Designing and developing a routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs) has always been challenging due to the unpredictable and harsh nature of the underwater environment. Opportunistic routing for UWASNs can provide a way to enhance network performance, using the broadcast nature of the acoustic wireless medium. However, the majority of opportunistic routing protocols only focus on network lifetime, hence the communication link often suffers from propagation delay and excessive packet overhead. In this article, the Hybrid Message Encoding based Routing Protocol (HMERP) is proposed, which takes advantage of the wireless acoustic broadcast medium to cope with the dynamic nature of the UWASNs. HMERP incorporates a novel message encoding algorithm to optimize inter-node packet transmission in a dynamic underwater environment. Additionally, a hybrid routing framework is proposed to integrate deterministic routing with opportunistic listening. To enhance network throughput, the proposed routing protocol proactively initiates the path-switching mechanism and establishes an optimized routing path with minimal hop value towards the sink node. Thorough tests of the simulated network show that the proposed routing protocol reduces the propagation time, energy consumption of the nodes, and increases the packet delivery ratio compared to classical opportunistic-based routing protocols.

In a dynamic underwater environment, reliable data transmission and energy conservation of the sensor nodes remain a challenging task. With this aim, an energy-efficient dynamic cluster-based routing algorithm for an underwater acoustic sensor network is proposed in this article. Unlike traditional cluster-based routing protocols, the proposed method employs an unequal clustering methodology and divides the deployed network into multiple groups based on node communication range and current position. Each node evaluates and compares its fitness index to compete for the cluster head. From each group, the most suitable cluster head is elected in a non-probabilistic way to ensure optimal performance of the network. Due to the underwater node mobility and changing network configuration, a flexible cluster formation methodology is proposed. A robust multi-hop routing methodology, along with adaptive data aggregation, is also adopted to relay the data packets through the most energy-efficient routing paths. This unique coordination of non-uniform and flexible clustering, robust multi-hop routing, and dynamic aggregation shows increased network lifetime and throughput. The performance of the proposed routing protocol has been comprehensively evaluated through multiple simulations and benchmarked against existing underwater clustering schemes. Relative to the traditional methods, the results show that the proposed routing scheme extends the network lifetime in terms of the total number of alive nodes and achieves a higher packet delivery ratio. Moreover, the protocol demonstrates robustness under varying network conditions with overall balanced energy consumption.

The sustainability and productivity of modern aquaculture are strongly influenced by the continuous monitoring of water quality. Conventional water quality monitoring relies on fixed sensing stations where operational costs increase. To overcome this limitation, continuous real-time monitoring of aquatic environments is essential for sustained and efficient fish production. Rapid development in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile sensor nodes for real-time water quality monitoring has the potential to improve and modernize aquaculture practices. This article presents a cloud-based IoT framework with integration of an underwater mobile sensor node for real-time water-quality data collection across diverse aquatic environments. The proposed IoT-based water-quality monitoring framework aims for a more user-friendly approach through reduced operational complexity and cost, with increased operational lifetime. The developed monitoring framework utilizes different environmental sensors, such as pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen sensors, with a Raspberry Pi 5 microprocessor to form a complete embedded system. The collected water-quality data is then transmitted to a cloud monitoring platform using a LoRa module for further remote analysis. The development process of the underwater mobile sensor node includes an efficient approach for internal space allocation, optimized sensor workflow, and an intelligent navigation framework. The developed mobile sensor node is then deployed for collecting data from five different water bodies with varying environmental conditions and dimensions. For more reliable water-quality analysis, the data have been collected at different times of day. The collected data is then compared with standard reference values of different water-quality parameters to determine whether the water body is suitable or unsuitable for aquaculture.

This article describes the construction and control mechanisms of a multiple control wheelchair (MCW) aimed to aid individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and lower limb disabilities. The MCW has been tested in the laboratory on a total of 10 patients, among them 3 with lower limb disabilities, 6 elderly patients, and 1 patient with ALS. The proposed wheelchair can navigate in any direction using object detection techniques powered by OpenCV. Employing a deep learning algorithm, it performs real-time object detection and tracks its current position in various environmental conditions. The MCW can be controlled using a joystick, internet of things (IoT), or a combination of both. A novel aspect of this work is the implementation of a deep learning framework on a Raspberry Pi processor, allowing the wheelchair to navigate in any direction based on the user's needs. The Raspberry Pi interfaces with all sensors, camera, and additional peripherals through serial communication, enabling monitoring and control via an android mobile application. This setup effectively reduces the physical distance between the user and the caregiver. During the test, a range of functional measurements were taken, including assessments of the object detection process and the performance of hardware components such as sensors and motors connected to the system. The current system is unable to precisely determine an object's position during detection, but ongoing research is focused on enhancing the system's capability to accurately map objects in 3D space for improved wheelchair navigation.

