常规广义S变换采用固定的高斯窗参数,在时频分析时不能够兼顾高低频端的信号,同时标准S逆变换在时频域滤波时会产生滤波噪音.本文提出了基于变频率高斯窗的广义S变换,同时改进了S逆变换公式.该方法不仅提升了信号时频谱的聚焦度,而且还消除了滤波噪音.通过计算包含随机噪声干扰信号的瞬时信噪比阈值,然后根据不同阈值有针对性的选择压制随机噪音的处理策略.合成数据和实际地震数据处理结果表明,该方法能够有效的压制随机噪音,提高地震数据信噪比.

含水合物地层的地球物理异常响应(包括似海底反射、纵波速度倒转、弹性参数异常等)是天然气水合物存在的直接证据之一,全波形反演作为一种高精度的速度建模及成像手段,也在含水合物地层的识别方面发挥了重要作用.国内外相关研究成果表明,针对含水合物地层的波形反演,涉及正演模拟方法、震源子波、初始模型、目标函数以及优化算法等多项关键技术.本文在大量文献调研的基础上,阐述了波形反演对刻画含水合物地层的技术优势,归纳总结了适用于含水合物地层的波形反演流程,为后续的研究工作提供了基础思路,同时提出多参数联合反演在未来具有广阔的应用前景.

海洋垂直缆地震数据采集具有高分辨率、高精度真三维成像等特点.作为未来海洋立体观测系统的重要组成部分,有必要全面分析海洋垂直缆观测系统中影响照明的因素,并优选出最佳设计方案.在垂直缆存在倾角的情况下,分析激发点密度、接收点密度、离底高度、倾角变化以及地层倾斜对目标层照明情况的影响,发现激发点密度与接收点密度直接影响目标层的总覆盖次数,海洋垂直缆的倾斜会影响低覆盖带的位置,海底坡度以及目标层的倾角使得照明聚光范围产生移动,地下隆起的目标层覆盖范围更大,照明强度更优.设计观测系统时,不仅考虑上述影响因素,而且垂直缆布设的位置也应当根据地层倾角以及垂直缆倾角,避开低覆盖带而选择高覆盖区域.

0 引言 东海陆架盆地是我国海域的一个大型中、新生代叠合改造型含油气盆地,具有良好的油气资源前景.20世纪70年代以来,油气勘探层位主要针对新生界.因中生界地质结构复杂,断裂发育且后期改造强烈,其地震资料品质较差,即地震反射能量弱、频率低、连续性差(简称“弱低频“反射),严重制约了东海中生界油气的进一步调查.近年来,青岛海洋地质研究所通过二维地震采集参数模拟、采集试验和攻关处理,获取了较好的二维地震数据资料.

珠江口盆地深水区具备优良的天然气水合物成藏条件,是南海重要的天然气水合物资源勘探区.利用CSMHYD软件模拟预测了天然气水合物相平衡条件下,现今珠江口盆地的天然气水合物稳定带厚度分布和末次冰期以来水合物稳定带厚度的演化特征,同时讨论了晚更新世冰期以来海平面、底水温度对该区天然气水合物稳定带变化的影响,以及水合物分解对环境的影响.结果表明:(1)水深超过600 m的海域具备形成天然气水合物的温压条件;水合物稳定带平均厚度245 m,其中南部稳定带的最大厚度超过330 m,是有利的水合物勘探区;(2)中层水团温度上升很可能是新仙女木末期珠江口盆地深水区天然气水合物分解的主要诱发因素;(3)B/A暖期到YD冷期结束时水合物稳定带面积减少约0.65×104 km2,分解释放的甲烷量约0.38×1013 m3,折算成总碳量约为1.9 Gt.

分析了琼东南盆地华光凹陷天然气水合物稳定条件、气源供给来源、运移通道类型等成藏条件,指出了研究区天然气水合物的勘探方向并建立了天然气水合物的成藏模式.华光凹陷浅部沉积层的温度、压力条件满足天然气水合物形成的要求,生物成因甲烷水合物稳定带最大厚度约320m,热成因天然气水合物稳定带最大厚度约为345m.气源岩主要分布在凹陷西部地区的断陷期层序中,具有早、晚两期生烃且以晚期为主的特征,有利于热解成因气在水合物稳定带内的聚集成藏.晚中新世以来快速沉降的巨厚半深海细粒沉积物为生物成因气的形成提供了物质基础.泥底辟与其伴生断裂及多边形断层等构成了天然气水合物成藏的主要流体运移体系.华光凹陷靠近①号断裂的西部地区是有利的勘探方向.晚中新世以来的快速沉降使得渐新世成熟—过熟烃源岩大量生气或裂解,而且由于欠压实作用形成的地层超压为含气流体的运移提供了强大的动力.热解天然气和生物气沿着泥底辟和多边形断层等构成的输导网络向上垂向运移至水合物稳定带,形成天然气水合物,其中深水浊流水道是寻找高饱和度水合物的有利目标体.

