Urease, an enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of urea, plays a significant role in agriculture, medicine, and microbial pathogenesis, including Helicobacter pylori and Proteus-related infections. This study focuses on the evaluation of coumarin-based N-arylacetamides as potential urease inhibitors. Synthetic derivatives of coumarin were prepared and the resulting compounds (5a-n) were analyzed using spectroscopic techniques. The biological evaluation of these compounds revealed that they exhibited varying degrees of urease inhibition, with IC50 values ranging from 0.92 to 11.9 & micro;M. Compound 5c, with an IC50 of 0.92 +/- 0.07 & micro;M, was identified as the most potent inhibitor, better than the standard urease inhibitor thiourea (IC50 = 23.00 +/- 0.03 & micro;M). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis indicated that the potency of these compounds was influenced by the presence and position of electron-withdrawing or donating groups on the N-phenylacetamide rings. Mechanistic studies using the Lineweaver-Burk plot suggested that compound 5c acts as a mixed-type inhibitor and molecular docking analysis further confirmed strong binding interactions between 5c and the urease enzyme, supported by hydrogen bonds, pi-cation interactions, and van der Waals forces. The ADME analysis indicated favorable drug-like properties for compound 5c, including good oral bioavailability, permeability, and compliance with Lipinski's Rule of Five. However, its coumarin moiety flagged a potential toxicity concern. These findings highlight the promise of coumarin derivatives as urease inhibitors and provide a strong foundation for further research into their clinical applications.

Fused imidazopyrimidine nucleus constitutes an important class of heterocyclic compounds in organic chemistry. Imidazopyrimidine consists of imidazole and pyrimidine ring, both of which are present in natural products such as folic acid and vitamins. They have gained attention for their diverse photophysical effects and biological properties, making them valuable in agrochemicals, organic fluorescent materials, pharmaceuticals, and medicinal chemistry due to their strong pharmacophoric moiety. Thus, many methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of this important class of compounds. Among these synthetic protocols, the multicomponent reactions provide opportunity to develop new synthetic processes that are ecologically friendly and economically sustainable. But, there remains space to develop greener and simpler protocols based on application of retrievable catalysts or green solvents to accomplish the synthesis of imidazopyrimidine ring systems efficiently. Herein, the recently developed mild, efficient, and environmentally friendly protocols for the synthesis of imidazopyrimidine derivatives via the multicomponent reaction approach, obtaining good yield, and purity are explained. This review comprehensively summarizes various catalytic multicomponent reaction methodologies involving heterogeneous catalyzed synthesis, organo-catalyzed reactions, metal-mediated, base catalyzed, and some other related reaction systems for the synthesis of fused imidazopyrimidine heterocyclic molecular libraries. The aim of this review is to access the advanced multicomponent methods for the formation of fused structures of imidazopyrimidine derivatives during the years of 2020–2025.

Enzymes play significant role in a variety of biochemical reactions. Urease is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbamate. Its importance is especially evident in the context of Helicobacter pylori infections which can lead to gastric ulcers and gastrointestinal issues. The main objectives of this research was to synthesize a novel series of coumarin-benzamide hybrid molecules and evaluate their urease inhibitory potential. This study explores the synthesis and urease inhibitory capabilities of novel coumarin hybrids, 4-(((4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)methyl)-N-arylbenzamides. The combination of structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis, enzyme kinetics, and molecular docking studies indicated that these compounds could effectively inhibit urease. The in vitro screening of all the synthesized derivatives (5a-n) resulted in considerable inhibitory effects against urease, with IC50 values ranging from 0.27 ± 0.01 to 20.1 ± 0.51 µM, surpassing the activity of the standard, thiourea (22.3 ± 0.031 µM). Notably, compound (5k) was identified as the most effective inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 0.27 ± 0.01 µM. In silico studies indicated the existence of various interactions, including hydrogen bonds, π-alkyl, π-cation and π-sigma interactions with specific amino acid residues. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that urease remains stable and flexible in the presence of these inhibitors. These findings suggest that coumarin-based inhibitors could help to manage urease-related infections, and encouraging further exploration of their therapeutic applications.

