The line-up of present analysis, to scrutinize regarding the probable utilization of wood ash along with coal ash for the manufacture of paver blocks and concrete tiles. The broad investigation is available from the antecedent experimental observations on the mentioned admixture for the manufacturer. The study provides necessary esoteric information as well as an experimental dossier for the use of coal ash mixed with wood ash to demonstrate its suitability as a sustainable building material. Samples worn were non-hazardous in nature and strenuously worn as admixture and their formations are ideally pertinent to make a tenacious compound combine material for paver blocks and tiles. Formerly done read-ups has been illustrated that, coal and wood ash-based paver blocks and roof tiles come up with an imperishable companion to the long-established paver blocks and concrete tiles also in addition it increases the competence of paver blocks and roof tiles. The admixture added benefits convincingly to cut down the environmental issues allied with disposition of these waste materials. In extension, this investigation focuses on admixtures for yielding sustainable construction materials.

About 10 percent of E-Waste is produced in India annually. The present study is to utilize the E-Waste or Electronic waste such as circuit board waste, wires, and cables as a substitute for Coarse Aggregate (CA) and Fine Aggregate (FA). Since much of the waste are dumped into the soil grounds causes contamination of ground water, so it disturbs the plant growth and human health cycle. The waste can be utilized as much as possible to make a sustainable environment. Different combinations of about 5, 10 and 20% of the waste were much included as the substitute for FA and 10% as for CA. The samples are tested for specific gravity, consistency, compression testing, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. The results obtained serve as a feasible solution for E-management waste. Beyond 10% replacement of both coarse and fine aggregate the strength reduces than the required strength.

The waste generated from the construction will not only leads to environmental crisis but also project overrun. The environmental problems results in increase of pollution that leads society to unfit for living organisms. Many investigations have been carried out on the area of Construction Waste (CW). At the end of 2025, the volume of CW generated will nearly double to 2.2 billion tons worldwide. Construction waste contributing 40% depletes earth's environment. The research comprised of two phases. Phase one focuses on the reduction of material waste generated from the construction that can be reutilized as fine aggregate in concrete of different proportions 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Phase two aims to decrease the amount of CO2 emission from the cement and that can be achieved by utilization of CW material - Ceramic Tile Waste Powder (CTWP) as a substitute for cement in varying proportions 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The research showed the performance of Eco-Efficient Concrete with different proportions of CTWP and Recycled Fine Aggregate (RCFA) through measured properties. The use 30% CTWP & 100% RCFA replacement level adequate for compressive strength improvement at 28 days is 24.8 N/mm(2). The simultaneous use of increased percentage of CTWP & RCFA at different replacement levels enhances the durability Properties.

Cloud computing has been booming technology in recent years. It is used to share resources over the internet. Though cloud has many advantages and is used worldwide. It also has some disadvantages and issues. The major problem in cloud computing is scheduling and resource allocation. Allocating resources and tasks is one of the highly critical challenges. There are no proper methods or techniques to improve task scheduling and resource allocation. Previous methods used Virtual machine (VM) instances for scheduling. The major drawback of using Virtual machine instances is that it takes a lot of startup time and consumes all the resources to perform the task. In this paper, we have proposed a solution with fuzzy C-means clustering hybrid algorithms of using Black widow optimization for task scheduling and fish swarm optimization for efficient resource allocation to reduce cost, energy, resource utilization.

A hike in population leads to increasing construction activities which creates a demand for coarse aggregate, in order to compensate the demand, natural materials like coconut shell, rice husk, coconut fiber,palm kernel shell can be used. This study is aimed to encourage the low-cost housing with coconut shell aggregate. Aggregates play a vital role in the making of concrete, they occupy about 70 to 80 percent of concrete. Coconut Shell (CS) is a high potential material due to its high strength and modulus properties. CS has high lignin content that makes the composites more weather resistant. The shell of the coconut comes under agricultural waste and enormous amount of area is essential for its dumping after its usage.The CS which hold on to 12 mm sieve can be used as coarse aggregate for coconut shell concrete.The implementation of natural sources to save the depletion of available raw materials in the construction. So, this project explores the performance evaluation of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in concrete. Light Weight Concrete (LWC) is typically compacting with utilisation of waste as aggregates with regard to economical upliftment. The impact resistance of Coconut Shell Concrete (CSC) is greater than CC. The CSC can also be utilized for making partition wall. The utilization of CS in concrete appears to be an attainable choice. Since CS are biodegradable and naturally available,so they can be used readily in concrete. In this paper a comprehensive review was carried out on the mechanical properties of concrete with CS as coarse aggregate. The key intent of this study is to give an overview to use CS as coarse aggregate. In addition to that the durability properties and elasticity modulus of concrete with CS as a coarse aggregate was reviewed. Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advances in Construction Materials and Structures.

