that phenolic compounds in safflower seeds mainly existed in free form (370.16 mg GAE/100 g). The free fraction had the highest antioxidant capacity. Glycosylated fraction had the highest capacity to inhibit α-amylase and tyrosinase. The content of phenolic compounds exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation with antioxidant capacity. The results of this study have improved the current knowledge of the chemical characteristics of phenolic compounds in safflower seeds and may promote the utilization of safflower seeds as a functional food.

This study assessed and compared the effects of roasting, microwave, and infrared on the composition of phenolic compounds in safflower seeds and oil, and the quality of the oils. The results indicated that all three pretreatments promoted the production of polyphenols in seeds, increased oil yield (from 10.17% to 12.38%), increased saturation (from 9.42% to 9.73%) of oil, and improved the oil's oxidative stability (from 3.16 h to 4.40 h). The effects on the migration of each polyphenolic compound were less consistent. There was almost no effect on the migration of N-(p-coumaroyl) serotonin (CS) and N-feruloyl serotonin (FS). But all pretreatment methods tended to promote migration of overall polyphenols. The results here provide evidence that heat pretreatment can increase the polyphenol content of safflower seeds and improve the quality of oil extracted from the seeds. These results should be valuable for the production of safflower seed oil in industry.

Novel hot pot dipping sauces enriched with pepper seed press cake (PSPC) in five proportions were prepared and evaluated in terms of their physical properties and flavor characteristics. The findings indicated that enriching the sauce increased the content of palmitic and linoleic acids, enhanced storage stability, and improved the rheological behavior and textural properties. The maximum concentration of N-heterocyclic compounds was detected when PSPC was added at 5 g/100 g and 10 g/100 g. A suitable amount of PSPC could improve the mouthfeel and intensify the flavors of umami and saltiness. In comparing sauces with different amounts of PSPC added (0-20 g/100 g), the quality, aroma, and taste were better and overall acceptance was highest when PSPC was added in the range of 5 g/100 g to 10 g/100 g. This study provides a possible application of PSPC for improving the flavor, texture, nutritional quality, and storage stability of hot pot dipping sauce.

The nutritional value and chemical composition of two non-shattering sesame varieties, NS610 and ND837, and two shattering varieties, LZ22 and ZZ37, all grown in the Huang-Huai region of China, were comprehensively analyzed and evaluated. Differences in fat, ash, energy and carbohydrate content were significant (p < 0.05) between non-shattering and shattering sesame varieties. Linoleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid, followed by oleic acid. No significant difference in fatty acid and amino acid composition between non-shattering and shattering varieties was found (p > 0.05). Large amounts of Ca, K, Zn, and Mg were detected in all sesame samples, and ND837 contained the highest levels of Ca, K, and Zn. Non-shattering varieties contained more tocopherols, lignans, and oxalic acid compared to shattering varieties. In conclusion, the non-shattering varieties, NS610 and ND837, were close to or higher in nutritional value and chemical composition than the shattering varieties. This is important because non-shattering varieties can be harvested efficiently and cost-effectively by machine while traditional, shattering varieties must be harvested manually.

Germination is an effective means to improve the nutritional value of sesame seeds. However, it is not clear whether it would be feasible to improve the nutritional value of sesame seeds by short-term germination treatments without causing substantial loss of oil. In this study, changes in the metabolite profiles of sesame seeds during short-term germination were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics. After 20 h of germination, the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of sesame seeds were elevated by 2.16 and 1.53 folds, respectively, and the antioxidant capacity of their extracts was also significantly increased. At the same time, the oil content was not reduced. In metabolomics analysis, 48 bioactive compounds (19 terpenoids, 10 amino acids and derivatives, 7 flavonoids, 8 cinnamic acid derivatives, and 4 organic acids) were identified as key metabolites associated with elevated antioxidant capacity. Amino acid metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were the major metabolic pathways during sesame seed germination. Overall, it was possible to use short-term germination treatments as a means of pretreatment during the processing of sesame seeds products.

