The core objective of the study is to analyze the performance of sugarcane in terms of cost and returns and resource use efficiency. A sample of 30 Sugarcane growing farmers purposively selected at random from the Vazhavachannur and Perunduraipattu villages of Thandrampattu block of Tiruvannamalai District. Since all the sugarcane farmers use the same cultivation practices, 30 sample farmers are sufficient to represent the entire sugarcane farmers of the study area. Tools like simple average and percentage analyses were used to examine cost of cultivation, labour hours used, quantity of materials used and machine hours used by farmers in each crop production. Regression analysis was employed to measure the influence of selected explanatory variables on independent variables. Result showed that joint family constitutes about 33.00 percent and nuclear family was 67 of the total sample households. Average size of holding is 3.28 acre. Total cost of cultivation for groundnut is Rs.59376.64/acre. Gross income from groundnut is Rs.140962.50/acre. Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of groundnut cultivation is 2.37. All the sample farmers wholly depend on the sugarcane cooperatives for selling their produce. The human labors were used for Inter cultural operation, sowing & transplanting, chemicals, fertilizer and Farm Yard Manure (FYM). FYM, chemicals, fertilizer and seed are the major inputs used in crop production. Bund Former and Rotavator is the machines used for crop production. About 89.00 percent of variation in dependent variables explained by the selected independent variables such as quantity of chemicals and labor hours for inter cultural operation.

Measuring the trends of growth and variability in agricultural production is important to understand how outputs change over time. The present study analyzed the growth and instability index of groundnuts. The study depends on secondary data, which was collected from the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare [1] for the period 1950-2022. The entire study period is divided into three sub-periods: 1950-51 to 1969-1970, 1971-1972 to 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 to 2021-2022. The compound annual growth rate, instability Index and decomposition analysis were used for the analysis. The compound annual growth rates for production, area, and yield are -0.14 percent, 1.05 percent, and 1.2 percent, respectively, groundnut production and yield are increasing and the area in India has changed throughout time. The decomposition of groundnut production in area, yield, and interaction effect showed that the yield effect was responsible for increasing the production of groundnut in India followed by the interaction effect and area effect. The results revealed that the level of instability was high in yield while it was lowest in area. The findings showed that the annual growth rate of productivity of groundnuts also shows an increasing trend during the recent period due to the availability of high-yielding cultivars and the deployment of innovative cultivation technologies. From the result, it is concluded that including the non-traditional areas increases the area under cultivation to sustain and improve groundnut production.

Climate change is a global environmental threat to all economic sectors, mainly the agricultural sector is highly vulnerable to the negative impact of climate change. Using cross-sectional data of 120 farmers collected from three blocks of the Jaisalmer district of the hyper-arid partially irrigated western plain of Rajasthan, this study investigates farmers' adaptation measures to climate change and their determinants of adaptive strategies. The study used a logistic model to analyze the relationship between binary dependent variables and other explanatory variables. According to logistic regression results, factors such as land area, farming experience, and household income are positively related to climate change adaptation strategies. The marginal effects for the land area (0.040), farming experience (0.004), and household income (0.00). Further, the result of the study also shows the basic adaptation measures adopted by the farmers are mulching, changing in the crop, changing in sowing date, changing in cultivation practices, changing in water management and changing in input management. According to the study's findings, farmers' well-being will be improved by more significant investment in farmer education, farmers’ training through Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), and financial inclusion through Kisan Credit Card (KCC) for climate change adaptation.

