Mediterranean coastal dunes have undergone substantial transformations over the last 70 years due to increasing anthropogenic pressure and environmental change. However, most studies on dune vegetation dynamics have been conducted at local scales, limiting our understanding of long-term plant diversity trends across broader regions. Here, we present the first national-scale assessment of long-term vegetation changes in Italian coastal dunes, based on ReSurveyDunes, a collaborative resurvey initiative. We analysed 519 vegetation plots originally surveyed on average 30 years ago and resampled in 2023-2024 along the entire Italian coastline. We quantified temporal changes in species richness and community composition, with a focus on ecological guilds, and analysed habitat transitions over time across three key dune habitats: upper beach, shifting dunes, and dune grasslands. Species richness increased across all habitats. However, this trend masked a marked decline of habitat-specialist psammophilous species, particularly in early-successional habitats. Upper beach and shifting dunes showed strong reductions in occurrence and cover of diagnostic species, accompanied by increases in ruderal taxa and species typical of more stabilised or inland habitats. These patterns reflect a redistribution of species along the coastal zonation gradient. Accordingly, nearly one-third of plots changed EUNIS habitat type or disappeared, indicating the coexistence of inland-directed succession and stabilisation with localised degradation and habitat loss, especially in foredune habitats. Our results show that apparent increases in species richness can conceal profound compositional and habitat-level changes. This highlights the importance of long-term, large-scale resurveys and of complementing richness-based metrics with compositional and habitat-level indicators when evaluating vegetation changes in dynamic coastal dune ecosystems.

Cork oak (Quercus suber) is an ecologically and economically important Western Mediterranean tree species in severe risk of decline due to aggravated tree mortality and lack of natural regeneration. In Q. suber, two distinct chloroplast lineages, one of them of trans-specific origin, occur in sympatry in the western half of its species distribution. We hypothesize that selection may drive the maintenance of the two lineages and investigate this hypothesis by sequencing chloroplast genomes of 259 Q. suber samples across 24 locations. Protein-coding chloroplast genes were scanned for selection signal using different codon-based methods. Selection signal was found at different sites and genes, and polymorphism in selected sites was shown to segregate between the two chloroplast lineages. We postulate that trans-specific chloroplast diversity in Q. suber is preserved by balancing selection, rather than resulting exclusively from ongoing introgression. These results correspond to an unusual case of balancing selection on whole plastid genomes in a long-lived woody plant species and have implications on conservation and management practices for Q. suber, which may benefit from taking into account genetic variation in plastid genomes as a possible source of increased adaptive potential for the species.

The full extent of the ecological threat posed by non-native invasive leguminous N-fixing trees to Italian ecosystems has not been thoroughly documented at the national level. This study, conducted by the Working Group on Alien Species of the Italian Botanical Society, aims to develop a comprehensive dataset that provides information on invaded and non-invaded areas, supporting multi-scale ecological analyses on the impact of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and different Acacia sensu lato species across Italy. We conducted paired vegetation surveys across 18 distinct invasion contexts, comparing invaded and non-invaded plant communities. These invasion contexts were selected opportunistically by the participating research groups, based on the availability of well-documented sites where the focal species were already established and exerting ecologically relevant effects. Overall, we conducted 342 vegetation surveys across 10 Italian administrative regions and identified 824 plant species. Our surveys highlighted areas affected by five invasive species, including A. dealbata, A. mearnsii, A. saligna, Vachellia karroo, and R. pseudoacacia. Most of the surveys focused on areas invaded by A. saligna. The plant formations investigated fall under 23 EUNIS habitat codes and 10 Natura 2000 habitats. The most frequently occurring vegetation types under the EUNIS code are temperate and Mediterranean-montane scrub, and the most frequently investigated habitat is priority habitat 2250*: Coastal dunes with Juniperus sp. pl. This dataset provides a robust baseline that can facilitate more detailed assessments of the impacts of these invasive species on native ecosystems.