Chinese quince fruits (Chaenomeles sinensis) contain substantial amounts of lignin; however, the exact structure of lignin remains to be investigated. In this study, milled wood lignins (Milled wood lignin (MWL)-1, MWL-2, MWL-3, MWL-4, MWL-5, and MWL-6) were extracted from fruits harvested once a month from May to October 2019 to investigate their structural evolution during fruit growth. The samples were characterized via High-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform–infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric (TGA), pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS) and NMR (2D-heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and 31P). The MWL samples in all fruit growth stages were GS-type lignin and lignin core undergoing minimal alterations during fruit development. The predominant linkage in the lignin structure was β-O-4′, followed by β-β' and β-5′. Galactose and glucose were the main monosaccharides associated with MWL. In MWL-6, the lignin exhibited the highest homogeneity and thermal stability. As the fruit matured, a gradual increase in the β-O-4′ proportion and the ratio of S/G was observed. The results provide comprehensive characterization of the cell wall lignin of quince fruit as it matures. This study could inspire innovative applications of quince fruit lignin and provide the optimal harvest time for lignin utilization.

Summary In this study, sesame hull oil (SHO) was extracted to characterise its composition. SHO was heated to determine the volatiles and their effect on the quality of cold‐pressed dehulled sesame oil (SO). Seventeen fatty acids, four lignans (1088.65 mg/100 g), tocopherols (284.17 mg/100 g) mainly in the γ‐form, and sterol (1722.16 mg/100 g, 4.67 times more than in sesame kernel oil) were detected in SHO. After heating, the volatiles found in SHO were mainly aldehydes and acids, represented by hexanal (fatty, green aroma) and 3‐methyl‐butanoic acid (fatty, rancid aroma), respectively. The acid value, peroxide value, anisidine value, and turbidity of SO increased significantly after adding SHO, and the scavenging ability of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was enhanced. The oxidation induction times of SO with the addition of SHO ranged from 8.93 to 9.53 h. The present study provides information about SHO and a new direction for the utilisation of sesame hulls.

The study characterized the aroma-active compounds produced by sesame hulls at three roasting temperatures and analyzed the similarities and differences in the aroma profile of sesame hulls with whole seeds and kernels after roasting. Roasting hulls produced mainly furans, aldehydes, and ketones volatiles. 140 Compounds were identified as aroma-active compounds, including 36 key aroma compounds (odor activity value, OAV ≥ 1). Among them, furanone (caramel-like, OAV = 80), 3-methylbutanal (fruity, OAV = 124), and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (burnt, smoky, OAV = 160) gave hulls (180 °C) sweet, burnt, and smoky aroma. Due to the contribution of vanillin (fatty, sweet milk, OAV = 45), 2-hydroxy-3-butanone (caramel-like, roast, OAV = 46), and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (OAV = 78), hulls (200 °C) shown strong sweet and roast note. These results identified compounds that contributed significantly to the aroma of sesame hulls and elucidated the contribution of sesame hulls to the flavor of roasted whole seeds and sesame oil.

A total of 174 soil samples and 87 grain samples were collected in two typical fields in Longyan City. The pollution index method, Hakanson potential ecological risk index method, and EPA human exposure risk assessment model were used to evaluate the pollution status, ecological risk, and health risks of heavy metals Pb, Cd, and As in soil of different land use types. The contributions of Pb, Cd, and As to soil and crop pollution risk were also analyzed. The results indicated that the pollution levels of Pb, Cd, and As in soils and crops of different utilization types in regionⅠwere low. Cd was the main soil pollutant and ecological risk factor, contributing 55.3% to comprehensive soil pollution and 60.2% to comprehensive potential ecological risk, respectively. The pollution levels of Pb, Cd, and As in soils and crops in regionⅡwere high. Pb and Cd were the main soil pollutants and ecological risk factors, contributing 44.2% and 51.6% to comprehensive pollution and 23.7% and 67.3% to comprehensive potential ecological risk, respectively. Pb was the main pollution factor of crops, contributing 60.6% and 51.7% to the comprehensive pollution of coix and rice, respectively. The carcinogenic risks of Cd and As in soil of the two typical regions for adults and children were all within the acceptable range under the oral-soil exposure pathway. The contribution of Pb, Cd, and As to the total non-carcinogenic risk in regionⅠwas Pb (68.1%)>As (30.5%)>Cd (1.38%). There was no carcinogenic risk of Pb in rice in the two typical regions under the oral-rice intake pathway. The contribution of Cd and As to carcinogenic risk in adults and children were As (76.8%)>Cd (22.7%) and Cd (69.1%)>As (30.3%), respectively. Three pollutants in regionⅠand Ⅱ had high non-carcinogenic risk, and As was the most significant contributor (84.0% and 52.0%, respectively), followed by Cd and Pb.

