There has been a sharp increase in the issues affecting university students in both local and global contexts. Here, local and global contexts can be defined by considering factors within and without Kenya respectively. In this chapter, the authors shall discuss factors from the local context. Most of these factors have a direct or indirect impact on the life of university students. Transition from secondary schools to university introduces students to new life experiences, especially socially and academically. The freedom to make their own choices may lead them to acts detrimental to their wellbeing. Such acts include suicidal tendencies, homicide, crime, chemical dependency, depression, debt, stress, negligence of studies and other varied forms of addiction. The foregoing notwithstanding, peers, lecturers, university administration family, and the community are also affected. The purpose of this chapter is to empower students with the ideas, skills, and knowledge necessary for making sound decisions about their well-being. It covers stress, addictions, chemical dependency, suicide, homicide, and financial control. The students will be able to maintain a healthy balance between their social life and academic demands. Additionally, the chapter will empower them with knowledge for mental and physical well-being. It relates the comorbidity of the factors and provides vital information for students to lead stable lives even beyond their university time. Moreover, it also analyses some statistics emerging from trends and patterns depicted by past cohorts of university students. This is necessary for individual reflection and decision making. The data will also provide an insight for university managements to put in place support systems for addressing students' well-being and assisting those already affected by drugs and other chemical substances. The university management structures have been challenged to be affirmative in building strong cultures of resilience and systems of values in their quest to provide higher education. This is because of the changing needs of society and family set-ups in which the students live.

Marital satisfaction is a significant to the stability of any nation since the family is the basic unit of any nation. Too much marital dissatisfaction may lead to family members being unstable socially which hence societal problems. The purpose of this study therefore sought to establish age in relation to marital satisfaction among selected spouses. The objective for the study : to determine the implication of age at marriage and marital satisfaction. The social exchange theory and attachment theory were adopted to inform the study. The researcher used a correlation design. The population of the study comprised 4,019 spouses and a sample size of 200 spouses was randomly selected for the study. Data was collected by using the Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire. Content and construct validity was ascertained by a pilot study of applying 20 questionnaires outside the area of study by a questionnaire vetted peers. Reliability was established by the calculating Cronbachs’ Alfa Coeffecient by administering the questionnaire to 20 respondents who did not take part in the final study. Reliability coefficients of 0.763, 0.710, 0.716 and 0.701 were reported and were all above the recommended value. Data analysis was done using statistical techniques of ANOVA, Post Hoc tests and Independent Samples by aid of statistical package of social sciences version 22. The findings and recommendations were given accordingly at the end of the paper. Keywords: age, predictor, marital, satisfaction households, Kisii County DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/11-14-05 Publication date: July 31 st 2021

The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between premarital counseling and marital conflict among Christian couples in Sameta Sub County, Kisii Count, and Kenya. The sample size of the study was 400 respondents based on total population of approximately 20,000 spouses married couples in the study area. Descriptive, correlation and cross sectional research designs were using structural questionnaire and interview guide were used as research instruments. Data was analyzed using both descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and Pearson correlation and multi-regression analysis. Based on a 5-likert scale measure, it was found that, premarital counseling was assessed as high (grand mean = 3.49. std. = 1.12) and marital conflict (grand mean =3.60. std. = 1.15) was also high. Premarital counseling and marital conflict among Christian couples were significantly associated (r=-0.310. p 0.035). Dimensions of premarital counseling communication (b = -0.027. p = 0.034): financial counseling (b = -0.034. p = 0.027): sexuality (b = -0.030, p = 0.039): biblical counseling (b - : -0.023. p = 0.045) were found to be significance contributing factors that control marital conflicts among married Christian couples in the stud) area. The dimensions in-laws (b = -0.001 p = 0.067: parenting (b = -0.021 p = 0.053), anatomy & physiology (b = -0.006. p = 0.072) were not found to be significance contributing factors to marital conflicts.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the school strategies influencing students’ discipline in public secondary schools in Kisii Central District, Kenya. It was guided by four objectives which included: To establish how the Principals’ use of democratic leadership influences students’ discipline in public secondary schools, to determine the extent to which the Principals’ means of communication influence students’ discipline in public secondary schools, to examine how the involvement of prefects’ body in decision making process affects students’ discipline in public secondary schools. The study is based on the collegial theory which attempts to explain all those theories that emphasized that power and decision making should be shared among some members of the organization. The researcher applied descriptive survey research design. This is because the design is useful since it would collect data from members of the population in order to determine the current status without manipulating the variables. The target population consisted of all 52 public secondary schools in Kisii Central District, 52 Principals and 1,560 teachers in the administration of the school affairs.Simple random sampling was used in selecting teachers at school level from the 16 Principals and 30 teachers per school who participated. Data was gathered by use of questionnaires and analyzed using quantitative method in frequency distribution tables, percentages and bar graphs. The validity of the questionnaires was checked by my supervisors, pilot testing in two schools and checked against the research objectives. Reliability was established through computation of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient formula.The research findings on the Principals’ strategies influence on students’ discipline in public secondary schools in Kisii Central District, the process was carried out jointly by both Principals and teachers. The main criterion used was very frequent, frequent, often, rarely and never. Based on the findings, the study recommended that: The Principals of secondary schools should be democratic in the administration of school affairs; the Principals should establish students’ councils through which the students can participate in leadership matters of the school and other affairs; there is also need for the Principals to be clearer when communicating rules and regulations to students to avoid misinterpretation; the stakeholders in education should provide appropriate resources for guidance and counseling such as special rooms. Based on suggestions for further research, the study recommended that: a similar study should be carried out in other districts for comparison purposes; The same research should be carried out to identify out other more strategies the Principals use to influence students discipline; A similar study on the head teachers’ strategies influencing pupils’ discipline in public primary schools in Kenya and Since the study only focused on public secondary schools, a similar study should be carried out in private secondary school for comparison purposes.

