India is a partner in ITER and plans to test its lead lithium ceramic blanket test blanket module. This component is embedded with a large number of cooling channels of different profiles and, therefore, is a challenging component to fabricate. Cooling channel reconstruction by employing high-power laser welding provides a promising scheme to fabricate this component. Cooling channel reconstruction was demonstrated in American Society for Testing and Materials A387 Gr91 steel using high-power CO2 laser welding. A scheme for fabrication of scale models of different subcomponents, like the first wall (FW) and inner back plate, and assembly of the two subcomponents employing the cooling channel reconstruction scheme was demonstrated. The steady-state temperature field around the weld joint was computed using the welding and heat treatment simulation solution package SYSWELD. These weld joints were characterized for microstructure at different length scales, microhardness, and room-temperature tensile properties.This paper presents the scheme used for cooling channel reconstruction and the results of the weld joint characterization. The scheme for fabrication of the scale model of the FW, the inner back plate, and joining of the two subcomponents using the cooling channel reconstruction approach is also described in this paper.

Kidney, as excretory organ of our body serves important function of excretion of waste products, regulation of fluid volume and electrolyte content etc. Damage to kidney can lead to severe life threatening complications.Diuretics are drugs capable of increasing levels of urine.Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Butea monosperma flowers were tested for diuretic activity in rats.The parameters studied on individual rat were body weight before and after test period, total urine volume urine concentration of Na + , K + and Cl -.In the present study alcoholic and aqueous extracts of was investigated.Butea monosperma flowers (100 mg/kg of body weight) showed increase in urine volume, cation and anion excretion.Furosemide was used as reference diuretic.

The majority of infants that become distressed in labour have had a normal antenatal course. Currently there is no way of identifying infants at high risk of intra-partum problems. The fetal cerebro-umbilical ratio has been suggested as a marker of placental function and has been shown to be significantly lower in growth restricted infants. We investigated if measurement of the fetal cerebro-umbilical ratio prior to labour could identify babies at high risk of intra-partum fetal distress. In this prospective study, 250 women with uncomplicated term pregnancies underwent a pre-labour ultrasound assessment. The fetal cerebro-umbilical ratio (Middle Cerebral artery pulsatility index/Umbilical artery pulsatility index) was recorded. Labour was then managed as routine. Information obtained from the ultrasound scan was not made available to staff managing the labour. Intra-partum and neonatal outcome details were then recorded. Infants born by emergency caesarean section for fetal distress had significantly lower mean cerebro-umbilical ratios (1.47), compared to infants delivered by spontaneous vaginal delivery (1.80) (p = <0.001), or by instrumental delivery for a prolonged 2nd stage (1.94) (p = <0.001). Thirty six percent of infants with a cerebro-umbilical ratio <10th centile required delivery by emergency caesarean section due to fetal distress, compared with 0% of infants with a cerebro-umbilical ratio >90th centile. This data suggests that measurement of the cerebro-umbilical ratio in normal term pregnancies can identify a cohort of infants at increased risk of intra-partum fetal compromise. Pre-labour measurement of the cerebro-umbilical ratio may therefore be helpful in the intra-partum management of selected cases.

Introduction The aim of this study is to assess the perinatal and maternal outcome when severe growth restriction (Estimated Fetal Weight –EFW </= 3rd centile) was diagnosed by ultrasound before 24 weeks gestation. Methods This was a retrospective study including cases over 9 year period (2003-2011) in two tertiary centres in London. Cases with estimated fetal weight less than or equivalent to the 3rd centile at or before 24 weeks were identified. Those with chromosomal abnormalities or associated structural abnormalities were excluded. Appropriate cases were identified using fetal medicine and maternity databases. Outcome of pregnancy and neonatal outcome, the incidence of caesarean sections and admission to neonatal unit were studied. Results In total, 26 cases of severe growth restriction diagnosed before or at 24 weeks were identified. 15/26 (57.7%) were nulliparous women. Pre-eclampsia complicated 5 (19.2%) cases. Uterine Artery and Umbilical Artery Dopplers were abnormal in 69.2% and 61.5% of the cases respectively. Twelve out of 15 (80%) liveborn babies were delivered by caesarean section. Twelve out of 15 (80%) liveborn neonates required neonatal unit admission. One neonate died. Congenital CMV, craniosynostosis and Aortic coarctation were detected postnatally in one case each. Conclusion When severe IUGR was detected before 24 weeks, more than half of pregnancies resulted in neonatal survival (until discharge). There is an increased incidence of delivery by caesarean section and admission into neonatal unit. Multi centre studies involving larger numbers with long term outcome are required to give more information on prognosis.