Recently a study entitled “A study on income, expenditure and resource use pattern of paddy in Tiruvannamalai district” is conducted by a student with a view to analyze the performance of paddy in terms of cost and returns, resource use efficiency, and employment generation. The sample of 30 farmers growing paddy were selected at random from the Thanipadi, Vazhavachannur, Keezhsirupakkam, Perunduraipattu, Thandrampet, Veppur, and Andapattu villages. Average and percentage analyses were used to examine cost of cultivation, labour hours used, quantity of materials used and machine hours used by farmers in each crop production. Regression analysis was employed to measure the influence of selected explanatory variables on independent variables. Joint family constitutes about 43 percent and nuclear family was 57 of the total sample households. Average size of holding of 2.29 acre. Total cost of cultivation for paddy is Rs.17172.08/acre. Gross income from paddy is Rs.38919.09/ac. Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of paddy cultivation is 2.27. Farmers sell the produce at aggregators, regulated market and mill owners. The human labors were used for sowing & transplanting, cultural operation and chemicals. FYM, chemicals, fertilizer and seed are the major material used in crop production. Rotavator and harvester are the machine used for crop production. About 77 percent of variation in dependent variables explained by the selected independent variables such as labor hours for inter cultural operation and quantity of seed and hours per irrigation.

Maize is important cereal crop and widely cultivated across India after Rice and Wheat. Maize in India, contributes nearly 9 per cent in the national food basket. Maize is cultivated throughout the year in all states of the country for various purposes including grain, fodder, green cobs, sweet corn, baby corn, popcorn in peri-urban areas. The present study is taken to identify the economics of maize cultivation in different districts of western zone of Tamil Nadu. The study is based on the primary data. The primary data required for the study were collected through personal interview from 166 farmers with the help of a comprehensive interview schedule. The study identifies that ploughing cost differs from Rs.11450 to Rs.11850, cost for seed and sowing differs from Rs.10500 to Rs.11,500. The study also identifies that on average the maize farmers earn Rs.50,000 per hectare and the benefit cost ratio come around 1.6.

Oilseeds are mostly grown in marginal lands with inadequate irrigation facilities (only 10% is irrigated) as a result yields tend to be low leading to a widening gap between domestic production of vegetable oil and demand. Production growth in the early eighties was slow due to insufficient technologies and the turning point was the year 1985-86. Since then, oilseeds production in the country has increased due to implementation of technology mission. The present study was attempted to examine the growth performance of groundnut in the major states of India and assess the immediate and sustained effects of oilseeds mission on groundnut production in order to identify the potentials for future expansion of area and scaling -up the yield of groundnut-based production system. Growth and quasi experimental time series analyses were employed to assess the growth performance and intervention’s effects (oilseeds mission) using time series data. Increase in groundnut production has been contributed mainly by increase in productivity. Though the maximum productivity growth was 6.24% per annum in India, overall growth rate in yield was 2.28 % per annum due to yearly aberrations indicating the high instability. Groundnut yield grew by 3.84, 3.06 and 2.16 % per annum respectively in Rajasthan, Madya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu for the overall period (1992-93 and 2020-21). However, these states witnessed production shortfalls and production fell by 0.94, 6.42 and 2.05 % per annum, respectively. Except Gujarat the other major states also exhibited negative growth in production and the rate of drop was higher in the Uttara Pradesh (7.91%) followed by Madhya Pradesh (6.42%), Maharashtra (4.94%), Andhra Pradesh (3.69%) and Karnataka (3.03%). Groundnut production in India also fell by 2.13 % per annum mainly due to fall in area and marginal growth in yield. The estimated yield increase was 450 kg/ha in India, which is higher by 48 % after the intervention. The estimated positive and significant coefficient of interrupted time series for India (50.36) reveal that the oilseeds mission has created sustained effects as a result there was a yield improvement. Sustained effects of intervention are noticed in most of the states. Sustaining the productivity in those states with high yield potential and improving the productivity in other major states by prioritizing and disseminating the seeds of suitable varieties and production technologies are vital as there is lackluster response from the farmers in adoption of varieties and technologies.

Onion is an important crop at domestic and international level and growers faced problems in both production and marketing. Value chain analysis is essential to trace the series of activities and actors across small onion value chain and analyse their role and performance. The first step in value chain analysis is to map various actors and their roles. This study was undertaken to map the existing value chain in small onion in Perambalur district. Mapping the value chain practices will help us to understand the existing practices in small onion cultivation in Tamil Nadu. Inputs used in the production such as seedlings, fertilizer, plant protection chemicals were provided to the farmers; the farmer produced the onion and sold to the intermediaries in the value chain. Intermediaries like local traders, commission agents, retailers procured onion from the farmers and transferred to the end consumers.

