The demand in energy requirement is met by combination of renewable and non-renewable sources. The scarcity and stringent emission norms of fossil fuel usage make the researcher toward the utilization of renewable sources. The use of solar energy attracts wide application due to its availability. The flat plate collectors are one of the energy-absorbing medium to improve solar efficiency by employing diverse nanofluid. The alumina and copper oxide nanofluids are used in this study due to its superior performance and its attracting thermophysical characteristics. Most of the studies covered the heat transferred and collector efficiency of FPC with various nanofluids. Very few studies covered the energy and exergy importance in heat transfer applications. In this work the energy and exergy analysis of two nanofluids (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mass fractions) are investigated to find the energy lost to environment, dead exergy and entropy generation with a flow rate of 3 L min–1. The thermal conductivity of CuO and Al2O3 was found to be 64.93

To mitigate the exhaustion of hydrocarbon fuels and the rise of pollutants, one can use biofuels in diesel engines for power generation. This study examines the possibility of enhancing the performance and reducing the pollutions of a compressed ignition engine using methyl ester made from cotton silk seed oil. This study aimed to assess the energy, energy efficiency, and emissions (3E) of the Kirloskar engine operating at 1800 rpm. The test involved changing the injection timings at 21° bTDC, 23° bTDC, 25° bTDC, and 27° bTDC, as well as variable load settings at 25

The current study investigated the emission and performance characteristics along with fuel availability (exergy) and Energy of diesel, Lemongrass oil with dimethyl ether (DME) and diethyl ether (DEE) additives at volumetric ratios of 2.5 % and 5 % at different loads. The analysis is focused on shaft, cooling water, and exhaust availability. It was found that peak loads increase input availability. Peak load conditions maximized the gross work production because of fuel exergy in the combustion chamber. DEE 5 % with LGO25 had exergy efficiencies that were 69.54 % higher than diesel at 80 % load and entropy of 70.32 % lower entropy than diesel fuel 80 % load. The DEE and DME blend showed poor engine performance compared to diesel fuel as they produced higher cylinder pressure and temperature. It depicts that the LGO25 + DME 5 % fuel blend produced 33.3 % less Carbon monoxide, 6.1 % less Hydrocarbon and 28.01 % less smoke emission with respect to LGO25. The LGO25+DEE5 blends produced 11.25 % less Carbon monoxide emission, 21.05 % less Hydrocarbon emission along with 31.4 % less smoke emission against the LGO25 fueling operation. Moreover, Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions were increased by 7.82 % and 26.89 % at LGO25 with DME5 % and LGO25+DEE5 % blends respectively when compared with LGO25 fueling mode.

The heat transfer enhancement in flat plate solar collector (FPSC) can be greatly achieved by the admittance of nanofluids (NFs). This work proposes an experimental investigation to observe the effects of dispersing Al2O3, ZnO, and Al2O3 + ZnO(1:1) nanoparticles in water + ethylene glycol (EG) a base fluid in a 65:35 ratio at different concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 vol

This study focuses on the development and evaluation of heat sinks designed for the thermal management of electronic components operating under low-temperature conditions. Two distinct heat sink configurations were investigated: one featuring a hollow structure without fins and the other incorporating equidistant triangular fins. These heat sinks were subjected to varying heat input levels of 35 W, 40 W, and 45 W. To enhance thermal performance, various thermal enhancement techniques were employed, including the integration of phase change materials, graphene nanoparticles, and nanoparticles coated with dragon fruit extract. The results of this investigation revealed significant improvements in the heating-cooling cycle. It was observed that the heating effectiveness of the heat sink increased by 23 %, 11 %, and 6.8 %, respectively, when employing dragon fruit extract-coated nanoparticles in conjunction with phase change material. After increasing the heat input to 40 W, the heating and cooling cycle of the heat sink containing PCM and without fins was reduced by 18 %. Coating the nanoparticles with dragon fruit extract reduced the heating and cooling cycle time by 37 % compared to the heat sink without fins and PCM included. Further optimisation studies substantiated these findings, affirming the efficacy of the proposed approach. In summary, incorporating dragon fruit extract-coated graphene nanoparticles demonstrated a noteworthy enhancement in the heating-cooling cycle, proportionate to the applied heat input, within the context of finned heat sinks employed for electronic component thermal management.