Introduction: Elettariopsis curtisii (Zingiberaceae) is a high-value medicinal plant that has been used by the locals in Southeast Asia mainly to treat bloating and for postnatal care purposes. It contains many valuable phytoconstituents, including various essential oils that might be used in the treatment of various diseases. All previous studies were mainly carried out on the essential oil of rhizomes, and no or very limited information is available on other parts of the plant and methanolic extracts. Thus, this current study was conducted to identify, characterize, and compare the phytoconstituents of rhizome and leaf essential oils and methanolic extracts of E. curtisii grown in Malaysia via GCMS analysis. Materials and Methods: The plant samples were collected from a nursery in Kuala Krai, Kelantan, Malaysia. The extraction of essential oils from rhizomes and leaves was carried out via hydrodistillation and simple cold maceration method using methanol as solvent, respectively. Later on, all samples were analysed via GCMS analysis, and phytoconstituent identification was done based on the comparison in the NIST08 library. Results: A number of compounds were identified by GCMS analysis in rhizome essential oil, leaf essential oil, methanol rhizome extract and methanol leaf extract of E. curtisii. The most abundant phytoconstituent reported in rhizome essential oil was (E)-2-Decenal. The compound (E)-2-octenal, is found to be present in highest concentration in leaf essential oil, methanol rhizome extract, and methanol leaf extract, with peak areas of 41.11%, 40.68%, and 54.14%, respectively. Literature shows the beneficial antimicrobial and antioxidant nature of these identified compounds. Conclusion: This study might provide valuable information about the phytoconstituents found in this plant and could help the researcher in the isolation of antimicrobial compounds. We also recommend performing LCMS analysis on the extracts prior to isolating the desired compounds.

Urease, a nickel-dependent enzyme found in various life forms, catalyzes urea breakdown, concluding nitrogen metabolism by generating ammonia and carbamate. This process causes a rise in pH, supports the survival of pathogens, and can lead to infections such as gastric disorders like ulcers and cancer in humans. Helicobacter pylori employs urease for survival in the acidic environment of the stomach and in protein synthesis. To treat such infections and inhibit the growth of pathogens, it is mandatory to obstruct urease activity; therefore, derivatives of 1-(3-nitropyridin-2-yl)piperazine were synthesized (5a-o; 7a-k). All these newly synthesized compounds were investigated for urease inhibition by in vitro inhibition assays. The results showed that 5b and 7e are the most active inhibitors, having IC50 values of 2.0 ± 0.73 and 2.24 ± 1.63 µM, respectively. These IC50 values are lower than the IC50 value of the standard thiourea, which was 23.2 ± 11.0 µM. The hemolysis potential of 5b, 5c, 5i, 7e, and 7h was also determined; 7e and 7h exhibited good biocompatibility in human blood cells. Through in silico analysis, it was shown that both these potent inhibitors develop favorable interactions with the active site of urease, having binding energies of −8.0 (5b) and −8.1 (7e) kcal/mol. The binding energy of thiourea was −2.8 kcal/mol. Moreover, 5b and 7e have high gastrointestinal permeability as predicted via computational analysis. On the other hand, the IC50 value and binding energy of precursor compound 3 was 3.90 ± 1.91 µM and −6.1 kcal/mol, respectively. Consequently, 5b and 7e can serve as important inhibitors of urease.

