In this study, the physicochemical characteristics of PM2.5 at three different locations in Indonesia were compared during a short-term sampling period, and their association with respiratory diseases was also investigated by analysing aerosol optical thickness (AOT) data from Himawari satellite observations due to the limitation of the PM2.5 field sampling. Bandung city in West Java province, Serpong in Banten province, and Ogan Komering Ilir in South Sumatra province were selected as the study locations, each with distinct characteristics. PM2.5 sampling was conducted for 24 hours in Bandung (1-7 November 2021), 12 hours in OKI (4-7 October 2021), and also 12 hours in Serpong (25-29 July 2022). Morphology and elemental analysis for PM2.5 particle characterization were conducted by using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with an Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer (EDS). The water-soluble ion composition was analysed using Ion Chromatography to determine the anion (sulfate, nitrate, chloride) and cation (potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, ammonium) concentrations. To identify the potential source regions contributing to PM2.5 pollution at the sampling site, trajectory analysis using the HySplit model from NOAA was conducted. The average concentration of PM2.5 at Bandung was 87.98 μg/m³ (24 hours), at OKI was 36.31 μg/m³ (12 hours), and at Serpong was 23.53 μg/m³ (12 hours). The morphology analysis revealed spherical, regular, and irregular particles in Bandung, and some soot particles were found in OKI, with a dominance in Serpong. The elements of Mg, Si, S, K, Ca, Cu, and Pb were detected in Bandung, whereas in OKI, the Ca element was not detected. Si, S, Mg, and K were also detected in Serpong. Sulphate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) are the most abundant ions found in almost every location. Trajectory analysis revealed that local sources of pollutants dominated Bandung and OKI, while Serpong experienced some long-range transport from other locations.

This study investigates the relationship between four key climate variables in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, from 2014 to 2023: the Sunshine Anomaly Index (SAI), solar radiation, rainfall, and the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI). Using cross-correlation, spectral analysis, and stochasticity, we find a weak correlation between SAI and climate dynamics, particularly ONI at + 0.29, and a strong inverse correlation with rainfall at -0.57. In contrast, a very weak correlation is found between ONI and rainfall as amount + 0.03 at a lag of 0 months. Daily fluctuations are primarily influenced by cloud cover, as indicated by significant drift patterns identified in the Fokker-Planck equation. A decade analysis reveals a trend of negative solar energy anomalies, indicating a persistent energy deficit condition in Bandung. Additionally, the stochastic analysis emphasizes the localized nature of Photovoltaic Development Goals (PDG), highlighting the importance of regional environmental factors in planning photovoltaic (PV) power plants.

Numerous studies have investigated the acute health impacts of air pollution, particularly those associated with particulate matter. These pollutants are commonly attributed to biomass burning, such as forest fires, and fossil fuel combustion. This paper highlights an additional, underexplored source of hazardous emissions: the burning of solid waste. In this preliminary study, we used waste generation data reported by the Ministry of Environment and analyzed it using the Environmental Kuznets curve and the IPPC method to estimate potential emissions of hazardous pollutants. In Indonesia, solid waste is predominantly composed of food residues, plastics, woody biomass, and paper and paperboard. Poor waste management practices include open burning and the use of simple incinerators to dispose of solid waste. Landfill fires are also a source of hazardous air pollutants that must be considered during the prolonged dry season. These waste burnings generate various hazardous air pollutants, including teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, and immunotoxic pollutants. This study underscores the urgent need for systematic monitoring and long-term assessment of hazardous air pollutants from waste burning in Indonesia, with particular attention to their chronic health impacts.

Pontianak is the capital city of West Kalimantan province, which is affected by forest fires, especially forests on peatlands that also burn peat.The forest and peatland fires produce a lot of smoke-content particulates because of incomplete combustion of underground biomass.This paper investigates the PM2.5 concentration in 2021 coinciding with moderate La Nina when the effect of a short dry season does not support the occurrence of fires.PM2.5 concentration is analyzed by considering the air quality standard, atmospheric stability, and hotspot account observed by the SNPP satellite in the area with a radius of less than 0.5, 1 and 2.Analysis of the hotspot counts shows a good relationship with the dry season pattern in equatorial rainfall-type regions.Forest fires at locations less than 0.5 and strong inversion layers created heavy pollution in Pontianak, where the air environment is at dangerous levels, with daily concentrations exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and WHO air quality guidelines.Seasonal analysis shows a very high concentration difference in day and night in the December, January Febturay (DJF) and March, April, May (MAM) periods.This is related to the inversion event at 07:00, where there were many double inversions during the DJF and MAM periods, namely surface inversion and subsidence inversion, causing particulate matter to settle on the earth's surface.