The in-situ stabilization remediation of Hg-contaminated soil in Qianyang, Dehua County, Fujian Province, was studied through the pre-experiments (stabilization orthogonal experiment and pot experiment) and field plot experiments for two consecutive years. The pre-experiments results showed that the main factors of the stabilization were the initial concentration of Hg in the soil and the amount of amendment added, followed by the amendment type, while the aging time had less effect. When the initial concentration of Hg in the soil was less than 10 mg·kg−1 and the amendment (modified biochar with modified attapulgite) added ratio was 0.2–0.4%, indicating optimized stabilization effect. After one-time application of 6750 and 11,250 kg·hm−2 amendment in low (1.38 mg·kg−1), medium (2.46 mg·kg−1), and high (8.52 mg·kg−1) Hg-contaminated soils, it could accelerate the transformation of Hg from exchangeable to residual and oxidizable Hg, enhance the activities of catalase, urease, and invertase in the soil. After one year of remediation, the case of adding 6750 kg·hm−2 amendment showed a significant stabilization effect. Compared to the control group, the available Hg content in the soil and Hg content in the water spinach reduced to 52.1–62.0% and 58.2–66.6%, respectively. When the application amount was increased to 11,250 kg·hm−2, the reduction rates were 43.2–46.0% and 58.2–62.0%, respectively. After two years of remediation, the stabilization effect was weakened, but the available Hg content in the soil and the water spinach was still significantly lower than that of the control, indicating that the persistence of the stabilization was good. For the soil contaminated slightly by Hg, the Hg content in the water spinach within two years was lower than the limit value of the Chinese standard (0.01 mg·kg−1). Although the Hg content in the water spinach for the soil contaminated highly by Hg was higher than the limit value, it could reduce to 67.3%, indicating an acceptable stabilization effect on heavily contaminated soil.

Take homogenization as the main line of threshing and redrying, promote the extension of homogenization production from quality concept to management mode, firmly establish the concept of "process to ensure product quality", and ensure the homogenization of finished product quality with process homogenization. The method of normal distribution and central value collocation was used to solve the requirements of homogenization collocation of unknown material components. The frequency normal distribution map of tobacco nicotine value and the central value were used for warehousing, and the warehousing of raw materials was realized by the combination of nicotine value interval chemistry or central value. After the detection of chemical composition of raw materials, the warehousing task was issued on the vehicle terminal based on the digital warehousing logistics system to remind and monitor the forklift operation task. Through the exploration of homogenization of threshing and redrying products, the homogenization standard module ratio is calculated, and the ratio is based on the nicotine value of tobacco leaves in the chemical composition of the original tobacco, which effectively solves the imbalance of human factors in the current ratio. At the same time, combined with information technology, the information transmission function of forklift vehicle terminal is realized.

To innovate the traditional cigarette collection mode of manual unloading, open stacking and lower informatization, adopt the new cigarette packaging frame system and storage logistics system of the flue-cured tobacco. Take advantage of lifting platform, slope conveyor, roller conveyor, belt conveyor, automatic sampling device, shaping and framing device, palletizer, electric forklift, tobacco frame, assemble them to finish ten production line. After actual production, ten production lines running can complete the unloading and framing task of five cigarette trucks at the same time, another five trucks make preparation for the next mission. 3200 loads can be unloaded in an average of one hour. According to the design capacity, the unloading efficiency of one line is increased by about 20% year-on-year, rate of tobacco crushing is decreased by about 0.165%. The new tobacco collection and storage logistics system model can reduce tobacco crushing effectively, improve the efficiency of tobacco industry commerce handover and information data’s utilize.