利用基于热力学理论的CSMHYD程序,计算现今及晚更新世冰期琼东南盆地西沙海槽天然气水合物的稳定带厚度及资源量,讨论晚更新世冰期以来海平面、底水温度和沉积速率变化对西沙海槽天然气水合物储库变化的影响.结果表明:①研究区水深超过600 m的海域具备天然气水合物赋存的温压条件.天然气水合物稳定带最大厚度约300 m,位于研究区的中东部和东南部.②晚更新世冰期以来,底水温度的升高抵消了海平面上升对天然气水合物稳定性的影响.研究区冰期和间冰期旋回中沉积速率发生显著变化,沉积速率大的区域,原地微生物成因天然气水合物的浓度也相应较大;导致冰期-间冰期旋回过程中原地微生物成因水合物储库变化的关键因素是甲烷供给及沉积速率,而不是温压条件的变化.③西沙海槽天然气水合物现今的储库比晚更新世冰期的减少了0.78×1012 m3的甲烷气.

琼东南盆地深水区的天然气水合物成藏条件优良,是天然气水合物资源有利的勘探远景区.综合底水温度、地热梯度、有机碳含量和沉积速率等资料,分析了该海域范围内天然气水合物稳定带厚度的分布特征,并采用基于运移—反应数值模拟得到的转换函数,对琼东南盆地西南深水区内天然气水合物资源量进行了初步估算.结果 表明:生物成因甲烷水合物分布在水深大于600m左右的海底,稳定带最大厚度约300m;微生物成因水合物所蕴含甲烷量达5.7×1012 m3,其中自生自储扩散型天然气水合物远景总量约0.7×1012 m3甲烷气;下生上储渗漏型水合物天然气水合物远景总量约5×1012 m3甲烷气.后者约为原位微生物甲烷水合物资源量的7倍.由此可见,研究区微生物成因天然气水合物的烃类气体以深部运移烃类的供应为主;高效的流体运移通道是控制该区水合物藏富集的重要因素.基于生烃思路的资源量估算方法与通过体积法计算的天然气水合物资源量的数量级(×1012 m3)一致,显示了该方法的有效性.

基于水-岩-气-生相互作用的碳酸盐风化碳汇模型表明,陆地碳酸盐风化碳汇是大气CO2汇的重要组成部分;然而,碳酸盐风化碳汇的过程、机制和控制因素仍有待进一步的研究.本文采用野外监测、现场滴定和样品室内测试相结合的方法,对珠江流域支干流分旱季和雨季进行了4次野外监测取样,研究其水化学组成的时空变化特征.结果表明:珠江流域支干流的水化学组成受流域岩石风化、气候和水生光合作用的共同影响,并具有明显的时空变化特征.空间上,南盘江下游双江口段至红水河上游蔗香段,水流较慢,水质清澈,水生光合作用强烈,电导率、[HCO-3]和[Ca24]的空间变化主要受水生光合作用控制;从红水河上游蔗香段至肇庆西江大桥监测点,反映的是流域岩石风化对水化学空间变化的影响.季节变化上,西江的电导率、[HCO-3]和[Ca24]呈现出夏季低、冬春季高的特征,主要反映稀释效应的控制.西江干流河水的溶解氧具有明显的季节变化,在上述南盘江下游双江口段至红水河上游蔗香段,DO是夏季高冬季低,其他监测点是冬季高而夏季低;DO的季节变化受水生光合作用强度的控制.在南盘江下游双江口段至红水河上游蔗香段,温度是光合作用强度的限制因子,而其他监测点的光合作用限制因子为浊度影响的光照.造成上述差异的原因是监测点的水文环境不同.通过对梧州水文站流量和[HCO-3]变化的分析发现,[HCO-3]的季节变化幅度相对流量小得多,显示在西江流域中,HCO-3也存在化学稳定性行为.因此在西江流域中,流量变化是岩溶碳汇通量变化的主控因子.研究还发现,西江流域中具有强烈的生物碳泵效应,由内源有机碳形成的碳汇通量约占传统计算模式碳汇(溶解无机碳-DIC)通量的40％.因此,在估算珠江流域碳酸盐风化碳汇时,必须考虑水生生态系统光合生物对DIC的利用形成的有机碳的贡献.

Fossil gazelles have been widely distributed in Eurasia and Africa during the late Neogene. They are key elements of “Hipparion” faunas with prominent biochronologic and ecological significance. However, no pre-Baodean age gazelle previously reported from China. We describe here in detail materials found from the Bahe Formation, Shaanxi Province, which include by far the most complete skulls and postcranials. The first fossil gazelle skeleton is mounted based on the new findings. Morphology and measurements show the similarity with Gazella lydekkeri from Dhok Pathan Formation of middle Siwaliks, different from the most common species G. gaudryi, G. paotehensis, and G. dorcadoides from Baodean age and other gazelles from Europe. Ecomorphology and measurements of long bones indicate the Lantian species, Gazella cf. G. lydekkeri, is possibly a fast runner, adapted to an open environment in Bahean age. The open environment was also suggested by faunal composition, sedimentological analysis and isotope data.

