We propose an ultra-compact silicon photonics (SiPh) crossbar chip for implementing optical pass-through (OPT) links for high performance computing applications. We conduct high-speed measurements for a single-wavelength OPT link and evaluate the bit error rate performance from 8 Gbps to 32 Gbps under the effect of an aggressor channel as well.

Pulmonary complications are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with autoimmune disease. Substantial evidence suggests that biological sex (i.e., regulated by genes, hormonal profiles) and gender (i.e., a social construct based on environmental, cultural and behavioral factors and choices that affect a person's self-identity) uniquely affect fundamental molecular and cellular processes related to autoimmune lung disease pathogenesis. In addition, both sex and gender can influence disease susceptibility, clinical manifestations and response to therapy in patients with autoimmune lung disease. However, female mammals are usually excluded from basic science research, and clinical studies in this area often fail to explore the impact of sex/gender on outcomes. Recognizing the inherent value in the study of sex and gender differences in autoimmune lung diseases, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) partnered with the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) and the Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH) to organize a two-day virtual sex- and gender-related autoimmune lung diseases (SG-RAILD) workshop in June 2021. The goals of the workshop were to discuss the influences of sex and gender on autoimmune lung diseases with a focus on novel experimental methods. Specifically, Workshop participants from diverse areas suggested innovative strategies for enhancing scientific rigor and facilitating new discovery in this area. The present Workshop report summarizes opportunities for future sex- and gender-informed preclinical and clinical research. The report also provides suggestions for training future scientists to carry this research forward.

We present progress toward an open Silicon photonics ecosystem targeted at computercom applications. The ecosystem is centered around a development kit comprising verified devices that can be laid out and simulated using industry-standard tools and fabricated in a commercial foundry. The ecosystem includes partners for testing, attaching fiber, and packaging of the finished photonics integrated circuits.

We present a 3D-integrated DWDM silicon photonics receiver having 24 independent channels. 16-Gb/s optical data transmission is successfully demonstrated with energy efficiency of 1 pJ/bit which enables aggregate bandwidth of 384 Gb/s.

Electronics and photonics are foundational technologies that enable today’s big data era. For decades Moore's Law guided exponential growth of computing capacity in silicon chips, and generated data was transported globally through long-haul fiber-optic network. However, exponentially growing data is accelerating past the computing limits of Moore’s Law. On the other hand, conventional copper interconnect has already reached its physical limit, which requires a much larger volume of fiber-optic links to meet demands in bandwidth, power consumption and reach inside datacenters and supercomputers. Silicon photonics is one of the revolutionary innovations in the new Millennium, aiming to replicate the huge success of long-haul communications in datacom applications but with a fraction of traditional solution costs. Here we discuss our novel microresonator-based dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) transceiver architecture and recent progress on key silicon photonic building blocks, integration platforms, and several critical post-wafer fabrication steps for upcoming large-scale production. Innovations from materials, device structure, fabrication, testing, modeling, and packaging are covered in detail.

We investigate the intensity and phase noise properties of GaAs-based 1060 nm oxide-confined single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and their dependence on slope efficiency and current spreading, parameters that control the achievable output power.We find strong dependence of the linewidth on slope efficiency because it affects the optical resonator loss and therefore the spontaneous emission rate and the photon density.Likewise, we find strong dependence of the relative intensity noise on the slope efficiency since the optical resonator loss controls the photon lifetime, and therefore the damping of the relaxation oscillations.There is no noticeable dependence on transverse current confinement and current spreading.We measure linewidths as small as 6 MHz which we attribute to a small linewidth enhancement factor.This assumption is supported by calculations of the linewidth enhancement factor from optical resonator and optical gain simulations.The dependencies of noise on design parameters are general and therefore valid for single-mode VCSELs at other wavelengths and in other material systems.

