During adolescence, healthy eating habits are important, and regular meal intake has an especially positive effect on future health. However, the rate of skipping breakfast has gradually increased. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the positive effects of a rice-based breakfast in Korean adolescents who usually skip breakfast. In this open parallel-group, randomized controlled trial, 105 middle and high school students aged 12–18 years who habitually skipped breakfast were recruited. They were randomly divided into three groups: the rice meal group (RMG, n = 35), wheat meal group (WMG, n = 35), and general meal group (GMG, n = 35). The RMG and WMG received a rice-based breakfast and wheat-based breakfast, respectively, for 12 weeks. After a 12-week intervention, the body fat mass (p < 0.05) and body mass index (p < 0.05) in the RMG were significantly lower than those in the other two groups, and the stress score was also significantly lower in the RMG (p < 0.05). Moreover, after the intervention, in the RMG only, compared to baseline levels, the relative theta (RT) wave activity significantly decreased in eight electrode sites, and the relative alpha (RA) wave activity increased significantly. Eating a rice-based breakfast has positive effects on body fat accumulation and cognitive function in Korean adolescents. Furthermore, a rice-based breakfast plan that is preferred by adolescents should be developed to assist them in developing healthy eating habits.

Koreans have been consuming Petasites Japonicus (PJ) as food. Although the therapeutic effect of PJ on allergic or inflammatory reactions associated with asthma has been proven, its effect on obesity is unclear. Therefore, the present study was aimed to assess the obesity related anti-inflammatory and anti-adipogenic effects of ethanol extract PJ (EPJ) on the inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages and on differentiation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, the polyphenolic compound was quantitatively characterized from the EPJ using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector, quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QToF-MS). In RAW 264.7 or 3T3-L1, reduction of nitric oxide (in macrophages) production as well as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α were observed. Treatment of EPJ in adipocyte differentiation showed an improvement in adiponectin and lipid accumulation and a significant reduction of PPARγ and FABP-4 mRNA expression levels. On the other hand, mRNA expression of UCP-1, PPARα, and ACO increased in the EPJ treated group. In addition, a total of 26 polyphenolic compounds were detected and of which 12 are reported for the first time from PJ. The higher content of diverse polyphenolic compounds presented in EPJ might be responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory and anti-adipogenic effect. These results suggest that PJ is valuable in improving obesity-related inflammatory responses.

This study was performed to investigate the quality characteristics of Yanggaeng , including color, pH, total polyphenol contents, and antioxidant activities, with the addition of aged garlic extract (0, 3, 6, 9 or 12%), aged at low temperatures. Among the color characteristics, the lightness value decreased, and the redness and yellowness values increased, proportional to the amount of garlic extract concentrate added to Yanggaeng . The pH of Yanggaeng significantly ( p <0.05) decreased according to the amount of aged garlic extract added. Total phenol contents of control (0% aged garlic extract added Yanggaeng ) was the lowest, followed by 3, 6, 9, 12% aged garlic extract added to Yanggaeng (88.15, 118.39, 156.91, 208.79 mg/g, respectively). Antioxidant activities, such as DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, significantly increased with increase in the aged garlic extract concentration. In the sensory evaluation for Yanggaeng , 6% aged garlic extract added to Yanggaeng had the highest score in taste, flavor, and overall acceptance. Based on these results, it is suggest that the addition of 6% aged garlic extract to Yanggaeng can be developed as a product for the elderly.

gamma-Oryzanol, a mixture of ferulic acid esters of triterpene alcohols and sterols, is a nutritionally important group of rice secondary metabolites. A library of 27 gamma-oryzanol was assembled from existing data and used to assist identification and quantification of gamma-oryzanol isolated from 16 Korean rice varieties (11 white and 5 pigmented). gamma-Oryzanol was analyzed with liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Nineteen different gamma-oryzanol were observed and identified as stigmasterol, campesterol and sitosterol or common and hydroxylated triterpene alcohols. In the 16 varieties, the total gamma-oryzanol content averaged 43.8 mg/100 g (range, 26.7-61.6 mg/100 g), which Josaengheugchal exhibited the highest level (61.6 mg/100 g). The Korean rice varieties were classified based on qualitative and quantitative gamma-oryzanol data by multivariate statistical analysis. Clusters of specialty rice varieties exhibited higher gamma-oryzanol levels than those of common rice varieties.

