BACKGROUND:The estimation of obesity-associated cardiometabolic risk does not usually take into account body composition or the distribution of adiposity. The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical usefulness of a novel obesity phenotyping system based on the combination of actual body fat percentage (BF%) and waist circumference (WC) according to the cardiometabolic risk estimation. METHODS:A classification matrix combining BF% and WC as measures of both amount and distribution of adiposity establishing nine body phenotypes (3 BF% x 3 WC) was developed. Individuals were grouped in five different cardiometabolic risk phenotypes. We conducted a validation study in a large cohort of White subjects from both genders representing a wide range of ages and adiposity (n = 12,754; 65 % females, aged 18-88 years). RESULTS:The five risk groups using the matrix combination of BF% and WC exhibited a robust linear distribution regarding cardiometabolic risk, estimated by the Metabolic Syndrome Severity Score, showing a continuous increase between groups with significant differences (P < 0.001) among them, as well as in other cardiometabolic risk factors. An additional 24 % of patients at very high risk was detected with the new classification system proposed (P < 0.001) as compared to an equivalent matrix using BMI and WC instead of BF% and WC. CONCLUSIONS:A more detailed phenotyping should be a priority in the diagnosis and management of patients with obesity. Our classification system allows to gradually estimate the cardiometabolic risk according to BF% and WC, thus representing a novel and useful tool for both research and clinical practice.

The International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility - DEMO Oriented Neutron Source (IFMIF-DONES) is a facility which is designed under the framework of the EU fusion roadmap. It is going to be an essential irradiation facility for testing and qualifying candidate materials under severe irradiation conditions of a neutron field having an neutron irradiation effect on materials like the one expected in a commercial fusion power reactor. The material specimens are irradiated in a containment structure named Test Cell (TC), which is part of the Test Systems (TS). The first protecting ,,barrier" against irradiation affecting the surrounding of the TC, are the Removable Biological Shielding Blocks (RBSBs). These -9 m height, -80 tons elements, which are formed by stainless steel liners filled with heavy concrete, need to be remotely handled as after the first experiments they will get dose rates above the hands-on limit. Irradiation will also result in a large nuclear heat power deposited in the shielding blocks, therefore needs to be actively water cooled by a system of embedded pipes to control the temperature. In this paper the updated design of the RBSBs is described, including the latest achievements and proposals for feasible manufacturing, lifting and positioning possibilities of the blocks inside of the TC respecting the given tolerances.

Recent advancements in the neutronics activities of the IFMIF-DONES project, developed within the EUROfusion framework, are presented. These include updates to radiation dose maps during commissioning and normal operation of the accelerator systems; material irradiation analyses and shielding optimization of the test systems; activation inventories of 7Be, 3H, and activated corrosion products in the Li systems; shutdown dose analyses of transportation and storage of radioactive waste, cooling water and atmosphere gas activations, skyshine to the public, etc. The development of simulation tools, nuclear data evaluation, and nuclear experiments for the specific needs of DONES neutronics are highlighted, as well as the nuclear analysis handbook and database. Several challenges for future development are also discussed to ensure the provision of high-quality nuclear analyses.

The IFMIF-DONES Facility is built with the purpose of irradiating materials under DEMO Tokamak-like conditions and is a first-of-a-kind project that is foreseen to be built in Granada, Spain. A systematic top-down approach is used to design its Systems and to aid the harmonization and interaction between them. One of these main systems is the Test Systems which serves as the meeting point for other major systems such as the Lithium System (LS) and Accelerator Systems (AS), while also providing a connection to the Facilities for Complementary Experiments (FCE) for additional irradiation campaigns to take place. The Test Cell is a confined space for the experiments to take place, with critical functions for operation and safety. The TC is a subsystem serving as a convergent space for other systems, therefore the design of the TC has to fulfil the needs and requirements of the connecting systems also. In this paper, the design evolution of the Test Cell is discussed in detail from the early concept to the last more mature design, while also describing the connecting systems and the challenges these provide.

This work presents an analysis of the IFMIF-DONES design maturity and the necessary activities to increase it up to the level required to launch the procurement phase. The analysis has been performed using a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) methodology. The TRL scale and definitions employed in EU Horizon programs have been found to be appropriate for this assessment, with some modifications to consider the IFMIF-DONES peculiarities.The level of Technology Readiness needed for launching the procurement of each subsystem or component (“target TRL”) has been established. From the comparison between the present TRL and the target TRL, the elements requiring further development and validation have been identified and the experimental activities needed to increase their maturity have been defined.The results of the TRL assessment for the accelerator, lithium and test systems of the facility are presented together with a brief outline of the most relevant validation needs identified.

A system of 5,020 robotic fiber positioners was installed in 2019 on the Mayall Telescope, at Kitt Peak National Observatory. The robots automatically re-target their optical fibers every 10 - 20 minutes, each to a precision of several microns, with a reconfiguration time less than 2 minutes. Over the next five years, they will enable the newly-constructed Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) to measure the spectra of 35 million galaxies and quasars. DESI will produce the largest 3D map of the universe to date and measure the expansion history of the cosmos. In addition to the 5,020 robotic positioners and optical fibers, DESI's Focal Plane System includes 6 guide cameras, 4 wavefront cameras, 123 fiducial point sources, and a metrology camera mounted at the primary mirror. The system also includes associated structural, thermal, and electrical systems. In all, it contains over 675,000 individual parts. We discuss the design, construction, quality control, and integration of all these components. We include a summary of the key requirements, the review and acceptance process, on-sky validations of requirements, and lessons learned for future multi-object, fiber-fed spectrographs.

The IFMIF-DONES Facility is a unique first-class scientific infrastructure whose construction is foreseen in Granada, Spain, in the coming years. Strong integration efforts are being made at the current project phase aiming at harmonizing the ongoing design of the different and complex Systems of the facility. The consolidation of the Diagnostics and Instrumentation, transversal across many of them, is a key element of this purpose. A top-down strategy is proposed for a systematic Diagnostics Review and Requirement definition, putting emphasis in the one-of-a-kind instruments necessary by the operational particularities of some of the Systems, as well as to the harsh environment that they shall survive. In addition, other transversal aspects such as the ones related to Safety and Machine Protection and their respective requirements shall be also considered. The goal is therefore to advance further and solidly in the respective designs, identify problems in advance, and steer the Diagnostics development and validation campaigns that will be required. The present work provides an overview of this integration strategy as well as a description of some of the most challenging Diagnostics and Instruments within the facility, including several proposed techniques currently under study.