High instability in crop area and yield resulted in production shortfall in Andhra Pradesh. As groundnut is raised mostly as rainfed kharif crop, yield during this season is half of the yield attained during rabi/summer season. State’s average productivity is also lower than the national average necessitating the importance of improving the oilseeds production in the state since the state contributing 8 % to India’s groundnut production. Oilseeds mission was implemented in all the districts of the state to scale up the production through various technological interventions. Therefore, understanding the pattern of production before and after the intervention is critically important for future directions and strategies required to scale up the groundnut production in the state. The present paper aims at assessing the district-wise growth performance of groundnut and examining the sustained effects of oilseeds mission. Using the time series data on area, production, and productivity (1997-98 and 2019-20), growth analysis and interrupted time series segmented regression analyses were employed. Groundnut area tended to decline in all the districts of the state. The rate of decline was higher in Cuddapah (7.47%) followed by Kurnool (3.82 %), Chittoor (3.79%) and Anantapur (2.13%) and the state recorded a negative growth rate of 3.49 % per annum. Production growth was found low in Anantapur district (1.39%) though the yield registered a 3.63 % growth per annum. Similarly, production in Chittoor district declined by 2.1% per annum though yield grew by 4 % annum due to higher fall in area. The Cuddapah also witnessed a negative growth in production and production decline was around 2% per annum. However, productivity in the Cuddapah district grew at faster rate compare to other major districts and the productivity has grown at the rate 6% per annum. Groundnut production in the state declined by 0.4% per annum due to decline in both productivity and area by 3% and 3.4% respectively. It is alarming to note that the maximum decline in production was 12.38% in the State mainly due to the maximum decline in production in major groundnut producing districts namely Anantapur (76%) followed by Kurnool (32.32%), Cuddapah (22.19%) and Chittoor (13.40%). The model results of interrupted time series show that though there is no significant intervention effect, there is sign of productivity improvement after the intervention. The coefficient of sustained effect for yield turned to positive from negative though not significant (immediate effect) for the major growing districts, indicating the long-term effect of the oilseeds mission. Constraints relating to adoption of improved technology, non-suitability of improved technology, and lack of technical guidance were identified by studies affecting groundnut production in the state. Therefore, addressing these issues through policy and technological interventions are crucial for sustaining the productivity and increasing the production in the major districts.

Aim: To estimate the economics of Carnation Production under Protected cultivation, to estimate the feasibility of the protected cultivation of Carnation in the study district, and to assess the constraints faced by the farmers in scaling up the protected cultivation in the study district and to suggest suitable solutions. Study Design: An ex-post-facto study was conducted, among the carnation cultivators of Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. Place and Duration of Study: The Nilgiris district was purposively selected for the study as it possesses the largest area under carnation flower cultivation in Tamil Nadu and the study was conducted between April 2023 and June 2023. Methodology: The present study employed a multi-stage purposive cum random sampling technique to select the district, blocks, villages, and respondents for research. The Nilgiris district was purposefully chosen for its significance in carnation flower cultivation within Tamil Nadu. Specifically, Kothagiri, Coonoor, and Uthagai blocks of the Nilgiris district were selected as focal areas for this investigation. Within each of these selected blocks, two villages were chosen, resulting in a total of six villages as study locations. To ensure representation, 30 farmers engaged in carnation cultivation were then selected, with a proportion of 5 farmers per village. The respondents were interviewed with a pre-structured questionnaire through a random approach. Furthermore, the study incorporated feasibility analysis, which included evaluating key financial metrics such as the Benefit-Cost Ratio, Net Present Worth, and Internal Rate of Return. These financial analyses were conducted to assess the economic viability and potential returns associated with carnation cultivation in the Nilgiris district. Results: The results reveal that the net return/ 4000 m2 is Rs. 16.67 lakhs. The BCR was found to be 1.40 (Financially feasible). The NPV was found to be Rs. 70.35 lakhs and the IRR was estimated to be 40.00 per cent. Major constraints encountered by the farmers include the higher cost of polyhouse material and construction, followed by the higher cost of the seedlings and the poor availability of skilled labour. Conclusion: Protected cultivation technology unlocks the potential to produce crops with high productivity and superior quality.