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases and cigarette smoking is known to be one of the major sources of oxidants. In this study, we investigated whether Korean black raspberry (BR) supplementation could reduce smoke-induced oxidative stress in healthy male smokers. Thirty nine healthy male smokers received either 30 g of freeze-dried BR or placebo for four weeks. Anthropometric and dietary data, smoking history, blood lipid profiles, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed at baseline and after supplementation. There was no difference of age, smoking history, anthropometry, and nutrient intake between groups. BR supplementation had no effect on plasma lipid profiles, LDL oxidation, and DNA damage. However, it significantly increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, and reduced plasma lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, BR supplementation may decrease cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress through increase of endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities.

BACKGROUND:An effective treatment strategy for acne vulgaris is the reduction of Propionibacterium acnes in the skin. The Helicobacter pylori-derived synthetic antimicrobial peptide HPA3NT3 is a customized α-helical cationic peptide with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity.OBJECTIVES:To examine the role of HPA3NT3 as a treatment against P. acnes-induced skin inflammation.METHODS:Morphological alteration of individual P. acnes cells by HPA3NT3 was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Modulation by HPA3NT3 of a number of P. acnes-induced innate immune responses was analysed in vitro using cultured normal human keratinocytes (HKs), and in vivo using the ICR mouse, a well-established model for P. acnes-induced skin inflammation.RESULTS:The minimum inhibitory concentration of HPA3NT3 against P. acnes was low (0·4 μmol L(-1)). HPA3NT3 showed no cytotoxicity to HK cells at the concentrations used in our in vitro and in vivo studies. Treatment with HPA3NT3 in vitro induced morphological disruptions in P. acnes cells suggestive of a bactericidal effect. HPA3NT3 significantly decreased P. acnes-induced interleukin-8 expression and intracellular calcium mobilization in HK cells by inhibiting P. acnes-activated Toll-like receptor 2-mediated nuclear factor-κB signalling pathways. Intradermal injection of HPA3NT3 in vivo effectively decreased viable P. acnes, as well as erythema, swelling and inflammatory-cell infiltration in ICR mouse ears inoculated with P. acnes.CONCLUSIONS:Our data suggest that HPA3NT3 has potential as a therapeutic agent for acne vulgaris due to its antimicrobial effects on P. acnes and its ability to block P. acnes-induced inflammation.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Rubus Coreanus Miquel (RCM), used as a traditional Korean medicine, reduces chronic inflammatory diseases such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. However, its mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we examine the anti-inflammatory effects of RCM and their possible mechanisms using RAW 264.7 cells.MATERIALS/METHODS:Unripe RCM ethanol extract (UE), unripe RCM water extract (UH), ripe RCM ethanol extract (RE), and ripe RCM water extract (RH) were prepared. Inflammatory response was induced with LPS treatment, and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and NO and PGE2 productions were assessed. To determine the anti-inflammatory mechanism of RCM, we measured NF-κB and MAPK activities.RESULTS:UE and UH treatment significantly reduced NF-κB activation and JNK and p38 phosphorylation and reduced transcriptional activities decreased iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines expressions, and NO and PGE2 productions. RE and RH treatments reduced IL-1β and IL-6 expressions through suppressions of JNK and p38 phosphorylation.CONCLUSIONS:In this study, we showed that RCM had anti-inflammatory effects by suppression of pro-inflammatory mediator expressions. Especially, unripe RCM showed strong anti-inflammatory effects through suppression of NF-κB and MAPK activation. These findings suggest that unripe RCM might be used as a potential functional material to reduce chronic inflammatory responses.