The rising costs of petroleum-based fuels for internal combustion engines and their detrimental environmental impacts have spurred the search for alternative fuels. This study explores minor modifications to a compression ignition engine, enabling it to operate in dual fuel mode using biofuels as a viable alternative to neat diesel. A novel biofuel was developed using cedar wood oil, and its performance was experimentally investigated in a single-cylinder diesel engine operating at a constant speed. Acetylene was continuously introduced to the engine at a flow rate of 6 L per minute, chosen for its optimal performance, yielding a brake thermal efficiency of over 30.7

Herein, we present a novel blended solid polymer electrolyte system composed of polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-co-HFP) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with the addition of phenothiazine (PZ) as an additive and iodide/triiodide (I-/I3-) as a redox couple in nanocrystalline TiO2 dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The characterization of the blended solid polymer electrolyte was conducted using techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, and current-voltage (I-V) measurements. Our analyses revealed a decrease in the degree of crystallinity in PVDF-co-HFP/PMMA-based blended solid polymer electrolytes due to the incorporation of PZ, as observed through XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The electrical conductivity of the optimized solid polymer electrolyte film was determined using complex impedance spectroscopy, showing a maximum ionic conductivity value of 3.2 × 10-7 Scm-1 at ambient temperature (298 K). DSSCs based on nanocrystalline TiO2 were fabricated, and the cell parameters, including short-circuit current density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (ff), and photovoltaic energy conversion efficiency (η), were evaluated. The DSSC fabricated with the polymer electrolyte exhibited values of 9.3 mA/cm2, 800 mV, 0.56, and 5.2

This study investigates the potential utilization of pure palm biodiesel in compression ignition (CI) engines, exploring the impact of enriched hydrogen-air supplied at the inlet manifold and the incorporation of nanoparticles into the fuel. The experimental campaign encompasses different fuel types: neat palm biodiesel (POBD), palm biodiesel with enriched hydrogen at a flow rate of 10 L per minute (lpm) mixed with air (POBD + H2), and palm biodiesel with 30 ppm cerium oxide nanoparticles and enriched hydrogen-air (POBD + H2 + CeO2). The engine’s performance is compared against that of neat diesel fuel. The testing of hydrogen-enriched air with palm biodiesel (POBD + H2) yields an average reduction of 14.29

Blending ethanol with fossil fuels is regarded as an important measure to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions and the carbon footprint. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies addressing overall greenhouse gas emissions and energy utilization during ethanol production from sugarcane in South India. This study represents a pioneering attempt to determine the emissions and resource utilization, enabling a comparison of the carbon footprint of the ethanol production process with that of using fossil fuels. The study employed the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model to calculate greenhouse gas emissions and resource utilization. Data was obtained from field studies conducted at Gayatri Sugars Limited, Telangana state, India. The collected data was input into a life cycle analysis (LCA) model in which two cane trash treatment methods were evaluated: burning and mulching. In terms of emissions, the CO2 emissions for one ton of sugarcane were 43.86 kg during cultivation, 45.98 kg during transportation, 69.05 kg during burning of cane trash, and 6.37 kg during the production of one ton of ethanol. The overall energy yield ratio was found to be 15.795 MJ/MJf. Emissions from sugarcane farming and transportation stages were high, significantly contributing to a high carbon footprint. The net emission was significantly lower for the mulching process, which also improved soil characteristics and fertility. The outcomes provide valuable insights for academia, industrial decision-makers, and policymakers at both state and central government levels.