In this paper, an evaluation has been carried out on the results of passive sampler monitoring from 2016 to 2020 referring to Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management with air pollutants Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). Air pollutants are used as the main component in preparing the Environmental Quality Index (IKLH) in South Sumatra Province. Characteristics of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide monitoring results in 2016–2020. Characteristics of NO2 concentrations in 17 districts/cities in South Sumatra Province in 2016–2020. NO2 concentration in industrial area locations is 2.2–34.7 µg/m3 industrial/agro-industrial area locations generally have a NO2 concentration value of 0.31–19.6 µg/m3, in residential locations NO2 concentration is 0.44–17.2 µg/m3, while for offices/office locations it is 0.95–19.6 µg/m3, while the SO2 concentration characteristics in transportation locations range between 2.5 and 30.4 µg/m3, industrial/agro-industry ranges between 2.5 and 20.8 µg/m3, while housing ranges between 2.5 and 24.2 µg/m3, while in office/commercial locations it is 2.5–27.2 µg/m3, in general everything is still below air quality standards. The EU Model Air Index (IEU) for South Sumatra Province from 2016 to 2020 was in the range of 0.33–0.48, while the air quality index (IKU) for South Sumatra Province was in the scale range of 80.1–89.04 with a good classification. The IEU index does not have air quality condition classification categories.

Fires in peat forests do not occur suddenly but are preceded by a slow decline in the Groundwater Level (GWL) below its critical depth. Typically, a few weeks later, multiple fires start to emerge, primarily resulting from human activities. This paper investigates the occurrence of peatland fires in South Sumatra at the end of September 2023 (during a moderate El Niño event) when the smoke haze dispersed into the city of Palembang (the capital city of South Sumatra), leading to a decrease in ground visibility of approximately 250 m. We utilize GWL data measured in peatlands and determine the critical depth using the modified Keetch-Byram index (mKBDI). Equipped with low-cost sensors and employing mathematical models, we examine the dispersion behavior of smoke haze. The source of the fires was identified using FIRMS data, revealing that the majority of fire spots were situated in peatlands to the south of the city of Palembang. Our findings indicate that observed PM2.5 concentrations exhibit a diurnal cycle pattern, peaking at morning and reaching their minimum at evening. We propose using a modified Ermak model instead of the Gaussian model to quantify haze dispersion, which demonstrates results in good agreement with satellite observations. We suggest that preserving the southern region of the South Sumatra province as a peat swamp forest is an effective way to mitigate the impending haze disaster facing the city of Palembang.

The estimation of planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) over land and peat fire-prone area in Kabupaten OKI of South Sumatra has been done by a short radiosonde campaign and calculated using four different gradient methods, i.e., the gradient of potential temperature θ, specific humidity q, relative humidity RH, and refractivity N. Preprocessing stage of radiosonde data is calculated by exponential smoothing. A damping factor of 0.8 is used in this step. The estimated PBLH over this area is in the range of altitude of 1972–3731 m; the variations of altitude for the four methods were found from some meters to tens of meters. From seven datasets of radiosonde used in this work, the low cloud layer has been found in two datasets, and the altitude of the cloud is in the range altitude of 600–2350 m. From the other five datasets of radiosonde has not been found the low cloud layer.

This work reported a simple and sensitive flow injection analysis (FIA) technique coupled with a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS) for online preconcentration of lead(II) ions in the airborne particulate matter samples (PM2.5) using ion-imprinted polymers as adsorbent packed in minicolumn. A bulk polymerization method was chosen to synthesize the polymer based on a ternary complex of lead ions with 4-2-pyridilazo resorcinol and 4-vinyl pyridine with methacrylic acid as a functional monomer. The optimum pH for sorption was 6, and other variables for the FIA system were optimized, including breakthrough volume, eluent concentration, and eluent volume. The optimum conditions were reached with a breakthrough volume of 4.45 mL, calculated as a dynamic retention capacity of 5.20 mg/g of Pb(II) 40 mg/L, with a 1.5 mL/min flow rate. The eluent used for the FIA system was 0.5 mL HNO3 of 3 mol/L. Linearity, precision, and limits of detection of the FIA system were determined before being applied to preconcentration and analysis of lead ions in PM2.5 samples. The precision of the method was determined to be 3.09

This paper discusses the daily characteristics of PM2.5 at Bandung and Palembang measured by using low-cost sensor. Two low-cost sensors developed by Nagoya University has been being operated in Bandung and Palembang continuously and simultaneously. The data recorded every minute and has been grouped considering the season of DJF, MAM, JJA, and SON. To get the potential dispersion of PM2.5 concentration in Bandung and Palembang, the surface meteorological data have been used. It is found the different primary peak at both of locations. In Bandung, the primary peak appeared in the morning whereas the primary peak in Palembang appeared in the evening. In general, it is also found the annual concentration of PM2.5 at Bandung higher than in Palembang and both are overvalued of upper limit of Indonesia Government rule.