The research proposes to replace M-sand with construction and demolition waste (C&D) as a fine aggre-gate (FA). Because sand is in high demand these days, results in the whole cost of building rise. This research area focuses on the efficient use of building and demolition waste as Recycled Fine Aggregate (RFA), as well as environmental considerations. In concrete, recycled fine aggregate (RFA) was used as FA. The concrete was made with its qualities and compared to 100% M-sand. The outcome of the produc-tion of standard cement mortar with M-sand and recycled aggregate replacements of 25 percent, 50 per-cent, 75 percent, and 100 properties among the numerous trails on 7 days and 28 days. The test results show compressive strength of 13.08 N/mm2 at 7 days and 17.149 N/mm2 at 28 days, split tensile strength of 1.284 at 7 days and 1.734 at 28 days, and flexural strength test of 5.689 at 7 days and 6.47 at 28 days. As a final ending this RFA is a useful material in modern building. Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-ence on Advances in Construction Materials and Structures.

Traffic flow in signalized intersection plays a major part in the formation of delays in the urban street network. Reduction of delays in the signalized intersections in-turn helps to reduce the travelling time and pollution. Most of the existing signals in the urban streets have not been updated according to the increase or decrease of the traffic flow at each arm of these intersections. In this paper, three signalized intersections in Erode are taken into consideration, and the junctions are redesigned by varying the red time and green time in those signals. The signal is then modelled using the computer simulation model VISSIM. Efficient modelling of vehicular traffic is efficient in India and is largely used in context of Indian heterogeneous driving conditions. By changing the red time and green time of the signal, the average waiting time of the vehicles is expected to be reduced by 50%.

Concrete is subjected to sudden impact loads in water-controlled structures like dams, tunnels; airport terminal asphalts; structures used for military and industrial purposes. When subjected to extreme load conditions and aggressive environments, plain concrete which is already brittle in nature fails suddenly. Fibre-reinforced concrete is a rapidly developing construction technique which can be used for almost all structural systems. Fibres enhance the ductility of concrete structure by improving their mechanical properties. This paper presents a review on the behaviour of fibre-reinforced concrete under normal as well as impact loads and also identifies the materials that can be used for blending cement in concrete as cost-effective means of construction is one of the challenging aspects in these industries.

In India, the construction industry is growing at twice the world average. This leads to a significant accumulation of C&D waste. This typically includes asphalt, steel, concrete, bricks, wood and other building materials. It is estimated on a conservative basis that over 25-30 million tons of C&D waste is generated which clogs rivers, blocks traffic and occupies land / agricultural space which in turn creates pollution, solid waste production, discharge of dust and gas and leads to additional utilization of natural resources including non-renewable resources, thereby depleting the available resources. Only little amount of construction and demolition concrete debris is recycled or reused. Construction and demolition waste generation and handling issues are being focused to achieve sustainable goals. Based on this study, experimental investigations are carried out to evaluate the material properties and to study the strength characteristics and effect of partial replacement (20 %, 30 % and 40 %) of both fine and coarse aggregate obtained from construction and demolition waste (CDW) in the construction of intermediate road traffic concrete barriers.

Humans beings are using plastic bags that are ecologically dangerous products for their routine life mainly for purchasing things as a result of which the ecological and cultivable lands are thereby being contaminated. Many alternatives have been found out to decrease the usage of polyethylene; a number of bioplastics are emerged in the recent years. In our project, bioplastics are made from solanum tuberosum, and the plasticizer used is glycerol. Strength and properties of the specimen are found out by thickness test and roughness test by undergone ten trials. With rising exposure for the environment concern, the use of starch-based plastic products will be an obligation across the world.

The use of waste materials as replacement of natural resources is one of the best approaches to improve sustainability. Paper mill sludge (Hyposludge) is a major economic and environmental problem for the paper and board industry. Most of the wastes sent to dumping sites and landfills. These waste materials could be incorporated in concrete manufacturing as a replacement for cement due to its similar pozzolanic property. From the literature studied it was clear that use of hyposludge in concrete increases compressive strength but on the other hand decreases flexural strength. In order to overcome the decreased flexural strength, fibers could be used. This project involves partial replacement of cement with Hyposludge and also adding steel fibres to improve the flexural strength in M25 grade of concrete mix. The hyposludge replacement percentage was chosen to be 10% and the fibres were added on two different percentages i.e., 0.5% and 1%. The prisms were made and tested for flexural strength. The test showed that 0.5% usage of steel fibres given 7.4% improved flexural strength compared to conventional concrete mix and the 1% fibre proportion showed greater flexural strength of 18.4% higher strength compared to the conventional concrete mix.