As the energy demand for household applications is increasing, the utilization of solar energy becomes important in fulfilling the energy needs of electrical and thermal appliances. Harvesting the energy from solar through solar thermal energy systems will be effectively used in household and industrial heating applications where the consumption of electrical energy is predominant. Solar thermal energy is harvested through simple devices like flat plate collectors but involves many challenges. Solar flat plate collectors’ thermal efficiency is improved by increasing the heat transfer rate by replacing the regular fluids with nanofluids due to their superior thermo-physical properties. Investigators are driven to find novel energy and exergy analysis by the challenges in effective heat transfer and conservation by improving it by including gold, alumina, and copper oxide nanoparticles. To investigate the energy efficiency characteristics of solar flat plate collectors (FPC), the experiments are carried out by considering the different nanofluids (nanofluids with nanomaterials such as gold (Au) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) as well as copper oxide (CuO) as thermal transport media), flow rates of nanofluids (0.016 kg/s, 0.033 kg/s, and 0.05 kg/s), and with mass fraction of nanoparticles (0 Au nanofluids 31.55 Au nanoparticle with 0.4

Due to the significant increase in transportation, traditional fossil fuels utilised in internal combustion engines will only be accessible for a limited duration. Additionally, the harmful pollutants produced by these fuels, including CO, NOx, unburned hydrocarbons, smoke, and a small amount of particulate matter, have a severe negative impact on the environment. Although biodiesel proves efficient without necessitating engine modifications, its performance is hindered by its higher viscosity. Consequently, this research aims to enhance performance by introducing acetylene alongside tamanu methyl ester (biodiesel); however, this approach results in elevated NOx levels. To mitigate NOx emissions, a combination of ethanol and biodiesel is employed. This study investigates the performance and emission attributes of Acetylene + TME90E10 as the fuel. The combustion pressure and heat release rate of TME90E10 with 6 lpm, improved by 5.41

In recent years, machining of hard material is difficult and its applications are also increased due to their excellent substance properties. At the same time, better quality machined surface was not achieved through conventional machining techniques. The superior quality of machined surface was attained through Electro Chemical Honing (ECH) process. The machining rate has been increased through the combined action of electrical and chemical energy. The Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) inserts have been used to enhance the machining rate. The chromel metal matrix composite (MMC) has chosen as a work material for ECH process. The chromel composite was machined through ECH with different control factors such as voltage, electrolyte flow rate and pressure. The optimal factors were studied through Taguchi method. The optimal MRR was attained at voltage of 30 V, electrolyte flow rate of 9 lpm, electrolyte pressure of 5 bars. From variance analysis and area plots, the voltage was made the largest causes on MRR. The voltage contribution in MRR was 75.22

Silicon dioxide particulate which is also called silica, owing to its cost-effective synthesis, abundant availability, and high heat transfer capabilities, present an eco-friendly solution with immense potential for diverse applications, including solar heating systems. This novel study explores the integration of silica microparticles infused in paraffin wax in a compact salinity gradient solar pond for enhanced heat storage during the winter season. Leveraging their biocompatibility, facile functionalization, and expansive surface area, silica microparticles exhibit outstanding attributes such as photoconductivity, optimal thermal expansion, corrosion resistance, and enduring durability, all of which synergistically contribute to system efficiency. During the first day, without any heat storage medium, the three distinctive zones of the compact salinity gradient solar pond exhibited temperatures of 31.2 C-degrees in the upper convective zone, 32.8 C-degrees neutral convective zone, and 35.7( degrees)C in the lower convective zone respectively. Experimental investigations are conducted, employing both paraffin wax and silicon dioxide microparticles as augmenting agents to amplify heat storage capacity within the compact solar pond setup. While using paraffin wax without silica particulates the lower convective zone temperature was 4.2 % lower because of heat storage. The incorporation of trace amounts of silicon dioxide microparticles within paraffin wax establishes a novel hybrid approach. The outcomes highlight the profound impact of this hybridization on thermal characteristics, resulting in a discernible improvement in the compact salinity gradient solar pond's heat behavior. Notably, the phase change material introduces a temperature enhancement of approximately 1.5 %, and the amalgamation further elevates the temperature retained to 56 C-degrees within the lower convective zone. An optimization analysis underscores the pivotal role of the solar pond configuration in dictating temperature changes, surpassing the influence of time considerations. This research underscores the transformative role of silicon microparticles in optimizing thermal performance within compact salinity gradient solar ponds, unlocking avenues for enhanced winter energy utilization.

