Rotary friction welding (RFW) is a solid-state joining process that can bond dissimilar materials with limited melting and short cycle times. This study examines the joining of mild steel rods to alumina (Al _2 O _3 ) rods by RFW using an AA1100 aluminium interlayer. The process was carried out in two stages: the interlayer was first formed by friction welding mild steel to aluminium, and the resulting assembly was then friction welded to alumina while the friction time was varied (6, 7, 8 and 9 s) and the remaining parameters were kept constant. The joint interfaces were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy, the aluminium–alumina interface composition was analysed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and the mechanical behaviour was assessed by three-point bending and Vickers microhardness measurements. The results indicate that the joint strength depends mainly on the friction time and on the thickness of the residual aluminium interlayer. A longer friction time generated more heat, promoted the penetration of aluminium into the surface pores of the alumina, reduced the residual layer thickness and produced mechanical interlocking at the interface. The highest bending strength, 101.23 MPa, was obtained at the longest friction time (9 s), where the residual layer was thinnest (about 243 μ m). Within the tested range, the bending strength showed an apparent linear trend with the residual layer thickness ( R^2≈ 0.94 ). These observations are consistent with a heat-controlled bonding mechanism, in which the ductile aluminium interlayer wets and mechanically interlocks with the alumina.

In medical terminology, there are two types of tumors: benign and malignant neoplasms, with over 200 different types that can affect humans. It requires a considerable of time to identify a brain tumor, and the radiologist's skill and experience are crucial. Traditional approaches are now both expensive and inefficient due to the substantial rise in The volume of data that needs to be processed because to the growing number of patients. Deep Learning (DL) techniques have become increasingly popular for developing computer algorithms capable of accurately and rapidly diagnosing or segmenting Brain Tumors (BT). Utilizing the U-Net architecture, this study generates an illustration of the probability that each pixel in the provided image is positioned inside a tumor region. U-NET Ensemble (UNETE) is a complicated technique for segmenting images intended for use in medical image analysis, capable of accurately segmenting images even with a limited training dataset. Efficient Net, Improved Multiscale Vision Transformer (MVITV2), and Multi-Axis Vision Transformer (MAXVIT) are the three backbone networks that the U-Net models employ. The final segmentation maps are produced using a loss function that integrates the varied features learned by each backbone network. Brain tumor classification is carried out using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model with a fine-tuned ResNet50. The ResNet50 architecture is employed to detect brain tumors by identifying their presence in MRI scans. Deep learning methods for tumor identification are used to the Brain Tumor Segmentation 2019 (BraTS 2019) dataset. This dataset comprises four structural imaging modalities: T2 Weighted-Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery (T2-FLAIR), transverse relaxation time (T2), longitudinal relaxation time (T1), and contrast-enhanced longitudinal relaxation time (T1c). The brain MRI scans of adult glioma patients comprise this dataset. It also provides manually annotated ground truth labels for different tumor sub-regions, including enhancement, necrosis, and edema, along with their MGMT promoter methylation status. Primacy, recall, F1-score, accuracy, loss, intersection over union (IoU), and dice similarity coefficient assess the model.

In this study, the effect of resistance spot welding (RSW) and laser beam spot welding (LBSW) processes on evolution of microstructure, load endurance capabilities, heat affected zone (HAZ) softening, and corrosion resistance of ultra-high-strength (UHSS) steel joints welded in lap joint design is investigated. The UHSS sheets of dual phase 1000 grade (UHSDP1000) having 1.20 mm thickness were joined using the RSW and LBSW parameters optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The microstructural features of welding regions of RSW and LBSW joints were studied using optical microscopy (OM). The load endurance capabilities of RSW and LBSW joints were assessed using the tensile shear failure load (TSFL) and cross-tensile failure load (CTFL) tests. The ruptured surfaces of TSFL and CTFL tested samples were examined utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microhardness distribution of divergent regions of RSW and LBSW joints was evaluated and imputed to the TSFL and CTFL failure of joints. The corrosion resistance of RSW and LBSW joints was analyzed using potentiodynamic corrosion and immersion corrosion tests. The RSW joints showed 183% and 62.79% greater TSFL and CTFL endurance capabilities than LBSW joints. The TSFL and CTFL endurance capabilities of LBSW joints are inferior to RSW joints due to the smaller load bearing area. It causes the stress concentration in FZ and HAZ of LBSW joints. The RSW joints and LBSW joints disclosed TSFL and CTFL failure in button pull out rupture mode with tearing of HAZ. The failure of RSW and LBSW joints in HAZ is due to the softening caused by martensitic tempering and coarsening of grains. The LBSW joints disclosed inferior resistance to corrosion than RSW joints due to the higher martensite content which contributes to greater fraction of favorable pitting sites and decreased corrosion resistance.

