In this Special Issue, we consider the ways in which a relational wellbeing approach can be used to understand the lives and trajectories of refugees in general and young refugees in particular [...]

This paper explores the different ways that relationships and the relational figure in the integrative approach, relational wellbeing (RWB). These are (1) conceptualising persons as relational subjects; (2) relationships as the means through which people seek to address a wide variety of needs; (3) inter-relations between the experience of wellbeing and the underlying factors within persons and their contexts that either promote or undermine wellbeing; (4) relationships serving as conduits of power and the making of identities; and (5) inter-relations between the concepts and methods of research with representations of (persons and) wellbeing. The main thrust of the paper is theoretical, but it is anchored in long-standing research into wellbeing in the global South and practical experience in applying RWB in the global North. Empirically, it draws, in particular, on a case study from Zambia of a ‘meshwork’ of relations between birth and foster parents and children moving between households. This places the relational, rather than the individual, at the centre of analysis. It shows how different dimensions of wellbeing may coincide, but there may also be trade-offs between them. Relationships are bearers of power, and it is the interactions of structure and agency that ultimately limit or engender opportunities for sustained individual and collective wellbeing.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an important tool to protect marine biodiversity that can have substantial impacts on human well-being. However, such social impacts are rarely considered proactively. Proponents must work collectively and proactively to better understand and communicate future well-being impacts while co-creating lasting solutions prior to MPA development and iteratively during ongoing management.

A freshwater Chlorella sp. was cultured at temperatures from 10 to 45 degrees C and synergistic stress was employed by using selective and complete nutrient depleted growth media. Temperature fluctuations were found to have a significant effect on the microalgae physiology. The optimum temperature of 35 degrees C shows suitability for growth in a sub-tropical climate. The fatty acid methyl esters' (FAMEs') composition was significantly altered when cultures were incubated under various pre-determined stress conditions. The effect of dual stress was found to have the greatest increase in the lipid yield, averaging 55% (w/w). The majority of the identified FAMEs (C-16 and C-18) showed the potential for quality biodiesel and aviation fuel due to the characteristics of FAME. This study is relevant for commercial-scale biodiesel production and the technologies developed would improve the economic feasibility and potential of microalgal biomass feedstock for biodiesel production by transesterification. There is also high potential for low-carbon jet fuel by thermal cracking or pyrolysis and fractionation of crude-bio-oil from Chlorella sp. These processes will convert carbon chains or FAMES in the C-14 to C-16 range, which is appropriate for low-carbon jet fuel. It is therefore possible to generate biodiesel and aviation fuel from Chlorella sp. cultivated in freshwater at achievable temperatures in a sub-tropical environment under total nutrient deprivation, aiming to stimulate a bio-oil increase. (c) 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This article explores the movement of children between households in Zambia as a site of 'moral navigation'. Moral navigation extends Henrik Vigh's concept of social navigation from contexts of conflict and migration to more socially stable contexts in which well-being depends critically on people's ability to manage relationships. The live, dynamic and mobile character of these relationships means that they require active, real-time cultivation and response. While having practical objectives, these negotiations are also moral, articulated with ideas of what ought to be, and seeking to fulfil sometimes competing ethical projects. Life history interviews present three main perspectives: recollections of times in childhood spent away from birth parents; birth parents' reflections on having a child living with others; and adults' accounts of taking in other people's children. Strong norms of kinship unity and solidarity notwithstanding, in practice terms of engagement are differentiated through gender, marital, social and economic status, plus relational and geographical proximity. The pursuit of personal benefit contains the seeds of both contradiction and convergence with the collective good, as a relational understanding of moral selves sees one's own gain as proper, rightful and virtuous when it is realized in and through providing for others.

The politics of knowledge is a foundational issue in development research. This includes questioning the processes through which knowledge is produced and the terms of the ‘partnerships’ or ‘collaborations’ involved. Such analyses tend to emphasise structural difference and can reproduce all too familiar tropes of dominating global North and deficit global South. This paper takes instead a relational perspective to investigate how such notions are generated, sustained and may be contested through interactions between people, and between people and their contexts. For data, the paper draws on experiences and observations related in a 2018–2019 workshop series on international collaborations in development research. It argues the need to go beyond a focus on ‘mentoring’ or ‘capacity building’ to explore the interactive generation of researcher selves; temper commitments to generalisability with recognition of the inherent value of the particular; and pay more attention to the unintended outcomes of research, and especially its production of waste.