The day-to-day rise in fuel prices, stringent emission norms, and power requirements makes the research for alternative fuels essential [...]

In the present work, neat palm biodiesel (BD 100) was utilized in the compression ignition (CI) engine under the influence of thermal barrier coating and cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles.The optimal factor conditions were determined through statisticalanalysis using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with appropriate input parameters provided. The results show that using a thermal barrier coated (TBC) engine with a 200 micron (0.2mm) thickness of cylinder liner and 45ppm cerium oxide nanoparticles combined with 100% palm biodiesel significantly improves performance and reduces emissions.The energy and exergy methodology tool was then used to analyze the various fuel conditions in order to examine the variations in energy flow.The assessment criteria that were experimentally confirmed were an average reduction in specific fuel consumption (SFC) of 0.065kg/kWh and an increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 4.07%. The reduction of exhaust gases was seen to be significant when compared to those obtained from an uncoated engine running on diesel fuel, as indicated by the carbon monoxide (CO) level of 0.0916% by volume, the unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC) level of 38.2 parts per million (ppm), NOx of 132 ppm and the smoke opacity level of 10.52%.

Traditional hydrocarbon-based fuels are known for their emissions of partially burned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. The demand for alternative fuels to replace petroleum-based fossil fuels has been steadily increasing over the past decade due to concerns over air pollution, environmental issues, petroleum production uncertainties, and reducing dependence on petroleum products. In this study, hydrogen, EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation), and nitrogen were introduced into COME20 (Corn oil methyl ester) fuel. The addition of nitrogen with 26.64% hydrogen and 20% EGR resulted in a decrease in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and reduced levels of NOx emissions. Various concentrations of nitrogen (6.66%, 9.99%, and 13.32%) were investigated with 26.64% hydrogen and 20% EGR, and the performance, emission, and combustion parameters were evaluated and compared to COME20 and neat diesel. Notably, when nitrogen was absent (0%) and hydrogen and EGR were present at 26.64% and 20% respectively, an increase in BTE was observed compared to the combinations with nitrogen. The addition of nitrogen led to higher levels of CO and HC emissions compared to COME20 and neat diesel at all loads. However, the addition of any percentage of nitrogen with 26.64% hydrogen and 20% EGR resulted in reduced NOx emissions. Additionally, the study revealed a decline in heat release rate and cylinder pressure with the introduction of nitrogen and EGR alongside hydrogen, in contrast to COME20 and diesel. Finally, increasing quantities of nitrogen led to an increase in the ignition delay period.

The primary aim of this study is to transform sawdust and polymer wastes such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) into valuable materials. In this research work, teak wood sawdust was reinforced into virgin HDPE and LDPE polymers to fabricate composites. The different combination of matrix materials and reinforcing material blending was done using a twin-screw extruder. The extruded mixture was turned into pellets and then injection moulded to create composite specimens. The mechanical properties of the fabricated specimens were then evaluated through tensile, hardness, flexural resistance, and water absorption tests. The outcome of the research shows that the 80

In this research work, aluminium oxide (Al2O3), copper oxide (CuO) and gold (Au) nanofluids are prepared with the volume concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% nanoparticles and tested in solar flat plate collector to estimate the heat transfer characteristics and collector efficiency. The influence of the input variable such as material (type of nanofluid), nanoparticle concentration and the mass flow rate (such as 0.016 kg/s, 0.033 kg/s and 0.05 kg/s) are studied experimentally. With the aim of determining the best possible heat transfer and the collector efficiency with minimum pressure drop, the parameters were optimised using multi-criterion decision-making (MCDM) optimisation techniques. Considering the rate of heat transfer, collector efficiency and drop in pressure are the objective functions, the prime ranks of the optimised variables were obtained using TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and MOORA (Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis) techniques. Finally, the prediction accuracy of the models and the confidence levels were evaluated and analysed through ELECTRE (ELimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalite) method to create the hypothesis of the experiment. Al2O3 nanofluid with 0.1% and 0.2% volume concentrations of nanoparticle at 0.05kg/s mass flow rate was obtained as best alternatives from others and it shows good agreement between experimental analysis and optimisation techniques. While using, when compared to water, Al2O3 nanofluid with 0.05kg/s containing 0.1% and 0.2% nanoparticle concentrations, the enhancements were found to be 11.25% and 14.45%, respectively, for heat transfer rate; 11.16% and 14.34%, respectively, for collector efficiency; and 22.7% and 37.7%, respectively, for pressure drop across the collector.