SummaryThe characterization of four different materials, Taconic (D1), FR4 (D2), Lab material (D3), and Created material (D4) using the ring resonator technique, is presented in this study along with a comparison of antenna performance using standard and measured dielectric constant ( ) and loss tangent ( ) values. This article discussed the comparison of antenna performances on four distinct dielectric materials to verify their efficiencies. Standard values of for the reported materials are 2.20, 4.40, 2.33, and 10.45 for D1, D2, D3, and D4, respectively, with corresponding values of 0.0009, 0.02, 0.0012, and 0.00032. The and for the materials D1, D2, D3, and D4 are calculated as 2.10, 4.56, 2.51, and 9.89 and 0.00094, 0.01927, 0.0013, and 0.0003025, respectively, using a ring resonator. The materials are utilized as the substrate for a printed single layer Y‐Shape 5G‐IoT antenna in order to validate the measured results. According to the findings of this study, the measurement of using the resonator approach exhibited errors of 4.54%, 3.63%, 7.82%, and 5.33%, respectively, while the has errors of 04.44%, 03.65%, 08.33%, and 5.47% for materials D1, D2, D3, and D4, respectively. The outcomes of this work include the numerical calculation of the and of four materials and the validation of the measured values using a Y‐Shape 5G‐IoT antenna in the millimeter‐wave 5G frequency bands. Additionally, the values calculated mathematically are compared with the values obtained from the conventional ring resonator.

Antennas with a high gain, good radiation efficiency, and an omnidirectional radiation pattern over a wide bandwidth will be able to solve some of the issues of existing communication networks. In this work a comparative analysis of different types of 5G antenna along with their performance improvements techniques are discussed. In this study we also proposed a simple planar printed antenna which is also offered high gain and desired radiation efficiencies. The proposed work is different in that, despite being a planar printed antenna, the antenna achieves a wider bandwidth of 4.5 GHz, peak gain of 11.6 dB, radiation efficiency of 92%, VSWR of 1.2, and SAR of 1.42 W/Kg for 1 g of tissue by utilising a U-shape slot over the radiating patch structure, and also useful for 5G-IoT-based infrastructure developments as a replacement for multi-layer antennas.

This paper presents a model using log-logistics accelerated failure time approach based on the traffic accident records collected in the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India in 2018-2019. This research work provides a series of approaches for identifying different critical elements to model accident prediction and clearance timing in freeways systems. Specifically, the innovative solutions are aimed at not only developing a prediction model but also analysing severity indicators like property damage, number of injuries, fatalities, etc. At the process level, the models are concerned with different variables, which play vital roles in real-life scenarios. The proposed model also keeps track of different random variables and is able to forecast possible accidents that may save several lives. Under influence of those random keys, this analysis also provides few suggestive proposals to take necessary precautions to reduce accident impacts and enhance traffic safety and the accident management process.

A multimodal biometric system can be processed on more than one biometric feature and make the authentication process more impactful in comparison with the traditional identification system. Here in this paper, with the help of discrete cosine transformation (DCT), Hough transformation technique, and discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) we have designed a decision-level fusion-based authentication. In our proposed authentication model, the system will take the face, ear, and iris images individually and doing DCT, DWT, and Hough transformation, finally apply decision level fusion for the biometric features extraction. Our proposed system has more authentication capability due to iris authentication features, which cannot be easily tampered with. This experimental process clearly shows that the proposed multimodal systems have more efficiency, reliability, and are more robust than other existing biometric multimodal systems and are able to authenticate with or without wearing a surgical face mask, useful for hazardous and contaminated environments.

In this article, the hazard-based accident duration model and the reaction time due to various types of distractions are considered. This analysis is mainly considered T-junction or T-junctions like all other forms of road geometries which are more prone to accident. The model proposed is constructed by using a electronics devices along with driving simulator, to study the behavior of the yang inexperienced drivers as well as an experienced driver about their reaction by calling their phone from unknown numbers intentionally. The results show that drivers distracted by mobile phones uses the hard breaking due to least available time to respond after identification of an event. Some of the research and theory bearing on decision making and risk perception, driver situation awareness, and possible mediators of risk-taking is also analyzed here.

Summary A well‐optimized and well‐performed communication network protocol is necessary to build successful underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs). But for wired and wireless communication, medium access control (MAC) has a great effect on network performance and optimization. But unlike land‐based MAC protocols, underwater MAC protocols come with various challenges and issues like high propagation delay, limited bandwidth for communication signals, large attenuation in network signals, and the high noise level in signals. It is very challenging to build a well‐optimized underwater MAC protocol. Also, in UWASN, sensor nodes are generally divided into sub‐network parts to reduce the propagation delay of data signals. But this creates the problem of non‐uniform traffic load in sensor nodes. So, considering these issues, dynamic hold time MAC (DHT‐MAC) protocol is proposed here. In this protocol, depending on the distance from the central node, sensor nodes are divided into two sub‐network zones (parent node and child node). Depending on the traffic load and propagation delay, the child nodes can change their respective parent nodes dynamically. Advantage of the proposed method is that, if any of the parent nodes stops working, the child node will connect to the nearest parent node. When collecting the data signals, it has been observed that child nodes have a light traffic load compared to parent nodes. So dynamic cooperative transmission MAC (DCT‐MAC) protocol which is a contention‐based MAC protocol has been used in child nodes and as parent nodes have high traffic load, reservation‐based MAC protocol has been used.

