In low rank coals much of the inorganic matter is present as cations associated with organic carboxyl groups in the coal rather than as discrete mineral phases. By treating the coal with acid the inorganic content is reduced by cation exchange, as well as by acid leaching of discrete minerals.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics of heavy oil/coal coprocessingA. J. Szladow, R. K. Chan, S. Fouda, and J. F. KellyCite this: Energy Fuels 1989, 3, 2, 136–143Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1989https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00014a005RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views124Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (680 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

A bench scale fluidized bed reactor with a continuous feed rate of 15–30 g/h has been developed to study the flash pyrolysis of coal at atmospheric pressure. The pyrolysis behaviour of four low rank Canadian coals has been investigated at 0.44 s apparent vapour residence time over a temperature range of 500–800°C. Conditions for maximum liquid yield have been determined for each of the coals. Material balances on all products were generally satisfactory. Variation of vapour residence time from 0.2 to 1.4 s showed that the maximum liquid yield was obtained at the minimum residence time. Use of different particle sizes indicated that an optimum size probably exists for a given set of reaction conditions. Use of a hydrogenation catalyst did not increase liquid yields and the nature of the reaction atmosphere had only a minor effect on liquid yields. The HC ratio of both the pyrolysis oil and the char decreased with increasing temperature. The maximum tar yields from lignite can be approximately correlated with the atomic HC ratio of the parent coals.

Characterization of products obtained during coprocessing of Cold Lake vacuum bottoms and subbituminous coal under two reducing gases and at two levels of severity has been undertaken. The composition of the products is shown and hydrocarbon-type separation has been done on the distillates boiling above 205 ° C combined with the residual oil. The influence of reducing gases (hydrogen or synthesis gas) is discussed. Results show how the use of synthesis gas would be preferable to pure hydrogen at low severity.

A pressurized membrane filtration method for the solid/liquid separation of coprocessinq slurry product is described. The method is considerably faster than the present spinning band distillation method but requires further development. The method does not provide fractionation of liquid products. The difficulties that were encountered are described and methods for their resolution are discussed.