Understanding the drivers of extinction risk is essential for effective conservation planning. Within the Mediterranean Basin, Italy supports high plant diversity, yet the key correlates of extinction risk in its flora remain insufficiently explored. To address this gap, we analysed the most comprehensive dataset currently available for the Italian flowering flora, comprising 472 species with IUCN Red List assessments and standardised geographic and ecological data. Extinction risk was modelled as an ordinal response variable based on IUCN Red List categories, as a function of geographic variables, habitat type, and species traits within a phylogenetic framework. Extinction risk was highest in species with narrow geographic and elevational ranges and in species associated with coastal and wetland habitats. In contrast, species traits related to dispersal, competitive ability, and reproduction showed limited predictive power, suggesting that species with contrasting strategies may experience similar pressures. Extinction risk was also strongly phylogenetically structured, indicating that vulnerability is not randomly distributed across the phylogeny. These findings provide useful indications for future conservation planning and prioritisation by identifying combinations of range restriction and habitat vulnerability associated with extinction risk, while highlighting the need for finer-scale habitat data and datasets covering more species and functional traits.

The study of a country's flora is an open-ended work influenced by environmental changes, advances in taxonomical research, and the development of new data collection methods. In Italy, floristic research has evolved from early botanical records to digital databases allowing real-time updates. This study, conducted within the Italian Botanical Society, aimed at verifying, updating and expanding knowledge on species with uncertain, extinct, or excluded status. Starting in 2021, researchers from all regions of Italy collaborated to review literature, herbarium specimens, and field data. Their efforts culminated in 839 regional-level assessments of 628 taxa, leading to 276 changes in regional status and 25 at the national level. These updates are of great significance for nature conservation efforts by confirming species presence in some regions while verifying extinctions, particularly in fragile aquatic habitats. This research also underscores the importance of botanical collections and historical records to reconstruct the history, dynamics, and current distribution of plant species, and addresses challenges such as limited access to the collections. This study is not only a milestone in Italian floristics but also provides a replicable methodology for updating national floras globally.

We present ReSurveyDunes — the first database of Italian coastal dune vegetation plots, developed through a collaborative network of Italian vegetation scientists. This paper describes the scope of the initiative, provides an overview of the available data, and highlights its key features, research applications, and future potential. ReSurveyDunes currently comprises 972 vegetation plots distributed across 11 Italian regions (Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio, Molise, Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, and Veneto). The original plots were surveyed between 1974 and 2009, with a primary focus on herbaceous psammophilous coastal zonation (habitats 1210, 2110, 2120, 2130*, 2210, 2230, and 2240, as defined by the 92/43/EEC Habitats Directive). Resurveys were conducted in 2023 and 2024. Each plot dataset includes (i) a complete list of vascular plant species with cover estimates; (ii) geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude); (iii) sampling dates; and (iv) plot size. Designed to analyze fine-scale temporal trends in Italian coastal vegetation, ReSurveyDunes is a versatile tool for diverse ecological studies. It represents a valuable resource for evidence-based decision-making, enabling targeted conservation and management actions informed by up-to-date ecological data.

Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach dwarf-shrub vegetation occurring in the Italian territory is analysed in this contribution, with the aim of providing an updated syntaxonomic and ecological framework of these communities at national level. A dataset of 105 releves, from both literature and original data, was subjected to hierarchical clustering by Flexible-beta clustering algorithm with the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index. Silhouette index was used to determine the best partition, and the phi coefficient for the identification of diagnostic species. To validate the results of clustering, crosstabs were implemented with the multivariate frequency distribution of the releves by groups and by ecological qualitative variables. Moreover, a Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) with the bioclimatic variables was implemented. Seven groups were identified by cluster analysis, four of which are associations already known in literature, and three described here as new associations, namely: Ferulago geniculatae-Sarcopoterietum spinosi, Loto cretici-Sarcopoterietum spinosi, Pyro spinosi-Sarcopoterietum spinosi. For each association, diagnostic species and ecological validation are provided. As regards the syntaxonomic framework, the analysed communities fall within the Cisto-Micromerietea julianae Oberdorfer 1954 class and Cisto eriocephali-Ericion multiflorae Biondi 2000 alliance, except for the Pyro spinosi-Sarcopoterietum spinosi, included in the Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. ex A. Bolos et O. de Bolos in A. Bolos y Vayreda 1950, Oleo-Ceratonion siliquae Br.-Bl. ex Guinochet et Drouineau 1944.