Various effects of acorn extract have been reported including antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity against cancer cells, and the levels of acetylcholine and its related enzyme activities in the dementia mouse models. However, it is unclear whether acorn extract inhibits glutamate-induced calcium signaling in hippocampal neurons. This study was an investigation into the effect of acorn extract on intracellular free Ca concentrations ([Ca]) in cultured rat hippocampal neurons using fura-2-based digital calcium imaging and photometry. Hippocampal neurons were used between 10 and 14 d in culture from embryonic day-18 rats. Treatment with acorn extract (1 µg/mL to 1 mg/mL) for 30 min inhibited glutamate (100 µM)-induced [Ca] increases in a dose-dependent manner (IC=46.9 µg/mL). After depletion of intracellular Ca stores by treatment with the inhibitor endoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase, thapsigargin (1 µM), treatment with acorn extract (50 µg/mL) for 30 min decreased the subsequent glutamate-induced [Ca] increases. Acorn extract significantly inhibited (S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) (30 µM)-induced [Ca] increases. In addition, acorn extract inhibited the AMPA-induced [Ca] responses in the presence of 1 µM nimodipine. Acorn extract also significantly inhibited N-methyl-D-aspartate (100 µM)-induced [Ca] increases. Acorn extract significantly inhibited 50 mM KCl -induced [Ca] increases. Acorn extract significantly inhibited (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine-induced [Ca] responses. Moreover, acorn extract almost completely blocked synaptically mediated [Ca] spikes induced by decreasing extracellular Mg concentration to 0.1 mM. These results suggest that acorn extract inhibits synaptically induced frequent [Ca] spikes through multiple pathways such as ionotropic glutamate receptors, voltage-gated Ca channels and metabotropic glutamate receptors in cultured rat hippocampal neurons.

ABSTRACT Rubus coreanus Miquel (RCM) has been used as one of the Korean traditional medicines for prostate health. In addition, recent studies have reported that RCM reduced chronic inflammatory diseases such as cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of unripe and ripe RCM on inflammation- related gene expressions in LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. Mice were fed with 2% unripe RCM (U2), 10% unripe RCM (U10), 2% ripe RCM (R2), and 10% ripe RCM (R10) for 8 weeks. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated and stimulated with LPS then proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) productions were assessed. Moreover, gene expression profiles were analyzed by cDNA microarray method. Unripe and ripe RCM significantly reduced TNF-α production but only unripe RCM decreased IL-1β and IL-6 production. RCM intake significantly reduced inflammatory-related gene expressions such as arachidonate 5-lip-oxygenase, interleukin 11, and nitric oxide synthase 2. Furthermore, unripe and ripe RCM significantly decreased ceruloplasmin, tissue plasminogen activator, thrombospondin 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor A expression which modulates symptoms of chronic inflammatory diseases. RCM intake also significantly increased hypoxia inducible factor 3, alpha which is the negative regulators of hypoxia-inducible gene expression. Furthermore, only unripe RCM reduced chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14, and phospholipase A2 expression. In this study, we showed that RCM had anti-inflammatory effects by suppression of pro-inflammatory mediator ex-pressions and may reduce chronic inflammatory disease progress through regulation of gene expressions. These findings suggest that RCM might be used as a potential functional material to reduce chronic inflammatory responses.

The effect of administration of Korean black raspberry (BR) to smokers was assessed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. In this study, to investigate the effect of BR on the level of urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), biomarker for DNA damage, 38 male smokers between 20 and 30years old were treated with BR or placebo for 4weeks. After 4weeks of administration, urinary level of 8-OHdG was measured, and the metabolic profiling of plasma samples of all volunteers were established using 1H NMR-based metabolomics techniques. The volunteers of BR administered group were divided into responder group (BR-R group) and nonresponder group (BR-NR group) based on the mean decrement of urinary 8-OHdG level of placebo group (12%). There was a clear separation among weeks 0 and 4 of seven volunteers at BR-R group in principal component analysis (PCA) derived score plots. The levels of 16 metabolites including amino acids, and organic acids changed significantly between weeks 0 and 4. Then the comparative metabolic profiling of the BR-R and BR-NR groups at week 0 was performed. There was also clear separation in PCA-derived score plot. The relative levels of glycine and trimethylamine N-oxide in plasma changed significantly between the two groups, indicating that these compounds could be used as screening biomarkers to predict the 8-OHdG modulating activity of BR in smokers.

