In many different manufacturing techniques, additive manufacturing technologies have proven to be quite useful for developing a prototype model in wide range of applications. In that technique, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one of the concern favorite methods used in industries, because it can create complex structures at a low cost. FDM uses the polymer ingredients that are melted, extruded, and layered on top of one another to create the desired product, independent of design intricacy. This examination analyzes the effects of several process variables on the flexural and impact characteristics of parts produced of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG)material, including infill structure, layer thinness, infill multi-layering, and infill concentration. The L9 orthogonal array was developed by the Taguchi method to be employed in this design of experiment. Through the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the study elucidated the relative substance and percentage effort of each process parametric quantity to the desired outcomes. The results obtained through the Taguchi method revealed optimal parameters for both impact strength and flexural tests. For impact strength, the optimum factor was determined as a layer thinness of 0.12-millimeter, quarter cubic infill structure, 30% infill denseness (density), and a multi-layering of 3. Conversely, for the flexural test, the optimal factor was found to be a layer thinness of 0.12-millimeter, cross 3D infill structure, 60% infill denseness, and a multi-layering of 4 respectively.

The usage of jute/cotton natural composites has surged in almost all fields of engineering due to their advantage of possessing high strength to weight ratio and biodegradability. This paper deals with the fabrication and investigation of mechanical properties of jute/cotton fiber reinforced epoxy composite which is relatively a hybrid composite. In this study, the composite is fabricated by a hand layup process followed by compression molding method with varying the number of layers of composite laminates also with different cutting angles. The composites are prepared with four different proportions of jute/cotton fibers. Various mechanical tests are conducted and the result shows that the 14-layer jute/cotton composite has optimum properties achieved and also observed that 90° has better properties than the others cutting angles. Statistical analysis of composites was done by ANOVA-table; based on mean effective plots, the optimum levels of parameters have been identified, and significant contribution of parameters is determined by analysis of variance Also, failure morphology analysis is done using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) through which the internal structures of the tested specimen are analyzed.

In the present work, caustic soda (NaOH) and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) was used to surface-treat the plain weave cotton-kenaf with the following two primary objectives in mind: (1) to improve the strength of cotton-kenaf composites, and (2) to increase the fibre content in the composite. The cotton-kenaf composites were made with treated or untreated fibre concentrations of 25, 30, 35, and 40

Natural fibres have improved their availability in an extensive range of engineering applications at a lesser cost because of their enhanced mechanical properties. Natural fibre from coconut leaf sheath is capable of enhancing the characteristics of composite materials. In this work coconut leaf sheath strengthened with epoxy is woven into composites with different fibre weight ratios (20

The requirement of the current scenario is to identify the sustainable material and process it into acceptable properties for current applications. The natural fiber is a prime sustainable material having the properties of biodegradability, plenty of availability, economical and adequate physical-mechanical property. Sesbania rostrata fiber is extracted from the stem of Sesbania rostrata plant which is cultivated along with Turmeric plants on 1000 acres annually as a nitrogen fixation plant. The fiber-reinforced composite is a tailor made material by altering the fiber and polymer weight proportion to achieve desired properties for applications. The natural fiber is a promising material to replace synthetic fiber to transform the composite into biodegradable. The making of holes in the biocomposite by the secondary process is essential for the assembly operation. The biocomposite was developed by reinforced Sesbania rostrata fiber in Polycaprolactone (PCL) biopolymer at the weight ratio of 20:80 and the mechanical properties and drilling parameters were investigated. The tensile, flexural and impact strength of the biocomposite was increased by 68%, 28% and 20.6% respectively compared with PCL biopolymer. The biocomposite was drilled by 4 mm at spindle speeds of 300, 750, and 1800 rpm with feed rates of 0.05, 0.12, and 0.25 mm/rev to evaluate the thrust force and delamination properties. The results showed that increasing spindle speed and feed rate resulted in higher thrust force and increased delamination in the composites. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanical properties and drilling behaviour of Sesbania rostrata fiber reinforced Polycaprolactone biodegradable composite and their potential use in various applications.

The current study focuses on the creation of epoxy composites with cotton/bamboo woven fabric reinforcement. The effect of alkali treatment with varying (1, 2, and 3 wt.%) of NaOH on mechanical characteristics such as tensile, impact, flexural, compression, and interlaminar shear stress is explored and compared to those of the untreated cotton/bamboo fabric. The composites were made using a compression moulding process with four different fibre loadings (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 wt.%). The mechanical characteristics of the composites were studied and their structure was evaluated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cotton/bamboo/epoxy composite with 2 wt.% NaOH at 45 wt.% fibre loading was found to have better mechanical properties when compared to the others.

This research examines the mechanical, morphological, and moisture assimilation of composite materials built up from sugarcane bagasse fiber (SBF), rice husk (RH), and wood powder (WP) filler. Regular threads are now regarded as eco-friendly materials because of their sustainability. This article’s goal is to choose between two polymer structures with fiber and matrix: case 1 has epoxy (50%) plus sugarcane bagasse fiber (30%–45%) and wooden powder (5%–20%); case 2 has epoxy (50%) plus sugarcane fiber (30%–45%) plus rice husk (5%–20%). The impact of the mechanical test is compared to obtaining the best fiber volume fraction (Vf), and the failure of cracked surfaces and interfacial bonding analysis is done using SEM as a consequence of matrix cracking, void content, and fiber pullout. In order to get the characterization of materials, Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses were also performed. However, Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber, a single fiber, combined with an epoxy composite matrix demonstrated a strength of 14 to 18 Mpa and 230 to 250 g of weight. Nevertheless, when SBF was combined with hybrid materials like Rice Husk and Wood Powder, it demonstrated superior strength, with an estimate of 16 to 20 Mpa and a weight of 220 to 240 g.