An in-depth analysis of the orophilous vegetation dominated by Juniperus hemisphaerica in Sicily, based on literature data and unpublished relevés, is presented. A total of 156 phytosociological relevés were processed and analyzed using classification and ordination methods. Overall, 151 vascular plant species were recorded, of which 38% were endemic species, with a dominant hemicryptophytic biological form (49%). Classification of the relevés, supported by ordination, showed two main vegetation groups: one including the Juniperus communities of Mt. Madonie (Cerastio tomentosi–Juniperetum hemisphaericae and Pruno cupanianae–Juniperetum hemisphaericae), and the other including the vegetation of Mt. Etna (Bellardiochloo aetnensis–Juniperetum hemisphaericae and Roso siculae–Juniperetum hemisphaericae ass. nova). Furthermore, a new alliance, Berberido aetnensis–Juniperion hemisphericae, is proposed for Sicily.

This study investigates the distribution and conservation status of plant species in lentic wetlands of Mediterranean islands. Field data on vascular macrophytes were collected from the online national databases of the “Conservation of the island wetlands of the Mediterranean Basin” (MedIsWet). A comprehensive inventory of wetlands was conducted, and information on the main anthropogenic impacts and conservation priorities was compiled. In addition to all vascular hygro- and hydrophytes, we retained information on those species typically adapted to environments with intermittent or temporary wetness. A significant knowledge gap regarding the distribution and conservation of plant species in Mediterranean wetlands was found. A lower endemism rate was observed particularly in coastal wetlands. However, approximately 25% of species, mainly with relatively wide distribution, were identified as endangered or with unknown conservation status. Including all macrophytes adapted to seasonal wetness is crucial when considering wetland conservation efforts. The research emphasised the importance of considering diverse wetland types, including seasonal and permanent, natural and artificial, for effective plant conservation. Artificial wetlands emerged as potential habitats with considerable biodiversity conservation value. This study provides a comprehensive inventory of wetlands and valuable insights into the distribution, ecology, and conservation relevance of aquatic macrophytes in Mediterranean islands. The research enhances our understanding of biogeographic patterns and processes, offers critical information for the management and conservation of Mediterranean island wetlands, and presents a replicable approach that can be applied to other wetland contexts.

The coastal wetlands are among the most vulnerable and threatened environments of the Mediterranean area. Targeted actions for their conservation require in-depth knowledge of current and past natural vegetation. In this paper, we surveyed the vegetation composition and the spatio-temporal changes of a coastal wetland area in southeastern Sicily (“Saline di Priolo” SAC). Based on 128 phytosociological surveys and several plant collections, a total of 304 taxa, 28 plant communities, and 16 habitats have been identified. Furthermore, three new plant associations were described, including two in wetland and one in rocky coast environments. For the classification of plant communities and habitats, a hierarchical clustering was performed by using Euclidean coefficient and beta-flexible algorithm. The life form spectrum of the current flora highlights the dominance of therophytes and hemicryptophytes. The Mediterranean species are largely prevailing with 123 taxa. The cartographic analysis performed with ArcGis 10.3 shows a radical reduction in the wetland habitats in the last 70 years, and a strong alteration of the ecological succession of the psammophilous-hygrophilous vegetation. Moreover, landscape configuration of the coastal vegetation and habitat types was well highlighted by a set of specific landscape metrics. In particular, our outcomes identify three habitats (2110, 2210, and 5220* EU code) with bad conservation status, among which we identified one of priority conservation (Zyziphus arborescent matorral) that requires urgent restoration measures.