Turmeric, a golden spice obtained from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa, has been used to give color and taste to food preparations since ancient times. to increase the productivity of turmeric it’s essential to know the resource use efficiency of turmeric. Hence, the present study has taken up with the objective of to analyze the factors affecting yield of turmeric and study the factor use efficiency in turmeric. The study is based on the primary data collected from Erode district of Tamil Nadu. The primary data required for the study were collected through personal interview with the help of a comprehensive interview schedule. Results showed that 96 per cent of the variation in the dependent variable was explained by the independent variables selected for the study. The variables labour and irrigation were significant at one per cent level of probability. The variables quantity of rhizome, quantity of organic manure and quantity of inorganic fertilizer were significant at five per cent level of probability.

The Indian government's Paramparagath Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) programme has gained prominence as a key push to advance organic agricultural methods all over the nation. The study was conducted in Virudhunagar and Madurai districts of Tamil Nadu, with a sample size of 120 beneficiary respondents from the designated villages utilising census method.In-depth analysis of the scheme's effects on organic farmers is provided in this article, along with conclusions about how well it promotes sustainable agricultural practices and increases crop yields while also stimulating economic growth. The quantitative component looks at data from a variety of organic farming clusters before and after implementation of the scheme, analysing variables such changes in the farm, family, education, social contacts, income, debt, and health.The findings revealed a significant positive impact of PKVY scheme on the livelihood of organic farmers. Participating farmers have reported a gradual shift towards organic cultivation, reducing their reliance on chemical inputs and adopting eco-friendly alternatives. Notably, the PKVY scheme has led to tangible economic benefits for organic farmers.

The study focussed on the consumption pattern of rural households to analyse household consumption expenditure on both food and non food items. The present study used the primary data collected from rural households in Vallanadu village of Thoothukudi district in Tamilnadu using the questionnaire. In demographic details,we have observed that the average family size of the household is 4.The village has almost equal population of male and female.Then the village has comparatively higher male adult than the female adult , higher male children than the female children. In profession the most of the village people has only primary income for their survival and only few people has secondary income in additional to primary income. In land holding pattern, the village has the highest wetland area for farming and food source.In cropping pattern, the major crop grown in vallanadu is paddy. In household assets, TV & Bike are the most available household assets. In Household consumption expenditure,the consumption of the cereals is comparatively higher than the pulses. In non-food expenditures, most of their income is spend for the education purpose.percapita consumption as highest for cereals with 400g and 177g per day of vegetables.

The core objective of the research estimation of income, expenditure and resource use pattern of groundnut in Thandrampattu block of Tiruvannamalai district is to evaluate the performance of groundnut in terms of cost and returns and resource use efficiency. The sample of 30 farmers growing groundnut were selected at random from the Thandrampet, Veppur, Thanipadi and Vanapuram villages of Thandrampattu Block of Tiruvannamalai District. Average and percentage analyses were used to examine cost of cultivation, labour hours used, quantity of materials used and machine hours used by farmers in each crop production. Regression analysis was used to assess the impact of selected explanatory variables on independent variables. Joint families account for around 33% of total sample homes, with nuclear families accounting for 67 percent. Average size of holding is 2.84 acres. Total cost of cultivation for groundnut is Rs.16371.68/acre. Gross income from groundnut is Rs.54000/ac. Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of groundnut cultivation is 3.30. Farmers sell the produce at regulated market, mill owners and local traders. The human labors were used for sowing and transplanting, FYM, fertilizer, chemicals, intercultural operations. FYM, chemicals, fertilizer and seed are the major material used in crop production. Harvester, rotavator and bund former are the machine used for crop production. About 69 percent of variation in dependent variables explained by the selected independent variables such as labor hours for inters cultural operation, land holding size and quantity of FYM.