We are developing a 1x8 single mode (SM) optical interface to facilitate the adoption of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) silicon photonic (SiPh) optical interconnects in exascale computing systems. A common method for fiber attachment to SiPh transceivers is ‘pigtailing’- the permanent adhesive bonding of fiber/v-groove arrays to onchip grating couplers (GC). This approach precludes standard high throughput surface mounting and solder reflow assembly of the transceiver onto system printed circuit boards. Our approach replaces the fixed pigtail with a low profile, small form factor, detachable expanded beam optical connector which consists of four essential parts: a GC array, a surface mount glass microlens array chip, an injection molded solder reflowable optical socket, and an injection molded SM light turn ferrule. The optical socket and ferrule are supplied by US Conec Ltd. To design the GC, we developed an optical simulator that considers CMOS foundry constraints in the optimization process. On-wafer measurements of the GC coupling loss to SMF28 fiber at 1310nm is ~1.4dB with a 1dB bandwidth of ~22nm. This ensures a wide low loss spectral window for at least 16 DWDM channels. The geometry of the optical system is arranged so that only a simple spherical lens is required for efficient mode matching in the expanded beam space. The fiber to fiber insertion loss through the light turn ferrule, two microlenses and GCs, and a looped back SOI waveguide ranged from 4.1-6.3dB, with insertion loss repeatability of 0.2dB after multiple mating cycles.

Data communication in silicon photonic interconnects requires efficient and broadband on/off-chip coupling components. Recently, perfectly vertically-emitting grating couplers have been proposed to increase spatial I/O density of the optical link and potentially improve manufacturing costs and ease of optical beam characterization. In this article, adjoint optimization was leveraged in the design of low-loss single (silicon) and dual layer (silicon + silicon nitride) perfectly-vertical grating couplers that are compatible with a scalable silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform for the 65 nm CMOS technology node. In simulation, the best design peaks at -0.52 dB insertion loss with a 1 dB-bandwidth of 24 nm at the 1310 nm datacom wavelength.

Kussmaul positivity corresponds more closely with advanced pulmonary vascular pathology, leading to reduced right ventricular output reserve both at rest and during exercise.

We demonstrate a 4×112 Gbps/fiber VCSEL link using a co-packaged coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) optical module. A complete co-packaged CWDM module can achieve a 2.668 Tb/s aggregated bandwidth by assembling four 1×6 VCSEL arrays.

Background: Although patients with CTD-PAH comprise approximately one third of the overall PAH population, the literature on survival outcomes in CTD-PAH patients overall and by CTD subtype is limited by small sample sizes. We conducted a meta-analysis of more than 4,000 patients with CTD-PAH enrolled in observational registries. Objectives: To determine survival rates in patients with CTD-PAH overall and by CTD subtypes. Methods: The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for English-only articles published between January 1, 2000 and November 25, 2019. Inclusion criteria were multicenter registries of adults with WHO group 1 pulmonary hypertension (PAH); conducted in 2000 or later; and survival data for ≥30 patients with CTD-PAH. Meta-analysis of survival was performed using a random-effects model. Survival was estimated for CTD-PAH overall; for CTD-PAH stratified by registries primarily conducted before and after 2010 to assess the impact of new therapies, as well as combination therapy approaches targeting multiple pathways; and for CTD subtypes (systemic sclerosis [SSc] and systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE]). Results: Nineteen registries met inclusion criteria and reported data on 4,008 patients with CTD-PAH. Of these patients, 1,485 had SSc, 456 had SLE, and CTD subtype was not specified in 2,067. CTD-PAH patients had a mean age of 55 years and 87% were female. Most patients (70%) had functional class III or IV disease and the mean 6-minute walk distance at enrollment was 327 m. Among registries that enrolled patients of all PAH etiologies (N=7,829), survival rates in the CTD-PAH subpopulation (n=2113), were 83%, 73%, and 62% at 1-, 2-, and 3- years, respectively. These survival rates were lower than those reported for the overall PAH population: 88%, 79%, and 72% at 1-, 2-, and 3- years, respectively. Numerically higher survival rates at 1-, 2-, and 3- years were observed in CTD-PAH patients treated in 2010 and later: 85% vs 90%, 74% vs 82%, and 65% vs 73%. Among all CTD-PAH patients, survival rates were lower for patients with SSc compared to those with SLE: 88% vs 92%, 75% vs 90%, 67% vs 87% at 1-, 2-, and 3- years, respectively (Figure). Conclusion: Patients with CTD-PAH have a substantial risk of death, however, CTD-PAH patients treated within the last ten years have numerically higher survival rates than those treated earlier. This may be related to increased screening for PAH, especially in SSc (leading to earlier diagnosis) and/or the availability of new treatment approaches. Consistent with clinical observations, patients with SSc have worse survival rates than those with SLE. Given the high risk of mortality in these patients, early detection and upfront aggressive treatment are warranted. References: Acknowledgments: This analysis was funded by Actelion Pharmaceuticals. Disclosure of Interests: Dinesh Khanna Shareholder of: Eicos, Grant/research support from: NIH NIAID, NIH NIAMS, Consultant of: Acceleron, Actelion, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Corbus, Galapagos, Genentech/Roche, GSK, Mitsubishi Tanabi, Sanofi-Aventis/Genzyme, UCB Pharma, Carol Zhao Shareholder of: Actelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc., Employee of: Actelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc., Lorinda Chung Grant/research support from: United Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Consultant of: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Eicos Sciences, Gerry Coghlan Grant/research support from: Johnson & Johnson, Consultant of: Bayer, Johnson & Johnson, GlaxoSmithKline, Speakers bureau: Bayer, Johnson & Johnson, GlaxoSmithKline, Rajan Saggar Grant/research support from: Actelion, Gilead Science, United Therapeutics, Consultant of: Actelion, Gilead Science, United Therapeutics, Speakers bureau: Actelion, Gilead Science, United Therapeutics, Stephen Mathai Consultant of: Actelion, Liquidia, Arena, United Therapeutics, Mehul Shah Shareholder of: Actelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc, Employee of: Actelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc, John Hartney Shareholder of: Actelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc, Employee of: Actelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc, Vallerie McLaughlin Grant/research support from: Reata Pharmaceutics, SoniVie, United Therapeutics, Bayer, Acceleron, Actelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc., Consultant of: Actelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc., Acceleron, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Bayer, Caremark, CiVi Biopharma, United Therapeutics

