Dose distribution in flue gas irradiation vessel is not uniform due to limited electron penetration range. This phenomena influence overall NOx removal efficiency is observed in the process. The remarkable increase in the efficiency can be achieved by multistage gas irradiation and gas mixing between stages. The results of modelling for longitudinal beam scanning as applied at EPS Kawêczyn pilot plant are presented in the paper. These are the basis for process vessel upscaling.

Terpolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) with propylene (P) and n-butyl vinyl ether (NBVE) induced by gamma-rays at room temperature at dose rate 5 x 10(5) rad/h and P/NBVE molar ratio from 49/1 to 10/40 was carried out. An alternating copolymerization between TFE and two alpha-olefins was found to take place in this system, so that 50 mole % of TFE containing terpolymer is always formed at various monomer compositions. The terpolymer composition can be explained successfully by the treatment by a complex mechanism. The complex reactivity ratios of r(I) (TFE-complex) and r(II) (TFE-NBVE complex) were calculated to be 0.5 and 0.6, respectively, assuming a complex mechanism. The polymerization rate and molecular weight increase with NBVE concentration in the monomer mixture. Colorless transparent rubber-like polymers were obtained at each monomer composition. The glass transition temperature sharply decreases with NBVE concentration in the terpolymer but the thermal and chemical resistances of the terpolymer slightly decrease. Considering these results together with the mechanical properties it has been concluded that the 45/48/7 terpolymer of TFE/P/NBVE molar ratio is good as a practical elastomer useful at relatively low temperatures.

The disinfection of eflluent municipal wastewaters by high-energy electrons in flow systems was studied using an experimental apparatus which has the maximum treatment capacity of 10.8 m3/h. An electron accelerator with an accelerating voltage of 2 MV was used. The electron beam current was controlled to deliver the desired doses ranging from 0.05 to 1 kGy. Treatment times were in the range from 0.0022 to 0.051 s.

Design and cost analysis were made for a sewage sludge treatment plant (capacity 25 – 200 ton sludge/day) with an electron accelerator. Dewatered sludge is spreaded on a rolling drum through a flat nozzle and disinfected by electron irradiation with a dose of 5 kGy. Composting of the irradiated sludge is also made at the optimum temperature for 3 days. The accelerating voltage of electron and capacity of the accelerator are 1.5 MV and 15 kW, respectively. Total volume of the fermentor is about one third of that of conventional composting process because the irradiation makes the time of composting shorter. The cost of sludge treatment is almost the same as that of conventional method.

The use of radiation technology for environmental conservation is becoming increasingly important. Commercial plants for the radiation treatment of sewage sludge to reduce pathogenic micro-organisms have been operating in the Federal Republic of Germany for the past ten years and their technical and economical feasibility has been demonstrated. Irradiation of dried sludge has been developed at the Sandia National Laboratory (USA) using Cs-137, and the construction of a commercial plant is planned in Albuquerque. At the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI), efforts are under way to increase the rate of composting of sludge by radiation. Regarding waste water treatment, a significant synergistic effect of radiation and ozone was found in the reduction of TOC. The construction of a gamma irradiation plant is in the planning stage in Canada, for the disinfection of virus-contaminated waste effluents from the Canadian Animal Disease Research Institute. The treatment of exhaust gases by electron beam has been studied in Japan using a large pilot plant which demonstrated that 90% of SO2 and 80% of NOx can be removed from the flue gas of iron ore sintering furnaces. The US Department of Energy is assisting in projects for the further development of this technology for combined removal of SO2 and NOx in flue gas from coal burning power stations.

The changes of mechanical properties of various kinds of polyethylene (PE) and ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPR) with the irradiation in air, in oxygen of 10 atm, and under vacuum were investigated. The decrease in the elongation (Eb) and the tensile strength (Tb) of PE by the irradiation in oxygen is larger than under vacuum. The changes of Eb well reflect the degradation of PE. In case of EPR, the Tb decreases sharply with dose in any environments, and the Eb decreases under vacuum to a larger extent than in oxygen. The modulus at 200% elongation of EPR increases with dose under vacuum, but decreases in oxygen. When the samples were irradiated in air, the changes of the mechanical properties were the intermediate between oxygen and vacuum and dependent on the ratio of oxidation and non-oxidation layers in the film. The antioxidant (Irganox 1010 or DPPD) mixed in polymers was found to retard effectively the polymer degradation by the irradiation in oxygen.