The study focused on growth rate and instability in area, production productivity and export of fruits in India and Tamil Nadu. The present study used the secondary data collected from secondary sources. The area under fruits in Tamil Nadu and India both are increased (2.08 and 1.94 per cent) in the current year, over the base year. The compound growth rate also significantly increased (0.10 and 0.23 per cent). The production and productivity of fruits decreased in Tamil Nadu and increased in India while the compound growth rate was also negative in Tamil Nadu and positive in India. The area and its interaction effect with area were found to be responsible for decrease in the production of fruits in Tamil Nadu. The similar finding was also found in case of India the yield effect (91.84 %) followed by area effect and interaction effect of area (6.38 and 1.78 %) were found to be major contributor for increase in production of fruits. Among the three measures of instability, two measures varying confirmed that the change in production of fruits is high rather than area and productivity. The growth rate of fruits export was revealed that the compound growth rate was 0.290 in volume of export and 7.87 in value of export respectively. The increasing growth rate in value of export might be to the high instability in value of fruits exported and the instability in volume might be due to the high instability index (32.77) in production of total fruits in India.

India's agricultural products export touched $ 50 billion for the financial year FY22, the highest level ever achieved. Basmati and Non-basmati rice are major exports and doubled during 2010-20 compared to 2000-2010. Export value of basmati and non-basmati rice were about Rs. 32,000 crores and Rs. 23,000 crores respectively during 2019-20. Exports of processed vegetables, fruits, nuts and fresh grapes are growing nearly 3 times during 2010-2020 (Rs.500 crores each) compared to 2000-2010 (around Rs. 3,000 crores each). Exports of cucumbers, gherkins, jaggery and confectionary items are growing at a faster rate in the recent decade (Rs.400 crores during 2005-06 to Rs. 1600 crores during 2019-20). Export basket of agricultural commodities is highly diversified (Herfindahl Index: 0.09 – 0.26) and non-conventional exports like processed vegetables, fruits and vegetables are increasing in faster rate. Hence, policy support to the non-conventional and high value exports as well as small and new exporters has to be continued. Aggregation of small exports and Farmers Producers Companies will directly benefit the farmers.

Rainfed agriculture covers 80 percent of the World’s cropland and produces about 60 percent of the World’s food grains. In India, 55 percent of gross sown area accounts 40 percent of food production. In Tamil Nadu, nearly 48 per cent of gross sown area is under rainfed cultivation which is highly vulnerable to climate change and therefore it requires appropriate climate adaptation strategies. The present study covering 180 sample households to examine the farmers perception on climate change and various adaptation responses practiced in rainfed agriculture in Tamil Nadu, Southern India. The farmers were requested to choose one or more response among the three options namely, change in rainfall pattern, change in temperature and decrease in ground water availability. The results of the analysis indicated that rainfall and ground water availability are major concerns due to climate change were perceive by 84 and 58 percent of farmers. The adaptation responses to climate change are examined and the farmers were requested to indicate the various adaptation strategies viz., changing the cropping pattern, drilling new bore wells, deepening existing wells, introducing water saving irrigation methods and reducing the number of irrigations etc. The change in rainfall and temperature perceived by farmers were followed the reduction in number of irrigations, change in cropping pattern, advancement or delaying of cropping seasons and growing rain-fed crops are the major adaptation strategies to reduce the impact of climate change.