A novel synthetic hexapeptide (SFKLRY-NH2) that displays angiogenic activity has been identified by positional scanning of a synthetic peptide combinatorial library (PS-SPCL). This study was carried out to investigate the irritation of the SFKLRY-NH2 on the skin. The tests were performed on the basis of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guidelines. In results, cell toxicity is not appeared for SFKLRY-NH2 in HaCaT cells and B16F10 cells. SFKLRY-NH2 induced no skin irritation at low concentration (10 μM), mild irritation at high concentration (10mM). We consider that this result is helpful for saying about the safety of SFKLRY-NH2 in clinical use.

본 연구는 묵의 재료에 국한되어 있는 도토리의 이용을 늘리고 도토리 가공식품을 다양화할 수 있도록 도토리 주정추출물을 제조하여 제품에 첨가하였으며, 제과ㆍ제빵에 사용되는 박력분 대비 칼로리가 낮은 도토리묵가루를 첨가하여 성인병예방 및 항치매 효과가 있는 것으로 알려진 도토리 유래 기능성 건빵을 개발하였다. 도토리묵가루 및 추출물을 첨가한 건빵을 개발하기 위해 선행실험으로 도토리묵가루 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%(w/w)의 비율로 첨가한 건빵을 제조한 후 그 품질특성 및 관능평가를 실시하고 도토리묵가루 첨가비율을 50%로 결정하였다. 도토리묵가루 50% 첨가 건빵의 제조법을 바탕으로 도토리 주정 추출물을 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%(w/w) 첨가하여 도토리묵가루 첨가 건빵과 동일한 방법으로 품질특성 및 관능평가를 실시하였다. 도토리묵가루 첨가 건빵의 경도는 조리 전 반죽에서는 도토리묵가루의 함량이 증가함에 따라 반죽의 단단함도 증가하였으나 조리 후에는 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 이는 건빵에 사용되는 박력분과 도토리묵가루의 성분과 수분함량의 차이 때문에 반죽상태에서는 경도의 차이가 있으나 조리되는 과정에서 대부분의 수분이 증발하여 조리 후에는 차이를 나타내지 않는 것으로 보인다. 또한 도토리묵가루 첨가 건빵의 색도는 원재료가 가지는 어두운 갈색의 영향 때문에 도토리묵가루의 첨가량이 증가할수록 L값과 b값이 감소하는 경향을 보였고 a값은 차이가 없었다. 관능평가 결과 도토리묵가루 첨가군 간의 비교에서 천제적인 기호도는 50%첨가군이 가장 높았으며 조직감 및 향기에서도 50%첨가군이 높게 측정되어 도토리묵가루를 첨가비율을 50%로 선정하였다. 선행실험을 통해 도토리묵가루의 첨가량 50%를 기준으로 도토리 추출물 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%(w/w)를 첨가한 건빵을 제조하여 경도 및 색도, 관능평가를 실시한 결과 경도는 추출물의 함량이 증가할수록 높아지는 경향을 보였으며 이는 추출물은 고농도의 도토리 엑기스로 추출물이 갖는 점성에 의한 영향이라고 생각된다. 색도는 추출물의 함량이 증가할수록 색이 진해져 L값은 감소하고 경향을 보였고 a값과 b값은 큰 차이가 없었다. 이는 첨가구간의 추출물 첨가량의 차이가 크지 않아 영향이 없었던 것으로 보인다. 맛과 조직감은 0.1%에서 가장 높게 측정되었고 0%, 0.5%, 1%(w/w) 순으로 측정되었으며, 도토리 추출물을 첨가할 경우 0.1%가 적절할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 전체적인 기호도는 도토리 추출물의 첨가량이 증가할수록 낮아졌으며, 이는 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 추출물의 특유의 향기와 쓴맛이 함께 증가하여 기호도에 영향을 준 것으로 사료되며 이를 보완할 수 있는 추가적인 실험이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