AbstractThe effects of antioxidants and of an antirad agent mixed in polyethylene and ethylene‐propylene copolymer were investigated by means of oxygen consumption and gas evolution. The antioxidants were NBC, Irganox 1010, and DPPD, and the antirad agent was propyl fluoranthene (PFR). A small amount of the antioxidant (0.5 phr) in polymer decreased oxygen consumption by one‐half or one‐third compared with pure polymer, but the activity was lost with increasing irradiation. The antirad agent also decreased oxygen consumption and it was assumed to act as the energy transfer agent in the polymer matrix.

AbstractLow‐and high‐density polyethylenes were irradiated by electron beams with dose of 2–50 Mrad and then immersed in aqueous solution of acrylic acid (monomer concentration from 30 to 100 wt %) for 10 min−5 h at a temperature of 25–40°C. The degree of grafting increases with time and levels off. High density polyethylene shows lower grafting rate and higher final % grafting in compared with low‐density polyethylene. Both grafting rate and final % grafting increase with total dose of preirradiation, but show some saturation at high doses. The highest grafting rate was observed at 60 wt % of monomer concentration where the grafted polyethylene swells to the largest extent in the monomer mixture. Apparent activation energies for the grafting are 19.6 and 27.3 kcal/mol for low‐ and high‐density polyethylenes, respectively, reflecting the proces of monomer diffusion in the film. Grafting rate decreases with increasing film thickness. Graft polymerization starts on the surface of the film and proceeds to the inner part with monomer diffusion through the grafted layer.

AbstractIn the grafting of acrylic acid onto polyethylene by preirradiation method, the irradiation in air gave a higher rate of grafting than in N2, since the diffusion rate of monomer is larger for less crosslinked polyethylene. The rate of grafting decreased with increasing time of storaging polyethylene because of the decay of trapped radicals. The effects of storage conditions on the grafting activity was reasonably interpreted by assuming that grafting is predominantly controlled by both concentration of trapped radicals and monomer diffusibility in the polymer matrix. Mohr's salt was found to depress the homopolymerization of acrylic acid without marked change of grafting rate. The rate of grafting was increased by the addition of ethylene dichloride due to the increase in monomer diffusion.

AbstractThe radiation‐induced copolymerization of methyl chloride salt of N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate with acrylamide was studied to prepare a polymer flocculant that can be handled as a solid. The product obtained in the presence of 5–20% water was a solid and could be ground to a powder without drying. In order to obtain a water‐soluble polymer at a higher concentration, the effect of various additives on the copolymerization was investigated and found that alcohols bearing a hydrogen atom attached to the tertiary carbon atom effectively inhibit intermolecular crosslinking to give water‐soluble polymer. It is suggested that the formation of water‐insoluble polymer is predominantly attributable to the crosslinking of polymer chains rather than to the imidation of amide groups. Copolymerization in the presence of isopropyl alcohol as inhibitor of the crosslinking was also studied and compared with that reported previously, which was carried out at a lower monomer concentration without additives.

AbstractSeeded copolymerization of teterafluoroethylene with propylene by radiation was studied by semibatch experiment at a constant pressure of 25 kg/cm2, a temperature of 40°C, and at various dose rates and monomer compositions in polymer particles. The polymerization rate and polymer molecular weight are in the ranges of 5.6–58.7 g/h.L‐H2O and 4.6 × 104–1.6 × 105, respectively. The polymerization rate increases with agitation speed up to 300 rpm and slightly decreases above 500 rpm. The polymer molecular weight is the highest at 300 rpm. The polymerization rate and polymer molecular weight increase with tetrafluoroethylene fraction. At lower tetrafluoroethylene fraction, the polymerization rate is proportional to the 0.7–0.9 power of the dose rate and the polymer molecular weight is almost independent. The dose rate effects are explained by considering that first‐order termination by degradative chain transfer to propylene is predominant at a lower tetrafluoroethylene fraction. Decrease in the dose rate dependence of the polymerization rate and increase in that of the polymer molecular weight with the tetrafluoroethylene fraction are due to the increase in second‐order termination by recombination.