Background and objectives: A tetrahydro anthraquinone derivative, 4-dehydroxyaltersolanol A, has been obtained from Nigrospora oryzae, which was isolated from Uncaria borneensis Havil as an endophytic fungus. This is a recently described compound whose stereochemistry was assumed from biogenetic considerations. However, using ECD spectral analysis in combination with TD-DFT calculations, its stereochemistry could be determined unambiguously. Method: In the current research, the selected TH1P45 culture was analysed using semi-preparative HPLC, which led to the isolation of six secondary metabolites, including 4-dehydroxyaltersolanol A (1). We have further presented full evidence of the stereochemistry of compound 1. With the help of quantum calculations, we also determined the mechanism by which this compound degrades in solution. Results: The analysis of TH1P45 culture led to the isolation of six secondary metabolites, including 4-dehydroxyaltersolanol A, three anthraquinone derivatives (macrosporin, bostrycin and altersolanol B), and two pyrones (pestalopyrone and hydroxypestalopyrone). Conclusion: A full evidence of the stereochemistry of compound 1 with the help of the combination of X-ray crystallography, ECD, and TD-DFT quantum calculations, allowed unambiguously assigning the absolute stereochemistry of 4 dehydroxyaltersolanol A as 1S,2R,3S as correctly assumed by Proksh and collaborators from biogenetic considerations.

Background: Over 50% of the population in Malaysia has hypercholesterolemia, which puts them at a high risk of cardiovascular disease. Both food sources and the ingredients in traditional medications are essential to the treatment of this ailment. Seaweeds are naturally occurring dietary bioresources that have garnered a lot of attention recently. The local seaweed Kappaphycus striatus (K. striatus) contains numerous beneficial phytoconstituents that have the potential to serve as new drug candidates due to their health benefits. Thus, the aim of the study was to analyze and characterize the phytoconstituents present in the K. striatus. Materials and Methods: Extraction was carried out by a simple maceration method. The analysis of phytoconstituents was carried out via GCMS, HPLC, and LCMS methods. The GCMS chromatogram of the components were compared with the database of known components from the GC-MS NIST (2008) library, whereas the LCMS chromatographic profiles were analyzed based on the accurate mass data identified, and the predicted compounds were annotated using the METLIN database. Results: HPLC analysis profiling shows the presence of most of the polar phytoconstituents. LCMS and GCMS analysis results identified and characterize different types of bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract of K. striatus. Some of the compounds have been identified as potential anti-hypertensive and anti-hypercholesterolemia agents, as reported in previous studies. Conclusion: We conclude that the precise identification is crucial for understanding the potential pharmacological activities of these compounds. The effectiveness of K. striatus phytoconstituents in treating hypercholesterolemia requires additional validation through in vivo research. These discoveries highlight the potential of K. striatus as a significant source of therapeutic agents and lay the foundation for the development of novel medications for treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.

Terpenoids are a large group of naturally occurring organic compounds with a wide range of components. A phytoconstituent in this group, andrographolide, which is derived from a plant called Andrographis paniculate, offers a number of advantages, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-angiogenesis and antioxidant effects. The present review elucidates the capacity of andrographolide to inhibit signaling pathways, namely the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Wnt/β-catenin and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which are involved in cellular processes and responses such as the inflammatory response, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Inhibiting pathways enables andrographolide to exhibit its anticancer effects against breast, colorectal and lung cancer. The present review focuses on the anticancer effects of andrographolide, specifically in breast, colorectal and lung cancer through the NF-κB, HIF-1 and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Therefore, the Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were used to search for references to these prevalent types of cancer and the anticancer mechanisms of andrographolide associated with them. The following key words were used: Andrographolide, anticancer, JAK/STAT, HIF-1, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin and MAPK pathways, and the literature was limited to studies published between 2010 to 2023. The present review article provides details about the different involvements of signaling pathways in the anticancer mechanisms of andrographolide.

The urease enzyme is recognized as a valuable therapeutic agent for treating the virulent Helicobacter pylori bacterium because of its pivotal role in aiding the colonization and growth of the bacterium within the gastric mucosa. In order to control the harmful consequences of bacterial infections, urease inhibition presents itself as a promising and effective approach. The current research aimed to synthesize pyridylpiperazine-based carbodithioate derivatives 5a–5n and 7a–7n that could serve as potential drug candidates for preventing bacterial infections through urease inhibition. The synthesized carbodithioate derivatives 5a–5n and 7a–7n were explored to assess their ability to inhibit the urease enzyme after their structural explication by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the in vitro evaluation with thiourea as a standard drug, it was observed that all the synthesized compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity compared to the reference drug. Among the compounds tested, 5j (bearing an o-tolyl moiety) emerged as the most effective inhibitor, displaying strong urease inhibition with an IC50 value of 5.16 ± 2.68 μM. This IC50 value is notably lower than that of thiourea (23 ± 0.03 μM), indicating the significantly most potent potential of inhibition. In molecular docking of 5j within the active site of urease, numerous noteworthy interactions were identified.