This study presents a Single Input Single Output (SISO) antenna as an alternative to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems for automotive applications. The proposed system can be installed on the vehicle’s roof in a low-profile enclosure. With appropriate physical dimensions, each MIMO system delivers excellent performance across the whole band. However, significant coupling with resonating sections is the fundamental issue with MIMO antennas. In this study, a review of several MIMO antennas will be undertaken to determine the feasibility of moving away from typical Sub-6 GHz 5G frequency bands and the 5.9 GHz band to mm-Wave bands SISO antenna systems for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). The proposed Y-Shape SISO antenna covers the major mm-Wave 5G frequency bands of 26.5 GHz and 2S GHz with a peak gain of 4.9 dB, radiation efficiency of 81%, maximum VSWR of 1.6, and wider bandwidth of 5 GHz. In the result analysis section, a detailed comparison of the proposed SISO Y-Shape antenna with current works based on MIMO antennas suited for automotive applications is also provided to determine the suitability of the proposed antenna in an automotive environment and ITS.

A unique miniaturized and optimized Multiband coplanar waveguide (CPW-fed) antenna for modern wireless communication is presented. A new technique of using a Modified Ground Structure (MGS) and Frequency Shifting Strips (FSS), along with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) and Metamaterial (MTM) loading have been employed in the design to achieve the Multi-frequency operation. The proposed antenna generates four separate impedance bandwidths and covers the minimum required frequency bands of GSM 1800/1900, Wi-Fi/WLAN 5.2/5.5 GHz and WiMAX 3.3/10.3 GHz. The antenna is relatively small in size 17×20 mm2 and operates over the frequency ranges of 1.45–2.08, 2.87–3.44, 5.01–5.58, and 8.89–10.69 GHz. The designed antenna was simulated using the Ansoft HFSS, a FEM-based simulator. This paper presents the simulated characteristics of antenna including the reflection coefficient, gain, radiation efficiency, radiation pattern, impedance bandwidth, VSWR, the surface current and electric field distributions. Antenna’s key structural parameters and their effects on the antenna performance were also studied.

Summary In this article, a wideband planar antenna is proposed for 5G mobile communications, satellite communication, and Internet of Things (IoT)‐enabled applications. The proposed antenna consists of a rectangular radiating patch and two I‐shaped tuning stubs, excited by two I‐shape microstrip lines. The antenna of size (17 × 20 × 1) mm 3 is designed using FR4 material having a dielectric constant ( ) of 4.4. Simulated results illustrate that the antenna operates with a radiation efficiency of 90% and a peak gain of 9.33 dBi. The achieved bandwidth of 161.54 GHz ranging from 31.6 to 193.14 GHz covers the licensed and planned bands of 5G communication (n257, n258, n259, n260, and n261). This antenna will support lower bands within 30 GHz (X, K, Ka, middle frequency bands), within 110 GHz (Q, U, V, W, F bands), and upper‐frequency bands up to 170 GHz (D‐band) used for satellite communication. The IoT framework is required to be updated, by ultra‐high‐speed antennas, which will improve the user experience in the fields like agriculture, communication, education, and transportation. A comparative study between the proposed antenna and other existing antennas with supporting results such as VSWR, impedance bandwidth, radiation efficiency, and gain is also presented in this work.

As the technologies in different fields are developing rapidly to improve society for the betterment of human life, more and more environmental problems are arising. Water is one of the most crucial elements for human life to sustain on this planet. So to monitor the coantinuous supply of filtered and purified water is becoming more important nowadays. Now, most of the monitoring systems that are present today are not automated and also equipped with the same repeated process and also very time-consuming. In this proposed work we present a water quality monitoring system that will be consists of various spring water quality measuring sensors, microcontroller for processing gathered data and various communication systems for node communication with the cloud server. To access the gathered data from remote places various monitoring system and the Internet of Things (IoT) is implicated in the system. And to display spring water quality data in an interactive form on the user side, a separate cloud server can be used and a unique IP address can be provided so a user can access the collected data. Also, the gathered values will be compared with standard values and if the values are above the set-threshold value, an automated warning SMS alert will be sent to the user. The uniqueness of the proposed system is modularity, low power consumption, and low propagation delay.