one of the major obstacles faced by construction industry is inventory management. In every construction project inventory cost contributes around 50% to 60% of the total project cost. The profit of construction industries mainly depends on managing the inventories to avoid cost overruns and delay in projects. A proper material management system has to be implemented for effective utilization of resources. By applying lean concepts in a project, we will be able to find the lead time of procuring each raw material land also ways to identify and eliminate non value added activities. Based on consumption of each raw materials reorder level& EOQ will be arrived. Value stream mapping (VSM) is a lean tool used to map the process flow of a project along with cycle time of each process which helps to identify the total processing time. Through VSM we quantify the value added and non-valueadded activities in a project and steps will be taken to reduce the non-value-added activities. By eliminating non value added activities, the total lead time to complete a project will be reduced and the resources will be optimally used.

Concrete structures, such as airports, pavements, industrial floors and so on are prone to sudden, excessive and adverse loading conditions. This has become a major topic of interest for many researchers in recent years. An experimental investigation on evaluating the impact resistance of concrete is carried out as per ACI 544. 2R using concrete cubes of size 100 mm. This experimental investigation has been validated numerically with the help of concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) model using ABAQUS explicit software. The results of CDP model-based prediction were found to be in good agreement with the obtained experimental results, i.e. the initial failure (initial cracking) for plain concrete occurs at eighth blow and final failure occurs at fifteenth blow. The maximum strain absorbed by the concrete at failure is 0.00275. It is also observed that the percentage increase in strain increases drastically till 7 blows, suddenly decreases at the onset of micro-cracks at eighth blow followed by a small gradual increase in strain till 14 blows. This is followed by a decrease in strain which is an indication of failure of the concrete specimen after 15 blows.

Concrete, being one of the most commonly used building materials in construction industries, has, cement as its principle component. Cement paste is responsible for bonding and strength gain in concrete. The production of cement releases an equal amount of CO2 to the atmosphere causing environmental pollution. This Study identifies the property enhancement of concrete due to the partial replacement of cement with pozzolanic materials such as fly ash and silica fume at 40% and 7% respectively. Tests were conducted to identify mechanical properties - compression, split tension, flexure; and Impact resistance. Steel fibres were also incorporated at 0.75%, 1.15% and 1.55% to the mix. Addition of steel fibre to blended concrete showed an increase of 33-77% on mechanical properties and 186% on impact resistance of concrete at 28 days. A Multiple linear regression model was formulated using SPSS, and consequently, equations were derived to predict the mechanical properties and impact resistance of concrete. The equations were found to be in a good agreement with the experimental results obtained by various other researches with significance level lesser than 0.05 in ANOVA.

The ultimate source of energy for crucial activities like cooking, heating and parboiling process is burning wood and other agricultural products. Due to growing populations utilizing resource of combustible biomass materials will finally result in insufficiency of those materials until certain measures are taken to secure them. It mainly focuses on the minimization of pollution especially land, water and air and to avoid the deforestation mainly for many fuels for burning. The product taken is the by-product, which is obtained from the residue left after letting the cotton industrial waste for reuse. The raw materials used are cassava waste, coconut shell, groundnut shell, cotton waste and cow dung with thirty different mix ratios. The briquettes were made without using any binder. Using hydraulic pressure with UTM given to produce the briquettes are 5.0 kN/cm 2 , 5.6 kN/cm2 and 6.0 kN/cm2 . Good energy content has been obtained when the pressure for producing briquettes at 5.6 kN/cm2 .These briquettes are mainly used for industrial boiler running and cooking purpose.

Concrete is a composite building material. Due to its increasing demand in the construction industry, its basic ingredients such as cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate have become extremely costly. Studies have been carried out to find better and more economical alternatives to these conventional building materials. One such alternative is fly ash, which can be used to partially replace cement. The main disadvantage of conventional concrete is its brittle failure, which can be avoided by using steel fibers. This study identifies the behavior of concrete with regard to impact resistance and its mechanical properties by adding hooked-end steel fibers at levels of 0, 0.75, 1.15 and 1.55% and partially replacing 40% of the cement with 40% fly ash. In addition to the control concrete, there has been four mixes with respective addition of steel fibers. The behavior of normal and fly ash concrete with steel fibers was compared. The combination of fly ash and steel fibers provided a homogeneous and very rich mix, with a delay in the setting time of the concrete. Of all the mixes, the one containing 40% fly ash and 1.55% steel fibers proved to be the best, with a maximum increase in strength of 17% in compression, 25% in split tension, 30% in flexure and 95% in impact energy at 56 days. A multiple linear regression model was also formulated using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software, through which corresponding equations were developed to predict the strength and energy at 28 and 56 days. The equations were also used to predict the strength of the mixes from other researchers’ experimental work. The predicted results corresponded well with the experimental results and the percentage difference was found to be less than 5%.