The applications of AA6082 alloys in the structural and transport are found to be more due its light weight. To improve strength to weight ratio and stress resistance, the carbides/oxides are added and this will leads to improvement in the mechanical properties and high stress sustainability. In this research work, AA6082 Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) is manufactured through the ex-situ casting process with the Silicon Carbide (SiC) reinforcements of 2.5 & 5 wt% and the microstructure evolution, hardness, dry sliding wear behavior and tensile properties of MMCs are investigated. As-cast AA6082 showed the dendritic microstructure with intermetallic eutectics. The presence of SiC particulates in AA6082 resulted in decreased grain size and equixed grains. The hardness of the tested as casted AA6082 samples was found to be 81 HV which has been increased to 93 HV and 107 HV and the tensile strength of AA6082 is increased by 16% and 41% by addition of 2.5 wt% SiC and 5 wt%SiC respectively due to the presence of the SiC particulates. At the same time coefficient of friction of AA6082 is found to be decreased by 11.8% and 20.5% for the testing load of 10N and the corresponding decrease in wear rates were found to be 50.8% and 70.3% respectively. The worn surface showed the continuous groove parallel to sliding direction with short cracks, bidirectional rough grooves with peeled-off SiC, unidirectional smooth scratches along the sliding surfaces for as-cast AA6082, AA6082-2.5 wt SiC and AA6082-5 wt SiC respectively that indicates the significant effects of SiC particulates on wear mechanism.

This study examined the potential of using coconut fatty acid distillate (CFAD), a by-product of the processing of edible oils, as a diesel engine fuel. The major novelty of this study is to assess the CFAD as a viable feedstock of biodiesel to address global energy demands. CFAD has not been specifically researched as a feedstock for producing biodiesel or as a fuel for diesel engines, despite the fact that numerous studies on the production and performance of biodiesel have already been conducted. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC), and FTIR were used to analyze the fuel. According to the results of the GC test, CFAD oil contains 91.53% saturated fatty acids, compared with only 8.47% unsaturated fatty acids. High saturation values can be seen in myristic acid (16.92%) and lactic acid (45.33%). Longer hydrocarbon chain lengths indicate higher energy density and boiling point, which also indicate lesser volatility. At a frequency of 1708.54 cm(-1), CH stretching vibrations have been identified through FTIR investigation. The vibrations of CC stretching at 1465.47 cm(-1) indicate the presence of alkenes/fingerprint phase. The blends used for this investigation include 90% diesel with 10% CFAD (CFAD10), 80% diesel with 20% CFAD (CFAD20), 70% diesel with 30% CFAD (CFAD30), and 100% CFAD. The CFAD 10%, 20%, and 30% blends as well as the CFAD100 had brake thermal efficiency values of 27.24%, 26.23%, 24.88%, and 21.52%, correspondingly, at full load. The average increment in brake-specific energy consumption for CFAD10, CFAD20, CFAD30, and CFAD100 over diesel fuel was 8.23%, 10.88%, 13.77%, and 25.90%, respectively. The behavior of CFAD exhibits reduced cylinder pressure because of the large content of moderate saturated fatty acids in this substance. The net heat release rate (NHRR) and cylinder pressure have a similar relationship in that the NHRR increases with increasing diesel volume. In comparison to diesel, the CO emissions from the CFAD20, CFAD30, and CFAD100 blends increased by 10.79%, 16.66%, and 35.89% at maximum load, respectively. It has been reported that NOx is reduced more significantly the more CFAD is present in the mixture. The blend CFAD10 had the least amount of smoke. The high viscosity of the CFAD and its blends influences the fuel droplets range and the development of spray in the cylinder, which results in delayed combustion and higher unburned hydrocarbon emissions.