Abstract The current study focuses on the creation of epoxy composites with cotton/bamboo woven fabric reinforcement. The effect of alkali treatment with varying (1, 2, and 3 wt. %) of NaOH on mechanical characteristics such as tensile, impact, flexural, compression, and interlaminar shear stress is explored and compared to those of the untreated cotton/bamboo fabric. The composites were made using a compression moulding process with four different fibre loadings (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 wt. %). The mechanical characteristics of the composites were studied and their structure was evaluated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cotton/bamboo/epoxy composite with 2wt. % NaOH at 45 wt. % fibre loading was found to have superior mechanical properties when compared to the others.

In this study, cotton/bamboo woven fabric reinforced composite has been subjected to drilling operation and thrust force is analysed for different combination of feed rate, cutting speed and drill geomentry. Box-Behnken experimental design is used to optimize the cutting parameters along with the input parameters, such as drill- bit geomentry, spindle speed and rate of feed. Further, a drill with standard twist is used for drilling operation. The results show that with the increase in thrust force, feed rate increases and cutting speed experiences decrease when drill diameter is increased. The SEM analysis is also done to reveal about various damages, like fibre pullout, peel off, uncut fibres and voids.

Time series survey and forecasting upcoming values has been a research focus past years ago. Time series analysis and predict The time-series data finds its importance in various roles of implementation such as business, stock market exchange, weather forecasting, electricity demand, cost and usage of products such as fuels, etc. In this project, a detailed survey of the various techniques applied for forecasting different method of time series datasets are provided. Moving average model and Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average model with a case study on food predictive analysis time series data with R software.

A natural fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites (FRCs) was prepared by the compression molding method. The natural fiber named Coccinia indica (CI) was employed to fabricate FRCs. The impact of fiber length on storage modulus, loss modulus and loss of weight in the FRCs were determined using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results revealed that a fiber length of 40 mm shows better storage modulus and nominal loss modulus owing to the higher interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix. In other investigated fiber lengths, the storage modulus is poor and loss modulus is high, which is due to inefficient stress transfer.

This paper reports on the physicochemical, and mechanical characterization of Coccinia Indica (CI) fiber. The Coccinia Indica fiber (CIF) reinforced epoxy composite is fabricated using a compression molding process. The results of the chemical analysis of CIF showed that the fiber contained more cellulose and skimpy lignin, ash, and wax content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that the fiber possessed a multicellular structure. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that CIF shows a crystallinity index of 30%. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the major degradation of fibers occurred in the temperature range of 204.2 °C to 376.3 °C. The various mechanical test results showed that the tensile, flexural and impact strength increased with increase in fiber length and weight percentage. The maximum properties were found at 30 mm fiber length and 35% of fiber loading. The SEM fractography result showed that the predominant mechanism for mechanical failure was due to fiber pull out, matrix fracture and fiber fracture.

In this current work, an analysis was carried out to evaluate the effects of Cloisite 25A montmorillanite (MMT) nanoclay fillers in epoxy resin with respect to tensile, flexural and impact properties. The nanocomposites were prepared by adding nanoclay in various weight percentages (0-10 wt.% in the step of 2) with the epoxy resin. According to the mechanical testing, the 2 wt.% MMT clay loading nanocomposite showed the maximum improvement in the tensile, flexural and impact strengths of nanoclay/epoxy composite, while the maximum improvement in the tensile and flexural moduli was observed for the 8 wt.% nanoclay-filled composite. In addition, with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) the chemical analysis, morphological properties and dispersion pattern of MMT nanoclay/Epoxy was carried out. The chemical analysis of FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that similar peaks were attained with minimum variations to all clay loadings nanocomposites. It is evident that no chemical modification was happened between polymer and nanoclay. Besides, an interpretation of microscope images of SEM testing disclosed that the incorporation of lower MMT nanoclay loading improved the appreciable surface property.

The composites of epoxy resin and Coccinia indica fibers (CIF) were obtained. The raw fibers were initially treated with 5 % NaOH. Compression molding technique was used for preparing the composites with four different fiber lengths (10, 20, 30, 40 mm) and various fiber loadings (25, 30, 35, 40 wt %). The mechanical properties of the produced composites were investigated and their structure was analyzed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found, that the composite matrix reinforced with 30 mm fiber length at 35 wt % fiber loading exhibited the best mechanical properties.

This research explores the extraction and characterization of natural fiber from the agro-waste of Lagenaria siceraria (LS) plant stem (commonly known as bottle guard). The extracted fiber from the waste stems has high cellulose content (79.91 %) with good tensile strength (257–717 MPa) and thermal stability (withstand up to 339.1°C). The huge percentage of crystalline index (92.4%) with the crystalline size (7.2 nm) as well as low density (1.216 g/cm3) of the LS fiber renders their possibility to use as an effective reinforcement material in lightweight eco-friendly composites for various industrial applications.

Multilayer glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates filled with nanoclay was manufactured with compression moulding machine. In the present work, five kinds of nanoclay (Cloisite 25A) loadings viz. 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% on weight basis of epoxy resin were employed to modify the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), critical energy release rate (GIc) and impact energy properties of GFRP laminates. Experimental results obtained from ILSS test on clay filled GFRP confirm that the superior strength was attained at low clay content of 155.10 MPa. Furthermore, the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness test conducted on DCB specimens revealed that the commanding improvement of GIc was obtained at 2 wt.% clay content level. On the other hand, both ILSS and fracture toughness was getting reduced at higher clay loadings. At last, the impact strength of the test samples was investigated by using Izod impact test apparatus and observed that the impact energy was increased by 44.39% for 2 wt.% and followed by 24.87% for 4 wt.% clay loadings.