In this study, we investigated the influence of Chinese quince seed gum (CQSG) on the functional and rheological features of tigernut tuber starch using a rapid visco-analyzer (RVA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy, and rheometry. The addition of CQSG markedly increased the pasting temperature, peak, breakdown, final viscosities, and the setback value. The freeze-thaw stability of the gum/starch blends significantly (p < 0.05) increased as the gum concentration increased, thus suggesting the importance of CQSG in controlling the syneresis of the gel. The addition of CQSG decreased the gelatinization enthalpy, ranging from 16.57 J/g to 12.98 J/g, and the solubility at 75 degrees C and 85 degrees C. Structure measurements revealed CQSG decreased the recrystallization of the gel, thus suggesting that it prevented starch gel retrogradation by likely coating the granules of starch and/or influencing the interactions of the amylose. Behavior index values (n) indicated pseudoplastic flow increased ranging from 0.46 to 0.29 as the CQSG content increased. Overall, CQSG improved the properties of the tigernut starches, in particular by increasing freeze-thaw stability, viscosity, and pseudoplasticity and by preventing retrogradation in the starch gel. CQSG is promising to improving the properties of starch-based products in the food industry.

Bedrock and soil samples from different soil profile layers were collected in an iron and manganese ore area of Longyan City and total amounts of Pb, Cd, and As were determined. The geochemical patterns of three heavy metal elements in the soil were studied using ordinary Kriging interpolation and their sources were also analyzed. High concentrations of Pb and As were found near the mining area to the west, at the intersection of two rivers in the middle, and near the waste rock heap in the east of the study area, while the main area of Cd contamination is located near to the mining areas and ore dressing plant. Based on a horizontal section, the content of Pb, Cd, and As in soils from the high-value region of each layer decreased with horizontal distance from the mining area. Vertically, the concentrations of heavy metals in different soil layers were significantly correlated. Near the mining area, Pb, Cd, and As concentrations first increased and then decreased with depth. In other high-value regions, the concentrations of these three heavy metals decreased with soil profile depth. These heavy metals inherit the characteristics of the deposit and bedrock during the weathering process, and the content of Pb and As in the soil at different depths was significantly positively correlated with granite and diorite content. Although As has been artificially influenced by mining, this influence does not appear to be strong; parent rock in the study area shows higher concentrations of heavy metals, while at the same time, the Pb and Cd content of soil is significantly higher than in the rock indicating the influence of human activities including mining, transportation, and agricultural production. Further attention should now be paid to the quality and safety of agricultural products, crop growth, and possible environmental risks in the study area.

In recent years, nanotechnology has been developing continuously. Due to their advantageous huge specific surface areas, microinterface characteristics, remediation ability and potential environmental risks, nanomaterials have become a hot topic in the field of environmental research. With the mass production and use of nanomaterials, they will inevitably be discharged or leaked into the water environment. In this paper, we will describe some typical nanomaterials, such as nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI), graphene nanomaterials (GNMs), TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), ZnO NPs, Fe3O4 NPs, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), Ag NPs, and other nanomaterials in water environments, focusing on the positive and negative effects of some nanomaterials in water environments. The remediation function and the impact of nanomaterials in water environments, including behavior of nanomaterials and their toxicity to aquatic organisms will be discussed. This will be of great significance for our subsequent research on nanomaterials.

A total of 110 topsoil samples and 61 crop samples along the Lantian-Yangdong Villages were collected in Shizhong, Longyan City. The total amount and speciation of heavy metals(Pb, Cd, As) in soil and crops were determined. The characteristics of the absorption of heavy metals by specific crops in the study area were analyzed, and a new method of risk assessment based on the heavy metal speciation and its bioavailability was established by statistical analysis. This new method was used to evaluate the soil ecological risk and to compare it with the traditional method of potential ecological risk index (RI). The results indicated that the Lantian-Yangdong Villages were located in an area where Pb, Cd, and As mainly originate from the natural soil parent material with weak human disturbance. There was no significant Pb or As pollution in the whole region. Cd was the main pollutant with low pollution intensity. Four types of biological components except for the residual form followed the order of Cd(53.28%) > Pb(43.28%) > As(30.71%). Correlation and regression analyses of total metal concentrations, heavy metal speciation, and crop uptake in the study area showed that the correlations between the total amount of heavy metals and the ion exchange state, carbonate state, and other active forms were low; the results even showed nonlinear relationships between those variables.The ion exchange state had the greatest effect on the absorption of Pb, Cd, and As by coix seed and rice. From the perspective of bioavailability, the new method based on the heavy metal speciation was more accurate than the traditional method based on the total amount of heavy metals.