Rocky habitats are suitable refuges for numerous rare and endemic plants. Due to their inaccessibility and the unreliability of traditional survey methods, assessing the survival status of these plants is quite a hard task. In order to address this sampling issue, we employed the drones and carried several field activities to investigate the vascular flora of Rocca di Novara massif located in Northeastern Sicily (NE Sicily hereafter). Located on the southern border of the Peloritani Mountains, Rocca di Novara, also known as Rocca Salvatesta, is a small carbonate massif and it represents one of the highest and most characteristic peaks in NE Sicily. According to our investigation, 300 taxa have been recorded, belonging to 189 genera and 51 different families. The results obtained show the presence of 13 endemic species to Italy (4.3%) and 12 strictly endemic to Sicily (4%). Some taxa of high phytogeographical value have been detected, such as Aubrieta columnae subsp. sicula, Daphne oleoides subsp. oleoides, Edraianthus graminifolius subsp. siculus, Fritillaria messanensis, Odontites bocconei subsp. bocconei, Phelipanche gussoneana, Saxifraga callosa subsp. australis. This latest species was rediscovered after 100 years on the high cliffs of Rocca di Novara thanks to the use of the drone imagery. Our results provide valuable insights into the floristic diversity of Rocca di Novara and offers a solid starting point for further phytogeographical and floristic studies on the vascular plants of the Peloritani district.

Perennial dry grassland communities, vital for plant biodiversity conservation in the Mediterranean, often harbor rare and endangered species. However, these habitats face threats, including the invasion of alien species. Cenchrus setaceus, a highly invasive grass, is spreading in the Mediterranean region. Historical records and observations document its establishment and invasiveness across various Italian regions. This study investigates the impact of C. setaceus on native grasslands dominated by Hyparrhenia hirta. We assessed the impact of C. setaceus invasion on plant biodiversity in Sicily and southern Italy, and we identified and characterized plant species’ composition using Ellenberg indicator values. The intention to analyze species richness, diversity, and ecological indicators is also emphasized. Starting from the use of the phytosociological method, multivariate analysis and Ellenberg indicator values to assess the impact of C. setaceus on grasslands composition were considered. There are several similarities and differences in diversity, floristic composition, and ecological traits between the two grassland types. A deep comparison with central European studies and evaluation of the impact of C. setaceus on species richness and community dynamics in Mediterranean habitats were concluded. Although C. setaceus is invading native grasslands, it does not drastically reduce species richness. The ecological implications of the invasion are explored, urging ongoing monitoring and collaborative efforts for effective conservation. The importance of interdisciplinary cooperation is highlighted to address the threat of invasive species and sustain the biodiversity of Mediterranean grasslands.

A phytosociological analysis of the plant communities in high-altitude volcanic caves of Mount Etna (Sicily), based on literature data and unpublished relevés, is presented. A total of 147 phytosociological relevés were processed and analyzed using classification and ordination methods. Classification of the relevés, supported by ordination, showed two main vegetation groups: the first one includes communities of the Pohlion crudae alliance, and the other includes the vegetation from the Pohlio crudae–Asplenion septentrionalis alliance. Furthermore, two new communities, Pohlio crudae–Cystopteridetum dickieanae subass. amphidietosum mougeotii and Pohlio crudae–Cystopteridetum dickieanae subass. polystichetosum lonchitis, are proposed for Etna. The high-altitude caves can be considered a refuge for these ptero-bryophytic rare communities.

An overview of the wetland vegetation of the hinterland of western Sicily, between the hills located south of the Palermo Mts. and the Sicani Mts., is presented herein. This study was conducted according to Braun-Blanquet’s phytosociological method, through a survey carried out mainly within six important biotopes: (1) Gorgo Lungo (“Bosco Ficuzza”; municipality of Godrano); (2) Gorgo Marosa (on the southern side of Rocca Busambra; municipality of Godrano); (3) Gorgo di Piano Scala (on the northern side of Mt. Cardellia; municipality of Corleone); (4) and (5) Gorgo Carcaci and Gorgo Carcaciotto (both on the south-eastern slope of Mt. Carcaci; municipality of Castronovo di Sicilia); and (6) Gorgo S. Andrea (municipality of Castronovo di Sicilia). A vegetation analysis was carried out on the basis of 107 field relevés, together with other data taken from scientific literature. A total of 28 plant communities were identified, between hydrophytics of the classes Lemnetea minoris (3 associations) and Potamogetonetea pectinati (6 associations), helophytics of the Phragmito-Magnocaricetea class (14 associations and 1 community), ephemeral of the Isöeto-Nanojuncetea class (2 communities) and perennial herbaceous vegetation of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class (1 association and 1 community). A new syntaxon is also described (Callitricho obtusangulae-Glycerietum notatae ass. nova), as an endemic association of the hinterland of western Sicily, referred to as the Alopecuro-Glycerion spicatae alliance. For all surveyed communities, new insights into syntaxonomy and diagnostic taxa are provided, as well as for the floristic composition, synecology, syndynamism and synchorology of the aquatic vegetation of western Sicily.

