A 2-year-old male castrated Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was presented with paraplegia, cold caudal extremities and lack of femoral pulses. A 2 cm long thrombus occluding the aortic trifurcation and a 3 cm long abdominal aortic aneurysm with a thrombus were detected by ultrasonographic examination. The clinical and ultrasonographic findings were consistent with aortic thromboembolism. Anti-thrombotic and vasodilative therapy was not helpful and the dog was euthanized 3 days after the onset of paraplegia. A thrombus in the aortic trifurcation, multiple thoracic and abdominal aneurysms and a distal mediastinal esophageal granuloma containing Spirocera lupi worms were found on necropsy. The abdominal aortic aneurysms formed by S. lupi larval migration are believed to be responsible for the formation of the thrombus that occluded the aortic trifurcation. This is the first report of aortic thromboembolism associated with S. lupi infection.

Clinical signs of botulism were observed in a group of eight cats, four of which died, after being fed pelican carrion. Clostridium botulinum type C was isolated from one cat. The microorganism and its toxin were found in the pelican. This is apparently the first report of natural botulism in cats.

the penis may have damagcd the erectile bodies and the pudendal nerves. Musth-related causes xvere not involvcd. Penile paralysis following administrationi of phenothiazinederivative tranquillisers (acetylpromazine) has been reported in an Asian circus elephant (Kuntze and Kuntze 1991). However, this possibility could be excluded, as these tranquillisers were not available in this rural area of Vietnaimi. The therapy was painful and could have become extremely dangerous, but nmost of the standard anaesthetic drugs, such as xylazine or phenothiaziie-derivative tranquillisers, potentially compounid penile protrusion (Turner and others 1995, Silinski and others 2002). Additionally, the duration and frequeincy of treatmeint prevented the routine use of sedation. Due to the prolonged state of the priapism, the prognosis was poor. Stallions wvith persistent penile protrusions are unlikely to regain the ability to retract the penis or to achieve erection again (Schumacher and Varner 1999). In human beings, irreversible cavernosal damage begins 1 2 to 24 hours after the onset of priapism (Rochat 2001). In the elephant, a surgical procedure appeared to be justified; however, the lack of infrastructure, electricity, medical supplies and hygiene prevented any invasive treatment. Alternative medical treatmenits, such as the use of cholinergic blockers, diuretics and the irrigation of the cavernous tissue with heparinised lactated Ringer's solution, which are described in stallions (Wilson and others 1991), were also unavailable. The systemic administration of antibiotics wvas considered but, due to the expected vascular stasis, antibiotics were only administered topically.