Wellbeing constitutes a key idiom through which therapeutic culture is dispersed in popular and policy discourse. Wellbeing is, however, a notoriously broad and ill-defined concept, which is used in many different ways. We begin this chapter, therefore, by distinguishing between three dominant constructs of wellbeing, and identifying ‘personal wellbeing’ as the one most clearly aligned with therapeutic culture. We go on to show how the construct of personal wellbeing is bifurcated, promoting a more individualised bio-psychological ‘high road’ to aspire to and a more socialised and relational ‘low road’ for those finding life a struggle. Interestingly, both contain some recognition of the toxicity of the current system, and so an embryonic critique. Straddling the line between wellbeing critics and advocates, we suggest that wellbeing discourses may both speak to real needs that late modern society creates, and yet simultaneously reproduce the same conditions that generate those needs. The second part of the chapter presents an alternative, relational approach to wellbeing, which is based on research undertaken in non-metropolitan contexts in the Global South. This conceives wellbeing as comprised of material, relational, and subjective dimensions, and understands it as emerging through the inter-relations of personal, societal, and environmental structures and processes (White, 2017). The conclusion considers whether relational wellbeing may be cross-culturally applicable and how it may connect with or challenge therapeutic culture.

Contamination of freshwater raceway ponds impedes the commercial cultivation of microalgae. Acclimatization of freshwater microalgae to hypersaline conditions offers a means to reduce contamination. A freshwater Chlorella species was cultured in a gradient of salinities ranging from 5 to 40 parts per thousand and pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry recorded photosynthetic functioning. While the average salinity of seawater is 35 parts per thousand, optimum acclimatization occurred at 20 parts per thousand, at which point the growth rate (1.6 mu g chl a L(-1)d(-1)) was not significantly different from the control (1.8 mu g chl a L(-1)d(-1)). The maximum relative electron transfer rate was lower (9 to 12 mu mol m(-2)s(-1)) at 5 to 20 parts per thousand as compared to 40 parts per thousand (28 mu mol m(-2)s(-1)) where no algal growth was recorded. ATP and NADPH were thus shunted towards synthesis of molecules that offset cytoplasmic osmotic stress. Culturing this Chlorella strain in raceway ponds under saline conditions may reduce contamination and improve productivity.

Grief and Forgiveness Sarah White (bio) On the Line Gardner McFall Finishing Line Press www.finishinglinepress.com/product/on-the-line-by-gardner-mcfall/ 40 Pages; Print, $14.99 This sequence of seventeen poems—brief but complete—shows a mature poet coming to terms with a blow suffered at age fourteen when, in the course of the Vietnam War, her Navy pilot father went missing. The story told in Gardner McFall's On the Line enriches the literature of war poetry, expressing a range of responses to loss—bereavement, bewilderment, empathy, inquiry, forgiveness. As a reviewer of McFall's book, I admit that my responses are those of another daughter of another airman in another war, though my circumstances differed from hers in crucial ways. Her father was a career Navy pilot in combat. My father never saw overseas action but enlisted in the WWII Army Air Corps and ran a Post Exchange in Georgia. My father felt himself a small part of the vast mobilization against Hitler. McFall fought, doubtfully but dutifully, in a conflict most of us have come to deplore. Despite the differences, I feel a strong sympathy with the poet marked early in life by the loss of a deployed parent. Flight itself has an impact on a child's imagination. I remember liking the Air Corps Song—"Off we go into the wild blue yonder." I remember feeling moved and impressed by the airmen's dangers: "Here they come, zooming to meet our thunder!" I remember being marked, like the youthful McFall, by the death of a beloved parent—hers lost in the course of a mission, mine succumbing to an illness at home soon after his discharge, both of us learning what it means to feel pride in a warrior parent only to have that parent vanish forever. The structure of On the Line is refreshingly simple. It begins with a poem, "Four Corners," that shows the poet's family members together, unknowingly for the last time. A typical military household, they are on the road, "driving west in the hottest part of summer." This first poem functions to identify the McFalls as an almost too four-square family—Mother, Father, Brother, Sister, Dog—making no claims to special distinction. Here, they stop at a noteworthy tourist spot where they pose for a photograph of their normalcy: shoulder to shoulder, each in a different state,our hair blowing in the same direction. Her second poem allows the first to take its place as a farewell to normalcy. "Moves" begins in a banal key with kids in school and scouts, Mother volunteering for work with other Navy families, and father departing for Vietnam and his second tour as squadron leader. The narrative lurches when the iconic car pulls up to the house carrying a chaplain to deliver his burden of grief "out of the blue." As there is not a wasted word in the poem, there will not be a wasted poem in the sequence. The poet chooses her language well and economically in "Moves," which launches the book's narrative arc even as it initiates an ordinary family's ordinary agony. The official designation of "Missing," as opposed to "Killed," is both a consolation and a curse to survivors, who must continue to nurse the shred of hope even when hope makes less and less sense. McFall's poem "Missing" offers insight into that rude state of false optimism, and the moment of letting it go. She describes finding a picture of her missing father at home "sleeping in the ready room … exhausted from the sortie he'd flown." She combines psychological accuracy with the somber rhythms of an elegiac poem: I half thought I could reach out and wake him, as the unconscioustouches the object of its desireand makes it live. I have keptall the doors open in my lifeso that he could walk in, unsureas I've been how to relinquishwhat is not there. The circumstances she is forced to accept feed her poetic imagination. In the poem entitled "Facts": "Twenty years / I dream your death-plane back, down the foggy night, / over the...

Testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer affecting males between 15 and 34 years of age. Men with intellectual disabilities have an increased risk of testicular cancer, often presenting late. We compared educative teaching (Teaching group) with an educative pictorial leaflet (Leaflet group) using a multi-media questionnaire to assess participants’ knowledge, skills, and behaviour. Evaluation included demonstration of self-examination skills using an anatomically correct model. Adults with intellectual disabilities were involved as co-researchers at all stages from planning to writing-up the study. Both educational methods led to significant improvements in knowledge and skills, maintained 6 months after the intervention. At one-week, direct teaching had significantly greater effect on knowledge and skills than being given a leaflet. By six months improvements in knowledge, skills and behaviour were similar, without significant increase in health-related or general anxiety in either group. Young men with intellectual disabilities benefited from health education in group teaching sessions and through information provided pictorially in leaflets to read at home. This has wider implications for health promotion, where information is often withheld to avoid anxiety. Testicular cancer accounts for around 1% of all male cancers (Le Cornet et al., 2014) and is the most common type of cancer affecting adolescent and young males of European ancestry (Cook et al., 2010). Global testicular cancer incidence has increased since the 1970s, with highest rates in Western and Northern Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and Northern America, although there are variations between countries and between different ethnic and racial groups (Huyghe, Matsuda, & Thonneau, 2003). In the United Kingdom, testicular cancer incidence rates increased from 3.3 per 100,000 person-years in 1973–1977 to 5.4–5.8 per 100,000 person-years in 1998–2002, compared to 4.6 per 100,000 person-years in Canada in 1998–2002 (Chia et al., 2010). Testicular cancer incidence continues to increase worldwide (Znaor, LortetTieulent, Laversanne, Jemal, & Bray, 2015), and is predicted to rise to 10 per 100,000 person-years in the United Kingdom by 2035 (Smittenaar, Petersen, Stewart, & Moitt, 2016). There appears to be an association with intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) [IDD for short] (Patja, Eero, & Iivanainen, 2001; Patja, Pukkala, Sund, Iivanainen, © Ontario Association on Developmental Disabilities

This study investigated the interrelations between hydrogen synthesis and Photosystem I electron transport rate in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The fluorescence of both photosystems (PS I and PS II) was monitored using a Dual Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) Fluorometer. Hydrogen synthesis was induced by eliminating sulphur from the growth media (TAP-S). Multiple physiological parameters [rETR, Y (I), Y (II), NPQ, a, FVF, and YL"YII] were recorded using the Dual PAM and correlated to hydrogen produced. There was a 66% increase in Photosystem I rETR,a during hydrogen production. A significant direct correlation existed between PS 1 rETR,a and hydrogen evolution values over the ten-day period (r = 0.895, p < 0.01) indicating that PS I can be considered as a driver of H2 production. Significant correlations between rETR,a of PS I and H2 evolution suggest a novel physiological indicator to monitor H2 production during the three critical phases identified in this study.