A library of thirteen new quinazoline-based Schiff bases was synthesized by simple, straightforward documented chemical procedures. Their skeletal structure was confirmed by IR, NMR, MS, and elemental analyses. The final compounds were also screened for their activities against eight selected microbial strains (two gram-positive and two gram-negative bacteria in addition to four fungal strains). Nine out of the thirteen tested compounds showed remarkable antimicrobial activities. However, six compounds, namely 7, 10, 13, 15, 16 and 18, showed antibacterial and antifungal activities, while compounds 9, 14 and 17 were devoid of antifungal and showed only antibacterial activities. The best activity was obtained by compounds 10 and 15, which were against Bacillus subtilis. The best MIC (1.90 μg/ml) and (3.9 μg/ml) were obtained by compound 10 against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Aspergillus fumigatus and Syncephalastrum racemosum were the most sensitive filamentous fungi, where compound 10 inhibited their growth at MIC (15.63 and 62.50 μg/ml), respectively.

Andrographolide, a labdane diterpenoid compound, is known to have a wide range of biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimalarial, and hepatoprotective effects. Biotransformation of andrographolide is a promising method for discovering new drugs to treat various diseases. This study aims to ferment andrographolide with chosen fungal strains and to subject the cultured extract to HPLC analysis. The HPLC profiles between two selected fungi of different biotopes were compared to evaluate their ability to perform biotransformation reactions. To perform this study, andrographolide was fermented using Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040, a tropical fungus, and R3-2 SP 17, a psychrotolerant fungi. The extraction was carried out after 4, 8, and 12 days of fermentation of andrographolide with each chosen fungi strain. The HPLC profile of the resulting extracts was compared and analyzed with the HPLC profiles of starting material, positive and negative controls. The appearance of a new peak in the HPLC profiles of the resulting extracts indicated the presence of a biotransformed metabolite of andrographolide. After comparing the HPLC profile of the resulting extract between tropical and psychrotolerant fungus, it is indicated that the psychrotolerant fungus, R3-2 SP 17, showed more promising results in the discovery of new chemical derivatives. This study would aid people, especially in the pharmaceutical field, discover a new drug to overcome infectious diseases and cancer.

Traditional medicines are still widely used because they contain notably unique therapeutically active metabolites in their native condition. This elevated the illustrious tradition of indigenous cultures and folklore claims to trace back the development of new therapeutic platforms and active leads that could meet the current needs with the minimum unforeseen health risks. Lavandula stoechas L. has the exclusive property to tutelage the brain, heart, and vital organs with unique pharmacodynamic action by expelling out brain impurity and purifying black bile. It is immensely used in insanity as a memory enhancer and nervine tonic, as per the classical Unani literature, and is termed a broom of the brain, but less erudition, improper documentation, and negligence emaciated its appreciation and recognition. While Lavandula officinalis Chaix is popularly used in modern practices in aromatherapy, mental rejuvenation, the cosmetic industry, and economic generation throughout the world due to more scientific unveiling. To corroborate the ancestral heritage and ancient therapeutic arguments with antiquated scriptures, these plants have been reviewed for their traditional uses and phytopharmacological activities.

Heterocyclic compounds are attractive candidates because of their vast applications in natural and physical sciences. Thienothiophene (TT) is an annulated ring of two thiophene rings with a stable and electron-rich structure. Thienothiophenes (TTs) fully represent the planar system, which can drastically alter or improve the fundamental properties of organic, π-conjugated materials when included into a molecular architecture. These molecules possessed many applications including, pharmaceutical as well as optoelectronic properties. Different isomeric forms of thienothiophene showed various applications such as antiviral, antitumor, antiglaucoma, antimicrobial, and as semiconductors, solar cells, organic field effect transistors, electroluminiscents etc. A number of methodologies were adopted to synthesize thienothiophene derivatives. In this review, we have addressed different synthetic strategies of various isomeric forms of thienothiophene that have been reported during last seven years, i.e., 2016–2022.