Bandung is a basin-shaped region surrounded by high mountains with a dense population vulnerable to air quality degradation. The haze can potentially occur in a supportive meteorological condition. The study investigates the influence of local meteorology on the inorganic aerosol composition in an urban area of Bandung in 2020–2021. The ambient air sample is collected weekly using a filter pack and analyzed by ion Chromatography (IC). Local meteorological data is obtained from the Campbell weather station installed on the site. The data analysis is classified into seasons: November to March (NDJFM) for wet and May to September (MJJAS) for dry. The sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) contributed more than 75% of the inorganic aerosol composition, and their concentrations were higher in the dry than in the wet season. Non-parametric Spearman’s rho correlation (r) shows that the relative humidity promoted NH4+ stronger in the dry than in the wet season. Therefore, NH4+ had a more significant possibility to increase under higher relative humidity in the dry season, thus increasing the possibility of haze formation. The sources of Na+, Cl−, and NH4+ aerosols are long-distance transport, but K+ is local. Heterogeneous oxidation under high relative humidity was more critical for NH4+ generation than photochemical oxidation was, but for Cl− it was vice versa.

In this paper, the average amount of water vapor in the atmosphere (PWV) from 2017 to 2019 has been calculated which, is derived from the GNSS data constellation using goGPS free software. The average PWV values for 2017, 2018, and 2019 were 38.9 mm, 34.7 mm, and 36.1 mm; respectively, and generally ranged between 11.4 and 56.3 mm. There is also a negative correlation between PWV and global solar energy of r = −0.62 and a gradient descent of −6.40 Ly/mm. The PWV daily profile shows that the smallest PWV occurs at midnight and the largest PWV occurs at the noon. The PWV value used is the average value calculated in the time range from 11 to 13 LT (UTC + 7).

This study aims to determine the direct effect of aerosol on one element of the radiation energy balance that includes short-wavelength (SW). The AOD data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS level 3 instrument, Terra satellite, and the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) radiation component instrument were obtained to observe the spatial and temporal variations in the aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm and their relationship to the radiation balance element. These data were analyzed from January 2000 to April 2019 in Indonesia. The results of the analysis show that the average daily temporal fluctuation of AOD showed a respectively high value, namely 1.03 on 23 October 2015 and 0.68 on 9 October 2006. This very high AOD value was closely related to forest fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan. The immediate reaction in Kalimantan was when there was an increase in the accumulation of aerosol particles in the atmosphere in urban areas in this region, namely Palangka Raya, Pontianak and Banjarmasin. From the results of processing using the scatter plot statistical method, the relationship between AOD and SW obtained a negative correlation value (r) which was quite high for Pontianak with r = 0.62. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

The decline of surface solar global radiation has been analyzed and reduced atmospheric visibility at Palembang, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia, during the smoke events in September-December 2019. The surface global solar radiation was measured at the campus of Bina Darma University at Palembang City using AWS integrated radiometer, and the visibility was observed in Talang Betutu, Palembang Airport. The smoke produced by forest fire surrounding Palembang caused declining in surface global solar intensity significantly. It also reduced atmospheric visibility in Palembang Airport down to 1.6 km, while in the atmospheric condition without smoke, the visibility was around 8.2 km. This condition made the sunrise in the morning as if delayed for some ten minutes. Among 86 days of data in this period, 46 days (53.3%) have lower surface solar radiation intensity. This study aims to get values of surface global solar radiation decline and the decrease in atmospheric visibility due to smoke events.