In this study, the garrigues occurring in Apulia and neighboring territories (southern Italy) were surveyed in order to clarify their syntaxonomical arrangement. Many contributions previously focused on this vegetation type, often adopting different and sometimes contrasting treatments from both the nomenclature and syntaxonomical aspects. Our investigations are supported by the multivariate analysis of a dataset containing 292 phytosociological relevés, whose resulting cluster dendrogram highlights the hierarchical relationships between the examined plant communities. Overall, twenty-one associations with several sub-associations were recognized. Some of them are already known in the literature, whereas others are described here for the first time. As concerns the syntaxonomical framework, this vegetation is attributable to the class Cisto cretici-Micromerietea julianae, which in this territory is represented by the order Cisto eriocephali-Ericetalia manipuliflorae and by two alliances: Cisto eriocephali-Ericion multiflorae, grouping the more thermophilous associations usually distributed along coastlines and at low altitudes; and Cytiso spinescentis-Saturejion montanae, including the mesophilic associations occurring in mountain and sub-mountain belts.

The conservation actions of endangered plant species require a clear knowledge of their habitats. Urtica rupestris Guss. (Urticaceae) is a rare endemic plant species occurring on shady cliffs in the southern-eastern part of Sicily. In the last century, the extreme anthropogenic alterations of Hyblaean plateau have caused the continuous and unrestrained fragmentation of natural habitats and consequently the reduction and disappearance of some plant species. A total of 52 vegetation plots, of which 34 are unpublished, were analyzed in order to characterize the floristic composition of the U. rupestris community. All the relevés were classified using classification and ordination methods. The species is mainly linked to shady and wet rock habitats, and only secondarily colonizes the undergrowth shrubs. According to IUCN criteria, we propose a new risk status for this species and the establishment of a new habitat (92/43CEE) for correct long-term conservation. Finally, a new association, Urtico rupestris-Adiantetum capilli-veneris, which falls within the Polysticho setiferi-Phyllitidion scolopendrii alliance (Adiantetea capilli-veneris class), was described. This study can provide useful information for the management and conservation of U. rupestris.

Based on herbarium and field investigations, the taxonomic status of Solenopsis laurentia (Campanulaceae), hygrophilous species belonging to the subfam. Lobelioideae showing a Mediterranean distribution is here examined. According to literature, it can be considered as a species complex, within which several taxa at specific and infraspecific rank were described. Morphological and nomenclatural studies carried out on several living populations coming from many Italian localities allowed to recognize five subspecies. For each of them, a detailed description, iconography, micromorphology of the seed testa and pollen grains, taxonomical relationships, chorology, conservation status and nomenclatural notes are provided. The recognized subspecies of Solenopsis laurentia are the following: a) subsp. laurentia, which is the most widespread in Italy and also in the Mediterranean area; b) subsp. gasparrinii (Tineo) comb. nov., which is quite common in Sicily with scattered occurrence in other Mediterranean localities; c) subsp. caespitosa Brullo, it seems currently localized in Apulia and Sardinia; d) subsp. parvula Brullo, occurring in some localities of the Italian peninsula, Sardinia and Tunisia; e) subsp. hyblaea, described as new for science from Sicily with a punctiform distribution.