We demonstrate effective transmitter equalization for 850nm, 980nm, and 1060nm VCSELs and 100m OM5 links enabling 78Gbps PAM-2 and >100Gbps PAM-4 100m error free links. Extracted link penalties reveal net fibre dispersion and RIN enhancement create small to negligible power penalties for all wavelengths.

Objective A prognostic equation and risk score calculator derived from the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-term Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Disease Management (REVEAL) are being used to predict 1-year survival in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but little is known about the performance of these REVEAL survival prediction tools in systemic sclerosis (SSc)-associated PAH (SSc-PAH). Methods Prospectively gathered data from the Johns Hopkins Pulmonary Hypertension Program and Pulmonary Hypertension Assessment and Recognition of Outcome in Scleroderma Registries were used to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the REVEAL models for predicting the probability of 1-year survival in patients with SSc-PAH. Model discrimination was assessed by comparison of the Harrell's C-index, model fit was assessed using multivariable regression techniques, and model calibration was assessed by comparing predicted to observed survival estimates. Results The validation cohort consisted of 292 SSc-PAH patients with a 1-year survival rate of 87.4%. The C-index for predictive accuracy of the REVEAL prognostic equation (0.734, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.652-0.816) and for the risk score (0.743, 95% CI 0.663-0.823) demonstrated good discrimination, comparable to that in the model development cohort. The calibration slope was 0.707 (95% CI 0.400-1.014), indicating that the overall model fit was marginal (P = 0.06). The magnitude of risk assigned to low distance on the 6-minute walk test (6MWD) and elevated serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was lower in the validation cohort than was originally seen in the REVEAL derivation cohort. Model calibration was poor, particularly for the highest risk groups. Conclusion In predicting 1-year survival in patients newly diagnosed as having SSc-PAH, the REVEAL prognostic equation and risk score provide very good discrimination but poor calibration. REVEAL prediction scores should be interpreted with caution in newly diagnosed SSc-PAH patients, particularly those with higher predicted risk of poor 1-year survival resulting from a low 6MWD or a high BNP serum level.

We investigate the use of a 1060 nm single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and a 1060 nm single-mode fiber as a competitive single-mode technology for cost and power-efficient long-reach optical interconnects. Error-free transmission (bit error rate < 10(-12)) over 2 km is demonstrated at bitrates up to 40 Gb/s under on-off keying non-return-to-zero (OOK-NRZ) modulation, without equalization, forward-error correction, or other forms of digital signal processing. The VCSEL is extensively characterized with respect to its static and dynamic performances, including the power-voltage-current characteristics, spectral characteristics, beam divergence, modulation response, relative intensity noise, and frequency chirp. The measured dependence of power penalty on fiber length is consistent with an analysis of chirp-induced pulse compression and broadening along the negative chromatic dispersion fiber.

We experimentally demonstrate error-free (BER <10−12) rates beyond 100Gbps over 100m OM5 using unpackaged 1060nm VCSELs. Power penalties of PAM-2/PAM-4 are examined demonstrating OM5 fiber capacity to support wavelengths to 1060nm with only transmitter equalization.