What are the prospects for a cross-cultural, interdisciplinary and methodologically plural approach to wellbeing? This question is addressed using Self-Determination Theory (SDT), a psychological theory based on quantitative empirical methods, to structure qualitative analysis of wellbeing in life history interviews in Chiawa, rural Zambia. Enquiry goes beyond simply reading across methods, disciplines and contexts, to consider fundamental differences in constructions of the human subject, and how these relate to understandings of wellbeing. Field research took place in two periods, August-November, 2010 and 2012. Analysis draws primarily on 46 individual case studies, conducted through open-ended interviews. These were identified through a survey with an average of 390 male and female household heads in each round, including 25% female headed households. As SDT predicts, the interviews confirm its key elements of autonomy, competence and relatedness as vital to wellbeing. However, these are expressed in ways that highlight material and relational, rather than psychological, factors. Key findings are: the mutual constitution of autonomy, competence and relatedness; the appreciation of autonomy as independence in action; the importance of social competence; and the centrality of relatedness. People appear as social and above all moral subjects. The paper concludes by endorsing SDTs utility in interdisciplinary approaches to wellbeing, but only if it admits its own cultural grounding in the construction of a psychological subject. This would go beyond recognising that autonomy, competence and relatedness may take socially and culturally distinctive forms, to questioning their universal status as basic psychological needs. Implications for organisations working on wellbeing are discussed.

This entry reviews the troubled relationship between empowerment and community participation. It considers the history of each concept and some main areas of debate. It then reviews some typologies that seek to identify forms of participation that are and are not empowering, and discusses a series of critiques that suggest that either or both concepts have been deradicalized as they have moved nearer the center of development thinking. This theoretical discussion is then grounded in a brief review of some examples of participation in development practice. The entry closes by considering how the representation of and possibilities for participation and empowerment are shaped by the character of the development industry.

Worldwide, cyanobacterial blooms are becoming more frequent, exacerbated by eutrophication, anthropogenic effects, and global climate change. Environmental factors play a direct role in photosynthesis of cyanobacteria and subsequent cellular changes, growth, and bloom dynamics. This study investigated the photosynthetic functioning of a persistent bloom-forming (18 months) cyanobacterium, Cyanothece sp., isolated from Lake St Lucia, South Africa. DUAL-PAM fluorometric methods were used to observe physiological responses in Cyanothece sp. photosystems I and II. Results show that photosystem I activity was maintained under all environmental conditions tested, while photosystem II activity was not observed at all. Out of the environmental factors tested (temperature, salinity, and nitrogen presence), only temperature significantly influenced photosystem I activity. In particular, high temperature (40 °C) facilitated faster electron transport rates, while effects of salinity and nitrogen were variable. Cyanothece sp. has shown to sustain bloom status for long periods largely because of the essential role of photosystem I activity during highly dynamic and even extreme (e.g., salinities higher than 200) environmental conditions. This ensures the continual supply of cellular energy (e.g. ATP) to important processes such as nitrogen assimilation, which is essential for protein synthesis, cell growth and, therefore, bloom maintenance.

The ubiquity of references to happiness and wellbeing indicates widespread anxiety that all may not be well, reflecting the erosion of the social in late capitalist modernity. The paper finds that, rather than helping to solve this problem, individualist formulations of wellbeing in policy mimic or deepen the underlying pathology. Drawing on empirical research in Zambia and India, it advocates an alternative approach, relational wellbeing, which is grounded in a relational ontology that can challenge dominant ideologies of the self, places central the generative quality of relationality which is critical to societal change and engenders a socially inclusive political vision.

The past 20 years have seen an explosion of interest in positive approaches to mental health, happiness, and wellbeing. While these concepts vary considerably from one another, they act as bridges between Global Mental Health and the broader arena of national and international policymaking. This chapter begins by sketching out some of the trajectories across different academic and policy fields that have contributed to this field and provides a critical discussion of the key concepts of ‘subjective wellbeing’ and ‘psychological wellbeing’. It then considers two very different ways that positive approaches are being pursued in policy and practice in the Global South: psychosocial wellbeing in the context of disasters and humanitarian crises, and political mobilisation around notions of ‘living well’ in Latin America.

This chapter describes how the poverty of local livelihoods is only one part of the economy of Chiawa, Zambia. Substantively, it shows that Chiawa villagers do consider economic development to be a vital component of 'the good life', but that this needs to put relationships between people and the environment, not simply growth and profits, at the centre. Focused on well-being, the chapter considers both how people were doing in material terms (livelihoods and hunger, education and health) and how they were thinking and feeling about their lives. It provides an introduction to the cultural construction of well-being in Chiawa, in which the material and relational are inextricably linked together. The chapter describes local understandings of well-being and their strong ethic of care and reciprocity which stretches across time and space, as people affirm and confirm their identities and their personal and social relationships through the giving and receiving of material goods.

"Give a Man a Fish. Reflections on the New Politics of Distribution." The Journal of Development Studies, 52(5), pp. 755–756