Pantelleria is a volcanic island located in the Sicily Channel (Italy), between Sicily and Tunisia. The island, designated a National Park in 2016, hosts an interesting vascular flora of over 600 species including 9 narrow endemics. The island's incredible biodiversity is, however, at risk due to anthropogenic influences, climate change, and, recently, the presence and spread of alien plant species. The Pantelleria alien flora has never been thoroughly investigated, probably because many non-native species were not yet present or so widespread on the island. Now, however, with the increased general awareness of the risks associated with invasive alien species, documentation of the presence of non-native species has been steadily increasing. In this study, field and literature research was carried out to investigate the alien flora of the island. Here, we report the status of a number of non-native plants with known invasive potential. Cenchrus setaceus (=Pennisetum setaceum) is reported for the first time as naturalized in the island with clear invasive behaviour, while, particularly remarkable for their invasive potential are other studied plants such as: Acacia saligna, Ailanthus altissima, Boheravia coccinea, Carpobrotus edulis, Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata, Malephora crocea, Melia azedarach, Nicotiana glauca, Opuntia ficus-indica, Parkinsonia aculeata, Washingtonia robusta and a few others less important at the moment, but to be monitored. Although most taxa showed a relatively limited distribution, the trend is to observe an increased invasiveness, which indicates that they can potentially become invasive in Pantelleria as well in the next years or decades. Their limited current distribution suggests that these species are in the early stages of the general invasion curve, when intervention is feasible and most likely to succeed. Therefore, it is most prudent to prioritize management for as many potentially problematic nonnatives as possible, which will contribute greatly to the conservation of native species and ecosystems of Pantelleria. Prevention and management of invasive non-native species-both future arrivals and those already present-are necessary to preserve the peculiar volcanic landscape of Pantelleria, which was shaped by man over the last millennia.

A comparative analysis of the riparian vegetation dominated by Alnus glutinosa in Italy and Tyrrhenian islands, based on literature data and unpublished relevés, is presented. A total of 456 phytosociological relevés were processed. For the definition of plant communities and alliances, hierarchical clustering was performed by using Bray-Curtis coefficient and Detrended Correspondence Analysis ordination methods. Identification of diagnostic species of the vegetation units was performed by means of the phi fidelity index. Quantum GIS software version 3.6 was used for the interpolation of the bioclimatic variables and A. glutinosa communities. Overall, a total of 18 A. glutinosa-riparian wood communities were distinguished for Italy and Tyrrhenian islands, of which two new associations and one new subassassociation are described. The classification of the relevés showed two main vegetation groups: the first one including the plant communities of the Osmundo-Alnion alliance, and the other including the vegetation of the Ligustro vulgaris-Alnion glutinosae alliance. This latest includes the riparian meso-thermophilous communities of central and northern Italy. Within the Osmundo-Alnion alliance, two subgroups can be recognized: the first one includes the thermophilous communities of the Hyperico hircini-Alnenion glutinosae sub-alliance, mainly spread in the Tyrrhenian islands, while the second group includes the mesophilous communities attributed to the new suballiance Struthioptero-Alnenion glutinosae, widespread in central Italy and the Corsican mountains. The present paper provides the first comprehensive and exhaustive scheme of the A. glutinosa riparian woodlands diversity in Italy and Corsica.

Climate change poses a fundamental threat to the wetlands. The Mediterranean basin is a biodiversity hotspot, and wetlands are important for maintaining this status. The current study evaluated the halophilous vegetation diversity of one of the most relevant Maltese wetlands, Il-Ballut ta’ Marsaxlokk Natura 2000 site, also identified under the Water Framework Directive. A vegetation analysis was carried out according to the Braun–Blanquet approach. The processed dataset included both data from the literature and unpublished data. To quantify vegetation structure and diversity, a hierarchical classification (Chord distance; Ward linkage) and diversity and ecological indices were performed. Diachronic analysis of the taxonomic diversity indices and the Ellenberg indicator values were taken into account. We used an NMDS analysis to assess the ecological fingerprint of the vegetation. In addition, we provided an actual vegetation map for Il-Ballut ta’ Marsaxlokk, based on drone orthophotos. We identified five EU Directive habitats in the study area (1150*, 1310, 1410, 1420, and 92D0) of which one (1150*) was reported for the first time. The ecological fingerprint of the halophilous vegetation has undergone changes over time, particularly due to increasing temperatures. In fact, the results showed that nutrients and temperature were the strongest environmental drivers of the site. The results and methodology of this study demonstrate how vegetation studies can serve as tools to improve knowledge, management actions, and landscape planning of Natura 2000 sites.