Tamil Nadu is one of the largest state with an area of 130.33 lakh haandwith the population of 6 percent of nation. Agriculture sector contributes 13 percent of state income. Nearly 56 percent of people depends on agriculture for their livelihood. In this scenario, the present study has been undertaken to analyse the agriculture growth as it determines the trend in terms of production, area and productivity. In this study, compound growth rate is used to measure the agricultural growth. The study was conducted based on secondary data.The data is analysed for the period of 50 years (1967-68 to 2017-18) for the important crops such as Rice, Maize, Cotton, Banana, Groundnut, Sorghum, Sugarcane, Oilseeds, Pulses, Vegetables, Fruits and Spices.The growth rates of the production of the major crops revealed that rice, maize, banana, pulses, vegetables and fruits were showing a positive growth rate. In contrast, crops such as cotton, groundnut, sorghum, oilseeds, and spices were showing negative trend. In recent decades, there is a vast change in the climate and other environmental factors which makes farmers to shift in their cropping pattern. Hence to analyse the changes crop diversification is calculated using the indices such as Herfindal Index and Modified Entropy Index (MEI). The estimates of indexes revealed that crop diversification is increased in over years.

Aims: The main aim of this study is to assess the resource use efficiency and technical efficiency of banana production and to determine factors that influence the technical efficiency of banana production in Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out using the primary data from the sample banana farmers of Tiruchirappalli district from April 2022 – May 2022. Methodology: The Cobb Douglas production function and Stochastic Frontier Analysis was used to find resource use efficiency and technical efficiency of banana production in the study area. Results: The results shows that organic manure, chemical fertilizer, and micronutrient were significant resources. An increase in the usage of these resources will increase the yield, and the other resources which are not significant should be appropriately used to increase the yield. The mean technical efficiency of banana farmers in the Tiruchirappalli district is around seventy per cent, which shows that thirty per cent of farmers were not technically sound. Conclusion: The finding of the study reveals that the good quality suckers and appropriate chemical fertilizers should be incorporated to increase production and productivity. Government should concentrate on extension activities by properly disseminating information to farmers, such as correct production technologies and the required quantities of inputs used, and create awareness about the availability of good quality suckers in the formal institutions.

The study shows that, analysis of trend, growth and stability of banana in decade’s periods of India and Tamil Nadu. Since, the study attempt to analyse and used the instability index Viz., Cuddy-Della Valle Index and Coppock Index. Whereas analyse trend and decomposition used the secondary data collected from various sources. The past decades area and production of banana was significant but the last 5 years it was decline due to the some socio economic factors (educational status, household size, fertilizer application and experience) of fruits growers and some of the climatic eradications. The area under banana in Tamil Nadu was decreased (The Compound Growth Rate was -4.06 per cent) but India was increased (one per cent) in the current year (2018-19), over the base year (2009-10). The growth rate for production and productivity were negative in Tamil Nadu and that were positive in India except productivity. The area and its interaction effect with area were found to be responsible for decrease in the production of banana in India. In Tamil Nadu area and yield were identified as major influencing factors for decrease in the production of banana. The change in production of banana is high compared to area and productivity. Hence the study recommends Government also used to formulate the policy to support fruit growers by announcing minimum support price and by providing cold storage facilities at minimum cost and subsidies for exporting fruits to other countries. It was indirectly support of the fruits growers to ensure the large scale production.

The main raw material for manufacture of paper is wood pulp which are mainly obtained from the pulpwood trees like Casuarina, Eucalyptus and Meliadubia. In Tamil Nadu, the cultivation of these pulpwood trees was promoted by two leading paper manufacturing industries viz., Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Paper Limited (TNPL) and Seshasayee Paper and Boards Limited (SPB).This study aims at estimating the cost, returns and financial feasibility of major pulpwood tree species cultivated in Tamil Nadu. The study found that the cost of cultivation of casuarina, eucalyptus and Meliadubia were Rs.1,76,939, Rs.1,60,593 and Rs.1,52,672 and the net income obtained from these trees were Rs.1,58,473, Rs.1,37,028 and Rs.1,33,831 respectively. Among these trees, Casuarina is more profitable and the results of the study concluded that the cultivation of these three major pulpwood trees are profitable and financially viable.