This study investigated the efficiency of different treatment processes in the removal of pollutants from Raw textile Effluent (RE) collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP), Perundurai, Tamil Nadu, India. The maximum decolounzation was achieved in chemical process (90% with H2O2), followed by physical (85% in electrocoagulation), and bacterial (84% involving Lysinibacillus sphaericus SK 13) treatment processes. Phycoremediation involving marine diatom Odontella aurita demonstrated least decolourization (65%). Physical treatment showed better reduction in turbidity (93%), bacterial treatment could significantly reduce BOD (84%) and COD (88%), while phycoremediation could effectively remove metal ions. Individual treatment process was unable to reduce effluent parameters complying with the water discharge limits. So combination of different treatment processes has been investigated for remediation of RE with higher efficiency. The integration of chemical - phycoremediation demonstrated maximum removal of colour (95%), turbidity (99%), BOD (86%) and COD (90%). Further it was estimated that the recovery of water after a treatment process (treated wastewater) was 93 % and sludge production was 0.2 g/L, when compared to the current CETP process which recovers 85% treated wastewater and produces 1.4g/L of sludge. This combined chemical and phycoremediation processes showed greater promise when compared to the treatment methodology followed at CETP, in obtaining treated effluents that meet the discharge limits further reducing the production of sludge as secondary pollutant. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.

The study was conducted on 210 rural youth entrepreneurs of seven different ventures in Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu. The entrepreneurial ventures selected for the study were sericulture, mushroom production, hi-tech nurseries (polyhouse), fruit and flower nursery, fisheries, poultry farming and value addition (tamarind processing and millet-based cookies). The respondents were selected randomly based on the key information. The finalized entrepreneurial orientation index consisted of fourteen statements. Principle component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (with varimax rotation) were carried out to group the indicators into factors based on the communalities observed. The results revealed that three factors which had more than one Eigen value were contributing 57.451 per cent variation towards entrepreneurial orientation and those factors were put under entrepreneurial competence (Factor I), external motivation (Factor II) and entrepreneurial basic (Factor III).

Raw textile effluent, collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP), Perundurai, Tamil Nadu, was subjected to toxicity reduction employing varied laboratory treatment protocols viz. chemical (Advanced Oxidation Process), physical (Electrocoagulation), bacterial (Lyisinibacillus sphaericus), phycoremediation (Odontella aurita) and their combinations. Aquatic toxicity was tested using freshwater fish Labeo rohita and the variations in fish histopathological, biochemical, enzymology, hematological and immunological parameters were analyzed. The intermediatory dye metabolites and secondary amines produced during chemical (96hLC50 = 5%) and bacterial remediation (96hLC50 = 15%) had enhanced the stress factor and organ damage in the exposed fish. In phycoremediation, though the newly explored Odontella aurita could effectively absorb metal ions than other algal species and moderately reduce effluent physical parameters, but was less efficient in the removal of azo dyes from the effluent (96hLC50 = 50%). Subsequent physical remediation had removed these dyes and other effluent solid sludge, and had enabled the fish to survive acute toxicity (96h+). However, it was less efficient in removing the secondary metabolites produced during bacterial (96hLC50 = 20%) and chemical (96hLC50 = 25%) remediation. Secondary phycoremediation had effectively reduced effluent physical parameters, metal ions and the hydroxyl radicals left over after primary chemical remediation. Therefore, this combined chemical and phycoremediation processes had enabled the fish population survive short term chronic toxicity (168h+), with less organ damage and slightly enhanced immunological response. This treatment is certainly better than the methodology adopted by CETP, where the fish could survive only acute toxicity with higher organ damage.

The study was conducted in Tiruppur and Erode districts of Tamil Nadu. From each district one block and from each block three revenue villages were selected. The respondents were categorized into affected and unaffected farmers based on their proximity to Noyyal river as well as well water quality parameters. A sample of 90 (affected and not affected) farmers was considered for the study. The data revealed that farmers from affected area expected more research on soil and water reclamation process to overcome dyeing industrial effluents that ranked at first position among the ten statements. Most of the farmers expected sustainable farming technologies to continue agriculture in Noyyal river basin followed by need of financial assistance from the banks to cultivate commercial and tree crops at their farm. Some of the farmers expected that scientists and extension workers should make periodical visits to their farms. Some of the farmers expected compensation from government to bear their agriculture losses. An action model is suggested based on the implications drawn out of the results to the researchers, extension workers, Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board and Government of Tamil Nadu to take actions based on the recommendations so that the affected farmers could be benefitted.