鄂尔多斯盆地南部黄土塬区地貌、地质条件复杂,地震资料中各种干扰尤其是面波非常发育,给常规地震勘探提出了挑战.传统地震资料处理方法对远排列面波压制效果欠佳,处理实践发现,基于十字排列的三维锥体滤波技术是有效的面波压制方法,该方法在去除面波的同时保留了丰富的低频信息,为黄土塬区的地震勘探提供了可靠的数据保障.

Rifted continental margins and basins are mainly formed by the lithospheric extension.Thinned lithosphere of passive continental margins leads to decompression melt of magma and created oceanic crust as well as thinned ocean-continent transition zone.A multi-channel seismic Line MCS 2010-1 in the northern South China Sea,acquired by the R/V "Shiyan 2" of the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology in 2010,is processed and analyzed in this study.Reflection characteristics of a continent-ocean transition(COT) zone are summarized and outlined.Results show that the COT zone is mainly composed of the northern syn-rift subsidence zone,central volcanic or buried volcanic uplift zone,and tilt faulted blocks near the South China Sea basin.Compared to the previous seismic reflection data and refraction velocity models,the range of the COT zone is outlined,from about 225 km wide in the northeastern South China Sea,160 km wide in the central to 110 km in the northern-central South China Sea.Epicenter distributions of sporadic and larger than 6 magnitude earthquakes suggest that the COT zone in the northern South China Sea is still an active seismic zone.

Climate is an important environmental factor which affects tourist's traveling activity.It not only affects the temporal variation of the number of tourists in a year,but also affects the distribution of tourists.Network is a tool which helps tourists to make a decision.The network attention paid by tourists is also affected by climate.Based on the data of climate and network attention paid by tourists,the spatial and temporal variation of climate comfort degree and tourist network attention in 30 cities are ana-lyzed.Based on the data of comprehensive comfort index,GDP,tourism resource and numerical valued fictitious factors,spatial and temporal models which show the correlative relationship between climate comfort degree and tourist network attention are built by the method of OLS.The results are shown as follows.1) The spatial and temporal variation of climate comfort degree is mainly affected by the latitude.The 30 cities can be divided into four types including those looking like respective"V," respective "U","M"and wide"U"by the variation of the comprehensive comfort index in a year.2) The spatial and temporal variation of tourist network attention is mainly affected by climate comfort degree,GDP and tourism resource.The 30 cities can be divided into three types including those looking like respective"V","W"and"M"by the variation of tourist network attention in a year.3) The temporal variation of tourist network attention is mainly affected by climate comfort degree.Monthly index for tourist network attention of climatic elasticity coefficient in Changchun,Beijing,Nanjing and Haikou are respectively 0.542%,0.46%,1.182% and 0.8%.4) Climate comfort degree is an important factor which affects the spatial distribution of tourist network attention.The quantity of tourist network attention will increase(or decrease) by 6410 if the comprehensive climate comfort index changes by one.

The characters of plant diversity and soil factors in five different vegetations on Baishuitai Sinter Platform of Yunnan were studied.The results showed that Quercus senescens was establish and predominancy genus of the community,obvious differences of the diversity indices and soil factors in different quadrat had been found;the water,organic matter contents,total-N,available-N of soil almost increased from quadrat of bare earth to arbor and shrub forest,it indicated that compared with other quadrats,arbor and shrub forest could improved primely the soil nutrient.The relationships between the plant diversity indices and the soil factors in different quadrat were analyzed by multiple regression analyse,most of the diversity indices were influenced by specifical soil factors.the results also showed soil acidity,totol-P,available-P,available-K,total capacity of calcium,calcium/magnesium had important function on maintaining and developing of the community diversity on Baishuitai Sinter Platform.

Hairy root clones of Saussurea involucrata transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains R1601, R1000, and LBA9402 were established to investigate the flavonoid production. Opine synthesis and PCR analysis confirmed the integration of the T-DNA fragment of Ri plasmid from A. rhizogenes strain R1601 into the transformed root genome. The frequency of hairy root formation from root segments, which were pre-cultured 2 days in N6 solid medium without plant growth regulators, amounted to 100% following infection with R1601 strain of A. rhizogenes. The transformed roots were kept in hormone-free N6 liquid medium in the dark at 25 degrees C, 110r/min and routinely subcultured every 20 - 24 days. One hairy root clone, which grew vigorously with lateral branches, was periodically examined for the ability to produce flavonoid. The maximum of biomass and flavonoid yield achieved 66.7 g/L (fresh weight) and 102.3mg/g dry weight after incubation 20 days. The calli were induced from the hairy root culture in the presence of 0.5mg/L IBA and intact plantlets were regenerated from these calli. The regeneration plantlets from hairy roots, in which the flavonoid content were 53% in that of untransformed plants, weren't different in growth and morphology of the untransformed plantlets. Therefore plant regeneration from hairy roots may be also a means for producing transformed S. involucrata plants. Hairy root cultures of S. involucrata clearly showed higher flavonoid contents compared to the wild plant or the regeneration seedlings. As the wild S. involucrata grows only in special regions with peculiar climate, and cultivation of this species in a normal climate has been unsuccessful so far. The success in obtaining a method for high production of flavonoid might very well be one of the solutions for this problem in the future.