This paper presents a hybrid control wheelchair with a slope assistive control, especially for the inclined plane and hilly region. This device uses multiple sensor networks to locate the surrounding environment and terrain to facilitate control movement. A BLDC hub motor is used to provide forward and backward motions. A high torque servo motor is used as the steering wheel. The central control unit can also be controlled by manually, automatically, and through the internet. The proposed wheelchair overcomes the limitations and drawbacks of uphill and downhill movements in the existing systems. The test was carried out using the prototype with an inclined 10-degree ramp, which proved that the slope assistance has a beneficial and significant impact in comparison with a manual wheelchair. It has been demonstrated that users can perform all required functions with a better control strategy, enhancing the effectiveness of traditional wheelchairs.

Approximately 20 million people die every year of road accidents, mainly caused due to ignorance of road safety norms and traffic rules. Drivers’ experience and prudence still have to be relied upon to prevent vehicle accidents. Here, an algorithm is developed to prevent T-bone accidents, rear-end and head-on collisions, pedestrians accidents. Using Raspberry Pi 4 Model B with 8 GB RAM as processing unit, importing OpenCV library into python 3; an intensive dynamic real-time algorithm for the effective rear end and adjacent collision avoidance module is developed on the framework of deep learning architecture(DLA) for image categorization. In this work, real-time object identification, distance estimation, and tracking of the instantaneous position are performed in all environmental conditions using a deep learning algorithm without any additional sensors. The Raspberry Pi NoIR Camera Module V2 keeps sending the captured frames in real-time to feed the MobileNet DLA for Single Shot Multibox Detection (SSD). The attributes of the preceding obstructions are utilized in such a way that the live-distance between vehicles and other objects is approximated successfully by providing the instantaneous positional information whereby generating warning signal on exigency with a processing speed of 0.09 s per frame (11 fps). The real-time output data are analyzed by multivariate analysis and a 3x3x9 repeated measures ANOVA. The result shows that Multimodal Early Accident Alarming System is highly effective for distractive drivers.

Technologies in various fields are developing and growing rapidly as science is getting better and more optimized. Most of this development are introduced to make the human life better and modernized with the cost of more environmental problems. Water pollution is one of the most alarming factors among various environmental pollutions. Fresh and clean water supply is the basing need for all of the living organisms in this planet. So, monitoring various water parameters in real-time like turbidity, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) level, conductivity, etc. is becoming more and more important. In this paper, a modular and cost-effective real-time water parameter monitor system has been proposed. This system is equipped with various sensor nodes to monitor various physical and chemical parameters of water. And then the measured data will be sent to a secure IoT cloud server autonomously to be viewed on the internet using a web page. Also cloud computing method will be used which will compare gathered data with set-threshold value and result will be displayed to the user. Depending on this result a water-supply valve can be de controlled.

The diffraction efficiency of a recorded Holographic optical element changes with change in wavelength of reconstruction wave even for on-Bragg angle reconstruction. Diffraction efficiency also falls with change in angle of reconstruction with respect to Bragg angle for reconstruction wave of a given wavelength. Therefore, to achieve appreciable diffraction efficiency operation of Holographic Optical Elements at different operating wavelengths, processing parameters namely film-thickness (d), depth of refractive index modulation (delta n), and fringe spacing (?) must be optimized accordingly. In present work thickness (d) of the film of the recording medium, depth of refractive index modulation (delta n), and fringe spacing (?) have been optimized for holographic optical elements to be recorded in dichromated gelatin medium to achieve maximum efficiency operation for three different optical transmission windows 800-900 nm, 1250 - 1350 nm and 1500-1600 nm operating at wavelengths 850 nm, 1310 nm, and 1550 nm respectively. A pair of such designed holographic optical elements can advantageously be used for coupling laser light from one fiber end to another fiber end. It is further shown that a single coupler consisting of properly designed holographic optical elements may be used for optical transmission windows 1250-1350 nm and 1500-1600 nm operating at wavelengths 1310 nm, and 1550 nm respectively.

Summary A small wideband Y‐shaped antenna is presented in this paper. A monopole of Y‐shaped with two rectangular‐shape frequency shifting strip is used to produce a compact dimension of 10 mm × 12 mm on a 1‐mm‐thick FR4 substrate. The antenna has an impedance bandwidth (measured below −10 dB from 39.57 to 44.63 GHz), a gain more than 4.9 dB, radiation efficiency of 81%, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) < 2, within the bandwidth of interest, making it a viable option for 5G applications. The use of a (01.7850 × 2.6775 × 00.02) mm 3 metallic strip located above the feed line is also shown to efficiently increase the antenna bandwidth to values greater than 5 GHz without affecting the other antenna parameters. Additionally, the measured results in comparison with the simulated results reveal negligible changes, confirming that the proposed antenna is also suitable for the applications of 5G with Internet of Things.