Journal of Applied Polymer ScienceVolume 26, Issue 2 p. 741-742 NoteFree Access Synthesis of high-molecular-weight polymer of methyl chloride salt of N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate by radiation-induced polymerization at high pressure Isao Ishicaki, Isao Ishicaki Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Takasaki Gunma, 370-12 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorToshimi Okada, Toshimi Okada Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Takasaki Gunma, 370-12 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorTsuneo Sasuca, Tsuneo Sasuca Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Takasaki Gunma, 370-12 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorMasaaki Takehisa, Masaaki Takehisa Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Takasaki Gunma, 370-12 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorSueo Machi, Sueo Machi Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Takasaki Gunma, 370-12 JapanSearch for more papers by this author Isao Ishicaki, Isao Ishicaki Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Takasaki Gunma, 370-12 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorToshimi Okada, Toshimi Okada Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Takasaki Gunma, 370-12 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorTsuneo Sasuca, Tsuneo Sasuca Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Takasaki Gunma, 370-12 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorMasaaki Takehisa, Masaaki Takehisa Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Takasaki Gunma, 370-12 JapanSearch for more papers by this authorSueo Machi, Sueo Machi Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Takasaki Gunma, 370-12 JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: February 1981 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260231Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. References 1 T. Okada, I. Ishigaki, T. Suwa, and S. Machi, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 24, 1713 (1979). 2 I. Ishigaki, H. Fukuzaki, T. Okada, T. Okada, J. Okamoto, and S. Machi, “Synthesis of Cationic Flocculant by Radiation-Induced Copolymerization of Methyl Chloride Salt of N,N-Dimethyl-aminoethyl Methacrylate with Acrylamide in Aqueous Solution. 11. Copolymerization at Higher Monomer Concentration,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 26 (1981), to appear. 3 T. Sasuga, N. Morishita, A. Udagawa, Y. Kusama, and M. Takehisa, J. Polym. Sci., 14, 2575 (1976). Citing Literature Volume26, Issue2February 1981Pages 741-742 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry EditionVolume 19, Issue 8 p. 2123-2125 Note Dose rate effect on radiation-induced oxidation of polyethylene and ethylene-propylene copolymer Kazuo Arakawa, Kazuo Arakawa Takasski Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Institute, Takasaki, Gumma, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorTadao Seguchi, Tadao Seguchi Takasski Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Institute, Takasaki, Gumma, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorYuhei Watanabe, Yuhei Watanabe Takasski Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Institute, Takasaki, Gumma, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorNaohiro Hayakawa, Naohiro Hayakawa Takasski Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Institute, Takasaki, Gumma, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorIsamu Kuriyama, Isamu Kuriyama Takasski Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Institute, Takasaki, Gumma, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorSueo Machi, Sueo Machi Takasski Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Institute, Takasaki, Gumma, JapanSearch for more papers by this author Kazuo Arakawa, Kazuo Arakawa Takasski Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Institute, Takasaki, Gumma, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorTadao Seguchi, Tadao Seguchi Takasski Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Institute, Takasaki, Gumma, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorYuhei Watanabe, Yuhei Watanabe Takasski Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Institute, Takasaki, Gumma, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorNaohiro Hayakawa, Naohiro Hayakawa Takasski Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Institute, Takasaki, Gumma, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorIsamu Kuriyama, Isamu Kuriyama Takasski Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Institute, Takasaki, Gumma, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorSueo Machi, Sueo Machi Takasski Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Institute, Takasaki, Gumma, JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: August 1981 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.170190826Citations: 26AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 C. Decker, F. R. Mayo, and H. Richardson, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., 11, 2879 (1973). 2 K. Arakawa et al., in press. Citing Literature Volume19, Issue8August 1981Pages 2123-2125 ReferencesRelatedInformation

AbstractGas evolution and oxygen consumption in the γ‐irradiation of PVC were studied. The gas evolution and the oxidative degradation are retarded by the presence of plasticizers and stabilizers. TheG(HCI) andG(H2) and 8 and 0.24 for the irradiation of pure PVC under vacuum and 0.02 and 0.14 for that of plasticized PVC, respectively. Gas evolution increases in the presence of oxygen, specially for the pure PVC. TheG(–O2) values for the pure and plasticized PVC are 30 and 12, respectively. The dependence of gas evolution and oxygen consumption on the oxygen pressure is more pronounced for the plasticized PVC than pure PVC because the oxygen diffusion is controlled.

The dose rate effects on the radiation induced oxidative degradation of crosslinked polyethylene and ethylene-propylene copolymer was investigated by the tensile property, gel fraction, and dielectric loss tangent. The polymer films crosslinked by chemical agent were irradiated with various dose rates from 5×105 to 5×103radhr in oxygen under pressure from 5 to 0.2 atm at room temperature. It was found that the degradation at a given dose depends on the dose rate; Degr = k·I-13, where Deg is degradation, r dose, I dose rate, and k constant. For the polymers containing antioxidant the dose rate effects was not observed, then the degradation was only dependent on the total dose.