This study explores the influence of plasma gas flow rate (PGFR) on the defects, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties during plasma arc welding of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy thin sheets using microscopic analysis, spectroscopic analysis, tensile and microhardness tests. The variation in PGFR affects the welding arc in terms of its stability, pressure and constriction which results in transformation of arc from conduction mode to keyhole mode and changes in microstructure as well. All the other welding process parameters were kept constant except for PGFR which was varied to investigate its significance. Excess weld metal was observed under the weld bead is an attribute of keyhole formation. Macrographs exhibits increments in weld geometry measurements whereas weld defects such as lack of penetration and porosity decreased with increased PGFR. The microstructural examination showed a variety of phase formations that includes majorly with acicular alpha and Widmanst & auml;tten alpha morphologies. Tensile strength and hardness at the weld region of the welded joints increases with increase in PGFR. An oxygen rich brittle subsurface layer called alpha-case morphology was observed at the weld region of 1 L/min joint causes significant reduction in ductility.

The current work focusses on the effect of electrode current on the strength and metallurgical properties of hot wire TIG welded joints of SS304HCu austenitic stainless steel and P91 ferritic steel. The joints were developed with an electrode current of 134, 170, and 205 amperes at a constant heating current of 100 amperes and a wire feed speed of 1700 mm/min. A study of microhardness along the joint boundary was also carried out. Tensile properties of the welded joint were also studied to understand the effect of process parameters. As a result of this study, it was found that joints made at an electrode current of 170 amperes, a wire feed speed of 1700 mm/min and a heating current of 100 amperes showed a maximum tensile strength of 664 MPa compared to other joints. The microstructure of the interface was analyzed using optical microscopy. An EDS analysis was also carried out to understand the composition in the area of ​​the interface. The microstructure of the welded joint’s surface is directly related to the tensile strength of the joint.

In the present investigation, the effect and role of plasma gas flow rate on the formation of microstructure during plasma arc welding of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy were studied using microscopic observation, energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis, tensile tests and microhardness measurements. Plasma gas flow rate influences the arc pressure, arc constriction, and stability. The transformation of plasma arc from conduction mode to keyhole mode causes severe changes to the microstructural characteristics of the titanium welds. This transformation takes place with slight variations of PGFR. Weld geometries increase with an increase in the PGFR. The microstructural examination shows that there are various phases formed during the variation in PGFR. Fusion zone had acicular α and widmanstätten α. Mechanical properties (i.e) strength and hardness of the joints increase with an increase in plasma gas flow rate. In the joint welded with 1 L/min, there is the formation of α-case which is an oxygen rich brittle subsurface structure and found detrimental to the ductility of the joints.

The study evaluated the body stores of iron in anaemic wistar rats after feeding with iron-fortified, whey protein concentrate (WPC)-based supplements. Both hydrolysed and unhydrolysed WPC were used for preparing WPC-iron complexes. Thirty-six male Wistar rats of three weeks of age, divided into six groups, were fed on standard diet, iron-deficient diet, diet with added mineral form of iron, diet with iron as unhydrolysed protein-iron complex ,diet with hydrolysed protein-iron complex , and diet with hydrolysed protein-iron complex with added Vitamin C respectively. Wistar rats that were made anaemic initially by feeding iron-deficient diet were fed the experimental diets with iron supplements later as a part of study. The study indicated that all the three whey based supplements had better iron regeneration capacity than the positive control. The maximum effect was indicated in hydrolysed protein iron complex with Hb of 14.57 g/dL and 48% increase on replenishing. The average Hb of control group was 13.1 g/dL. Vitamin C was not found to have any additional effect on iron bioavailability than that for hydrolysed protein –iron complex.