This article aims to understand government policies in tackling the impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the economy of migrant workers and their recovery efforts. To overcome the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic so as not to cause a prolonged crisis and minimize the impacts in other sectors, the government needs a social security policy for the economic stability of the community, especially for migrant workers. To understand in more detail about government policies and their implementation, this study aims to explore the implementation model in the economic recovery of the community, especially the Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) group. This research was conducted for 6 months (October-March 2022) using qualitative methods. Data was collected using participant observation techniques, in-depth interviews, FGDs, and documentation. There were 30 informants in the study (15 men and 15 women) consisting of migrant workers, village governments, local governments, NGOs, and migrant workers distributors. The results of this study indicate that Covid-19 has had a major impact on the weakening of the community’s economy, including groups of migrant workers. In addition, the village governments in the Suralaga sub-district, namely the villages of Suralaga, Paok Lombok and Dasan Borok, have successfully implemented policies from the central government in order to mitigate the economic impact of Covid-19, especially for groups of Indonesian migrant workers. In addition to continuing central programs such as providing BLT (Direct Cash Assistance) and basic necessities, the village governments in theose three villages made special policies as a solution to the economic problems that occurred to groups of Indonesian migrant workers, namely providing assistance to PMIs who were affected by disasters in their countries of work, providing illegal access to PMI during Covid-19, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) development, agricultural assistance, and livestock. Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memahami kebijakan pemerintah dalam menanggulangi dampak pandemi Covid-19 terhadap ekonomi pekerja migran dan upaya pemulihannya. Untuk menanggulangi dampak pandemi Covid-19 ini agar tidak menimbulkan krisis yang berkepanjangan dan meminimalisir dampak-dampak di sektor lainnya, maka pemerintah membutuhkan suatu kebijakan pengamanan sosial untuk kestabilan ekonomi masyarakat, terutama bagi buruh migran. Untuk memahami lebih detail tentang kebijakan pemerintah dan implementasinya, maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi model implementasinya dalam pemulihan ekonomi masyarakat khusunya kelompok pekerja migran Indonesia (PMI). Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 6 bulan (Oktober-Maret 2022) dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik observasi partisipan, wawancara mendalam, FGD, dan dokumentasi. Informan dalam penelitian sebanyak 30 orang (15 laki-laki dan 15 perempuan) terdiri dari pekerja migran, pemerintah desa, pemerintah daerah, LSM, dan penyalur TKI. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Covid-19 berdampak besar pada melemahnya ekonomi masyarakat termasuk kelompok pekerja migran. Selain itu, pemerintah desa di Kecamatan Suralaga yakni Desa Surala, Paok Lombok dan Dasan Borok berhasil mengimplementasikan kebijakan-kebijakan dari pemerintah pusat dalam rangka penanggulangan dampak ekonomi akibat Covid-19 khususnya bagi kelompok pekerja migran Indonesia. Selain melanjutkan program pusat seperti pemberian BLT (Bantuan Langsung Tunai) dan sembako, pemerintah desa di tiga desa tersebut membuat kebijakan khusus sebagai solusi atas persoalan ekonomi yang terjadi pada kelompok pekerja migran Indonesia yaitu memberi bantuan kepada PMI yang terkena musibah di negara tempat bekerja, memberikan akses ilegal kepada PMI selama Covid-19, pengembangan UMKM, bantuan pertanian, peternakan.

P ola lama penyinaran matahari (LPM) dalam kurun waktu pengamatan 20 tahun di BPA A (Balai Pengamatan Antariksa dan Atmosfer) LAPAN Sumedang ( 6,91 ⁰ LS dan 107, 84 ⁰ BT, 864 m dpl) telah dianalisis . Pengukuran LPM menggunakan Campbell Stokes dilakukan sejak tahun 199 7. Dari pengukuran ini diperoleh jumlah hari data sebanyak 5 . 899. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode statistika. L PM dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelompok berdasarkan musim dan dihitung frekuensi distribusinya. Secara umum, terjadi peningkatan LPM terutama pada musim JJA dalam 20 tahun pengamatan. Fenomena El Nino berdampak pada peningkatan lama penyinaran pada bulan DJF, sedangkan La Nina berdampak pada penurunan lama penyinaran pada bulan SON. Di sisi lain, kenaikan aktivitas matahari justru berpengaruh pada penurunan lama penyinaran pada bulan DJF. Pada musim basah ( DJF ) dominansi LPM adalah 0-1 jam/hari, sedangkan pada musim kering ( JJA ) dominansi LPM mencapai 9 jam/hari.

Ultraviolet index, ultraviolet B insolation, and sunshine duration in 2017 have been analyzed at Bandung, Indonesia (106.6 W and 6.9 S). The daily maximum ultraviolet B insolations have been grouped in ten-daily sequence following BMKG’s method in determining of dry/rainy season. Ultraviolet index classified following small modification WHO’s classification. Sunshine durations are clustered in 3 levels of exposure. It is found the average of sunshine duration in range 4.1-8 hours/day has 50% occurrence in 2017, meanwhile ultraviolet index more than 10 have been recorded in 46% occurrence in 2017, even of average of maximum ultraviolet B insolation is about 1.22 W/m 2 , and maximum intensity on 2017 is 2.17 W/m 2 . Both of ultraviolet index and maximum ultraviolet B insolation have a similar pattern on 2017 and the minimum value is on aphelion.