Pharmaceutical industries are increasingly turning to microbial transformation instead of chemical methods. This is because microbial biotransformation is a more effective way to produce pharmacologically active molecules with high specificity and efficient yield. Additionally, it is a step towards eco-friendly synthesis. α-Copaene (1), a tricyclic sesquiterpene, is a potent attractant of the male Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. This paper presents the utilization of the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans TSY 0865 for large-scale biotransformation of 1. α-Copaene (1) has been incubated with Cunninghamella elegans for 11 days and extracted with CH2Cl2. Four new hydroxylated metabolites 10,13-dihydroxycopaene (2); 11,13-dihydroxycopaene (3); 11-hydroxycopaen-5-one (4); and 11-hydroxy-13-copaenic acid (5) were afforded. The structures of the new metabolites were elucidated by 1D (1H, 13C) and 2D NMR (COSY, HMBC, HMQC, and NOESY) techniques and MS analyses. Metabolite 5 exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

A series of new bis-adducts, based on 2,1-benzothiazine 2,2-dioxide heterocyclic ring system were prepared. The precursor compound, 1-benzyl-2,1-benzothiazin-4(3H)one 2,2-dioxide was synthesized from methyl anthranilate through multistep reaction. It was reacted with various substituted benzaldehydes in the presence of triethylamine to get the titled series of bis-adducts. Among the series, 1-benzyl-3-((1-benzyl-4-hydroxy-2,2-dioxido-1H-benzo[c][1,2] thiazin-3-yl) (4-chloro phenyl) methyl )-1H-benzo[c][1,2]thiazin-4-olate 2,2-dioxide 6a was obtained in crystalline form as triethylammonium salt and was studied by XRD analysis. The compound was crystalized with triclinic crystal system where the alpha, beta and gamma angles are 103.374(5)degrees, 100.646(5)degrees and 111.736(6)degrees respectively. The structure elucidation of the synthesized compounds was carried out by NMR and MS techniques. The compound 6a was selected as representative molecule among a series of bis-adducts to understand electronic properties and structural parameters. For this, various sorts of DFT based analyses such as natural bond orbital (NBO), frontier molecular orbital (FMO), global reactivity parameters (GRPs), natural population analysis (NPA) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of 6a were procured at omega B97XD level along with 6-31G(d,p) basis set. NBO approach provided perceptions regarding the stability and charge migration of 6a. Furthermore, 4.837 eV band gap of HOMO/LUMO was determined and the GRPs were also accomplished with the aid of FMO energies. The findings of GRPs and NBO analyses described the chemical stability of 6a. Color plotting scheme of MEP surfaces directed towards reactive sited of 6a in terms of nucleophilicity and electrophilicity. (C) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Natural products account for 60% of the total market, making them a major source of drug discovery. Some of these are sourced from the cultivation of microorganisms. Microbial transformation is an example of the application of the cultivation of microorganisms. It is a method of modifying the chemical structure of compounds such as steroids by microorganisms. The diversity of the possible reaction types in microbial transformation includes the process of oxidation, hydroxylation, esterification, isomerization, reduction, acetylation, hydrogenation and glycosylation. Therefore, screening of new microbial strains for specific bioconversions is essential for bioprospecting. This chapter reviews a range of previous studies that have used fungi for biotransformation.

Clitoria ternatea (Family: Fabaceae) is an important medicinal plant in traditional folk medicine. This plant was found to contain various types of metabolites. Many different pharmacological effects, including antioxidant protection from illness, have been attributed to the plant's wide range of phytochemical constituents. This article provides an overview of the current phytochemical and pharmacological research as well as the traditional and medical applications of this plant. The significant and varied experimental findings have been addressed. Since C. ternatea has several conventional and pharmacological benefits in treating many illnesses. This makes it an appealing subject for future experimental and clinical investigations. Keywords: Clitoria ternatea, Butter pea flower, Extract, Biological activity.