Cow’s milk allergy is a hypersensitivity reaction to bovine milk proteins and is immune-related. β-lactoglobulin, the primary allergenic protein found in milk, is a whey protein with a higher biological value than casein. The study aimed to develop a hypoallergenic fortified supplement, with hydrolysed whey proteins as a channel for iron fortification. A degree of hydrolysis (DH) of upto five per cent was selected for better functional properties. The allergenicity of eleven treatments including protein hydrolysates, iron complexed protein hydrolysates, at both 3 Iron fortified whey protein concentrate reduces incidence of whey protein allergy. Hydrolysed whey protein concentrate (WPC) with trypsin enzyme reduces milk protein hypersensitivity. Whey protein hydrolysates complexed with iron reduces milk allergenicity further especially when enzyme combination of trypsin and chymotrypsin is used. Iron fortification of whey protein hydrolysates in presence of ascorbic acid reduces allergenicity to the maximum extent compared to pure hydrolysates and unhydrolysed WPC- iron complex.

The ultrasonic spot welding (USW) is used to develop the lap joints of AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy because it is difficult to spot weld using resistance spot welding (RSW) and laser beam spot welding (LBSW) processes due to its high electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and light reflectivity respectively. The main objective of this investigation is to optimize the USW parameters specifically welding time (s), amplitude (%) and pressure (bar) for enhancing the tensile shear fracture load (TSFL) bearing capability of AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy lap joints for automotive applications. The statistical response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized for generating strength prediction models (SPM) and validated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The RSM is widely used for optimizing the process parameters as it provides greater information such as optimum conditions, direct effect of process parameters and performance prediction from limited number of experiments compared to other optimization techniques. The response surfaces were created using RSM and analyzed. The effect of USW parameters on macrostructure, microstructure and TSFL of USW joints was studied. From the results, it was observed that the USW joints created using the welding amplitude of 100%, welding time of 21 sand welding pressure of 6 bar exhibited greater TSFL capacity of 5.08 kN. The SPM accurately predicted the TSFL of USW joints within 5% error on 95% confidence. Welding pressure disclosed major effect on TSFL of USW joints followed by welding amplitude and time. The greater TSFL of USW joints is imputed to the better coalescence of weld surfaces and refined microstructure. (c) 2023 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/).

AA7075 is a heat treatable high strength aluminium alloy that finds applications in aerospace sector for structural parts and frames. This alloy has good mechanical properties. However, its inferior corrosion resistance and non-weldability limits its applications. In this investigation, the 10 mm thick plates of AA7075-T651 aluminium alloy were welded using friction stir welding (FSW) and subjected to the post weld heat treatment (PWHT) of retrogression and reaging (RRA). The corrosion resistance of stir zone (SZ) of joints was determined using a test of salt fog corrosion in unwelded, as-welded (AW) and RRA condition. The experimental matrix was designed using response surface methodology (RSM) by utilizing the design expert software. The joints were fabricated, heat treated and tested as per the experimental runs. The corrosion rate prediction (CRP) models were formulated using the regression methodology and validated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The salt fog corrosion parameters were optimized to minimize the corrosion rate of SZ of joints. The SZ of joints showed lower corrosion rate of 01351 mm/year, 0.8756 mm/year and 0.6956 mm/year for unwelded, AW and RRA-treated condition when subjected to the salt fog corrosion environment of pH value of 7, spraying time of 72 h and Cl ion concentration of 0.6 Mol/lit. The AW and RRA-treated joints showed inferior corrosion resistance than unwelded base metal. The RRA-treated joints showed 20.55% reduction in corrosion rate of SZ of joints than AW joints.

The food culture of India is very diverse and has evolved over thousands of years, with each region of the country having its unique cuisine. Kaalan is a popular buttermilk-based vegetable preparation from the south Indian state Kerala. Many traditional food knowledge (TFK) are associated with this product and the ingredients used in its preparation deliver various functional properties. However, the nutritive and functional properties of this traditional food have not been documented so far. Preserving and promoting TFK, and ensuring the authenticity and quality of Kaalan, requires characterisation, documentation of its production process, standardization, evaluation and validation of its functional properties. An investigation was carried out to characterize the physico-chemical and sensory attributes of Kaalan. The average composition of Kaalan samples collected from different districts were protein 6.35 ± 0.3