Background Career choice of medical students plays a vital role for health care system of a country. It also plays a crucial role to bring medical specialties into mainstream focus. Materials and Method A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study has been performed at Manipal College of Medical Sciences, during the period of 1st May to 31st August–2011. A self reported questionnaire was given to the undergraduate medical students of Basic sciences. Questionnaire included career choices, nature of career, reason for choice, and education level and occupation in their parents. Results Data was collected from 269 medical students, among them 145 males and 124 female students participated in the study. The mean age of Indian (85, 31.6%), Nepalese (110, 40.9%) and Sri Lankan (74, 27.5%) students were 18.3 ± SD 0.7, 18.6 ± SD 0.8 and 18.0 ± SD 1.5 years respectively. Education and Occupation of parents seems to influence the determination of career choice in case of Medical students (p<0.01). Females have 2.19 times preference of choosing Medicine and 0.22 times Surgery compared to males (p<0.01). In case of Nepali male students, Surgery (60.3%) was the most preferred Postgraduate subject followed by medicine (20.6%) and in female students, medicine (44.7%) and OBG (31.9%). But in case of Indian male students 58.0% & 31.4% female students want to choose surgery as their career. 53.1% of the Sri-Lankan male students want to choose medicine as their post graduation and apart from these 50% of the female students also, which is followed by surgery 46.9% (male) and 21.4% (female) respectively. Conclusion Our study supports that Post-graduation in clinical specialties is always preferred over Basic sciences due to more interaction with patients and the practical aspects of medical profession. The relatively less popularity of some streams may show long-term impact on the health of health system of Nepal. Medical Universities have to modify their academic intervention activities to improve the basic science teaching learning programme in Nepal to turn around the deficiency of post graduates in this stream.http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v1i4.5754 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2011;1(4):126-134

The objective of this study was to analyse the childhood outcome of antenatally diagnosed cleft lip palate. This was an observational study from 2002 to 2008. During the study period there were 82 cases identified antenatally with a resultant 57 live births. Follow-up data on 44 cases (44/57, 77%) were obtained with a follow-up age ranging from 24 to 50 months. The majority of cases (22 cases, 50%) had a single operation, followed by 20 cases (45.5%) who had two operations and only two cases (4.5%) had three operations. Of the 44 cases, 26 (59.1%) required speech therapy, 14 (31.8%) needed further dental treatment/surgery and 4 (9.1%) needed additional otorhinological treatment. Only 4 cases (9.1%) required ophthalmology follow-up. Only two (4.5%) children had significant feeding problems. All parents reported are happy with the cosmetic outcome following surgery. Conclusion Although a slight majority of cases in this series required a single operative procedure a significant number also required two surgical procedures. The most common post-surgical complication was speech difficulties.

The objective of this study was to investigate the association of fetal weight with stillbirth at a major tertiary center. This was a population based cohort study. Deliveries (n=38 597) between January 2000 and January 2008 were identified from the maternity database. 310 cases of stillbirths were identified and pregnancy details obtained from the delivery suite register and obstetric notes. During the study period the stillbirth rate was 8.03 per 1000 (310/38 587). The incidence of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) fetuses (excluding structural malformation, aneuploidy, multiple pregnancy, maternal complications and infection) was 30.3% (94/310) compared with 27.1% (84/310) in SGA stillbirth cohort (84/310). More than half of the AGA cohort (48/94, 51.1%) occurred in late gestation (>32 weeks). The majority of stillbirths in the AGA cohort were unexplained. In conclusion, stillbirth occurs at least as frequently in appropriately grown fetuses as it does in small for gestational age babies. More investigation is required to elucidate the aetiology of stillbirth in this group.