Background: Pre-donation donor screening is a crucial step in ensuring the safety of both blood donors and recipients. Donors who do not meet predetermined criteria are temporarily or permanently deferred. Aim: To assess the patterns and prevalence of deferrals at our institution. Study design: Prospective study Place and duration of study: Karachi Tertiary Care Hospital, Karachi from 1st January 2014 to 31st December 2015. Methodology: Thirty six thousand, nine hundred and fifty four potential donors presented themselves, 33853 were selected and 3101 were excluded. Blood donors' demographic information was stored in the blood bank's database, and secondary measures such as the type of deferral (permanent/temporary) and reasons for deferral (donor or patient safety) were evaluated. Results: The majority 2663(7.20%) of donors were deferred due to complete blood count, followed by medical history 264(0.71%) and examination findings 174(0.47%). The majority of donors (96%) were temporarily deferred, while only 3.9% were permanently deferred. Low haemoglobin counts were the most frequent cause of treatment delays (78.8%), followed by hypertension (3.64%) and a history of medication usage (1.32%). Donor safety accounted for the majority of donor rejections (91.5%), while recipient safety accounted for 8.41%. Conclusion: The majority of donors were deferred due to abnormality in the profile of blood count mainly low hemoglobin level. The low hemoglobin counts were the most frequent cause of treatment delays, followed by hypertension and a history of medication usage. Only small numbers of donors were permanently deferred. Keywords: Blood donor, Deferral, Permanent, Temporary

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a complicated metabolic disorder, is due to insensitivity to insulin function or reduction in insulin secretion, which results in postprandial hyperglycemia. α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) and α-amylase inhibitors (AAIs) block the function of digestive enzymes, which delays the carbohydrate hydrolysis process and ultimately helps to control the postprandial hyperglycemia. Diversified 2-(3-(3-methoxybenzoyl)-4-hydroxy-1,1-dioxido-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazin-2-yl)-N-arylacetamides were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. The compounds with chloro, bromo and methyl substituents demonstrated good inhibition of α-glucosidase enzymes having IC50 values in the range of 25.88–46.25 μM, which are less than the standard drug, acarbose (IC50 = 58.8 μM). Similarly, some derivatives having chloro, bromo and nitro substituents were observed potent inhibitors of α-amylase enzyme, with IC50 values of 7.52 to 15.06 μM, lower than acarbose (IC50 = 17.0 μM). In addition, the most potent compound, N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-(3-methoxybenzoyl)-1,1-dioxido-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazin-2-yl)acetamide (12i), was found to be a non-competitive and competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, respectively, during kinetic studies. The molecular docking studies provided the binding modes of active compounds and the molecular dynamics simulation studies of compound 12i in complex with α-amylase also showed that the compound is binding in a fashion similar to that predicted by molecular docking studies.

The effectiveness of antibiotics has declined significantly due to development of drug resistance. Consequently, it results in millions of deaths due to infectious diseases. Many studies have suggested that bioactive compounds produced by endophytes could be an alternative to discover new antimicrobial compounds. Endophytes are microorganisms that reside within the tissues of living plants that cause no apparent harm to the host. Fungal endophytes may biosynthesize the same or similar compounds as their host plant and other diverse bioactive compounds, which provide various pharmacological activities. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct literature search on the antimicrobial properties of the isolated compounds produced by fungal endophytes associated with Rubiaceae. Literature was conducted on secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi via four databases; EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. A search filter was performed to include only research articles from 2007 to 2021. The search was restricted to publications in English only. Overall, 29 publications were selected for full-text evaluation and were included in the study. Results showed that sixteen antimicrobial metabolites were isolated from six fungal endophytes of ten different plant species were identified. These compounds were classified as alkaloid, phenol, coumarin, steroid, diterpene, and meroterpene.