효모추출물 4 mg/mL를 고추유묘에 경엽 및 뿌리 관주처리 24시간 후에 salicylic acid(SA)함량을 ultra high performance liquid chromatography(UHPLC)분석방법으로 측정한 결과 yeast cell wall extract(YCWE)처리구에서 대조구의 SA처리구와 동일한 peak가 검출되어 SA가 생성 유도 되는 것으로 확인 되었다. SA는 YCWE를 경엽처리 48시간 후 20.29 ${\mu}g/g$으로 가장 높게 나타났으며 관주처리보다 약 3.7배의 높은 SA검출함량을 보였으나 처리 후 72시간부터는 점차적으로 SA함량이 감소하는 양상을 보였다. Yeast cell wall extract (YCWE) was treated on leaves and roots of pepper seedlings at the dosage of 4 mg/mL and salicylic acid (SA) production in pepper was detected by ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The SA production in pepper stem was induced by YCWE. SA was produced at the highest level of 20.29 ${\mu}g/g$ after 48 hrs of foliar spray with YCWE, which is 3.7 times higher than that of root perfusion with YCWM. SA production was gradually reduced after 72 hrs of YCWE treatment.

최근 식단의 간편성으로 빵 및 케이크류의 소비량이 증가하고 보조식에서 주식으로 전환되고 있다. 더불어 건강증진을 위한 기능성이 요구되고 있으며, 따라서 비만체질 개선 및 성인병예방 등의 기능을 갖는 도토리 묵가루 및 주정추출물을 0, 0.5, 1% 첨가하여 제조하고 첨가한 머핀을 제조하여 수분함량, 무게감소율 및 높이, 조직감, 관능검사를 통해 머핀의 품질을 평가하였다. 머핀의 수분함량은 도토리 묵가루 및 주정추출물 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 이는 도토리가 갖는 보수성 때문에 상압건조법으로는 측정되지 않는 결합수가 도토리묵가루 및 추출물을 첨가량이 증가할수록 함께 증가하는 것으로 사료된다. 굽기 손실률과 부품성은 도토리 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 도토리의 식이섬유소가 수분결합력이 커서 수분의 증발을 감소시켜 도토리묵가루 및 추출물을 첨가군이 첨가하지 않은 군보다 굽기 손실률이 낮은 것으로 사료된다. 색도는 도토리묵가루 및 추출물의 고유의 색의 영향으로 첨가량이 증가할수록 L값은 감소, a값은 증가, b값은 감소하였다. 조직감 측정 결과 경도(hardness)는 도토리 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였으며, 부착성(adhesiveness), 씹힘성(chewiness)도 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 관능검사 결과 색(color), 향(flavor), 맛(taste), 조직감(texture), 전반적인 기호도(overall acceptability)에서 0.1% 도토리 주정추출물을 첨가하였을 때 가장 높은 기호도를 나타내었다. 본 실험에서는 50% 도토리묵가루와 0.1% 주정추출물의 첨가가 머핀 제조에 있어 가장 적합할 것으로 사료되었으며, 이는 도토리 주정추출물의 특유의 향기와 쓴맛이 기호도에 영향을 미친 것으로 보인다. 따라서 도토리 주정추출물의 향기와 쓴맛을 감소시켜 첨가량을 늘릴 수 있는 추가적인 실험이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and NMR techniques were used to differentiate and identify species of black raspberry (BR) of different geographic origins. BR leaf samples from five geographic origins were identified as Rubus japonicus and R. coreanus by RAPD. 1 H-NMR analysis was also performed for BR fruit extracts from different geographic origins. Major compounds assigned in 1 H-NMR spectra of BR fruits were amino acids, organic acids, sugars, phenolic acids, and purine derivatives. In addition, relative levels of total phenolic compounds, flavanols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in the BR fruits were further analyzed. Hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA) based on the genetic (RAPD of leaf samples) and metabolic ( 1 HNMR, total phenolic compounds, flavanols, flavonoids and anthocyanins of fruit samples) datasets were independently performed. The HCA dendrogram pattern derived from RAPD genetic fingerprinting of BR leaf samples matched that from the 1 H-NMR data of BR fruit samples. This research demonstrates that metabolic profiling of BR fruit based on 1 H-NMR is a promising method for differentiating BR fruits of various species and geographic origins.