The Kenyan government provides financial and technical help for the provision of teaching learning resources in secondary schools Despite the government’s effort to allocate resources to secondary schools, there is still underutilization of these resources. The purpose of this study was to establish factors affecting utilization of time as a selected resource in public day secondary schools in Nyacheki Division, Nyamache District, Kisii county of Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The target population was all teachers and students in public day secondary schools in Nyacheki Division. Purposive sampling was used to select respondents who comprised of 87 Heads of departments. Krejcie and Morgan’s formula was used to obtain the sample of 341 students from 20 selected schools. Two questionnaires were used for data collection; the teachers’ questionnaire and the students’ questionnaire. The research instruments were pilot tested in two randomly selected public day secondary schools. The reliability coefficients of the instruments of this study were estimated using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient as 0.89 and 0.83 for teachers and students questionnaires respectively. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of the study indicate that poor institutional policies, management skills and planning lead to ineffective utilization of time. Further, the poor attitude of the teachers and students play a key role in the ineffective utilization of this resource. The study has recommended that, there should be continuous skills upgrading for teachers, disciplined team spirit, and creation of a healthy working environment.

The study had the following objectives: to find out the relationship between anxiety and classroom performance of pupils, to identify the factors leading to social anxiety among pupils,  to examine the differences in the levels of anxiety in science and art subjects, to find out if there is a significant difference in anxiety level of  boys and girls. The research used both descriptive survey and correlation design. The researcher used district list of schools to sample pupils. Using stratified sampling techniques, the district was divided into divisions and zones. From each zone, schools were listed in alphabetical order and numbered from one to last. Pieces of papers numbered one to the last were folded, put in a box, shuffled and then picked. Picked numbers represented schools that were then sampled. A random selection of 507 pupils both males and females in class four in selected eighteen schools of Rachuonyo North District were used. The district has a child population of 6,646 in class four. This class has middle childhood years which the research focused on. Questionnaires were used to identify factors leading to social  anxiety in children, they included; Revised Children Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) specifically adapted for Kenya conditions, was administered to measure the level of anxiety as brought by social situations. To identify the level of test anxiety of pupils in science and art subjects, Test Anxiety Scale for Children (TASC) was modified to fit Kenyan conditions and administered to the subjects. Both science and art tests were administered to all the subjects. Research instruments were pretested at Pier Got and Otok primary schools to establish their reliability and validity. The two pilot schools did not take part in the actual research. Ambiguities detected in the instruments were corrected according to the advice of the university supervisors before field administration. The results of the study are presented in tables, percentages, and bar graphs. The data were analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that high anxiety facilitated performance in the classroom.(r=0.76) in sciences and(r=0.41) in art. The study also found that there were sex differences in performance with high anxiety girls performing better than boys.It also found that some factors that led to social anxiety among pupils were: poor self-image, fear of darkness, insecurity, fear of accidents, starvation, parental sickness and separation anxiety while parental divorce was insignificant cause of worry. The study concluded by suggesting that a similar study be replicated in urban primary schools to give more accurate generalizations of the findings. The research recommends that school managers should establish the department of guidance and counseling in primary schools to identify children anxiety levels and put early interventions to elevate test anxiety(their ego) which leads to better performance and counteract high social anxiety that hinder classroom performance. It was also recommended that a similar research be carried out with a class seven or in private schools.

Marital satisfaction is a pertinent ingredient to the stability of any nation, given that the family is the basic unit of any nation. Too much marital dissatisfaction leads to family members being unstable socially which trickles down to societal problems hence to the nation. A higher level of satisfaction is seen as a measure of marital success. It is, therefore, important to study correlates of marital satisfaction in order to determine what variables could potentially predict the outcome of marital satisfaction. The purpose of this study therefore sought to establish the correlates between levels of education in relation to marital satisfaction. The objectives for the study were: to determine find out factors in regard to education influencing marital satisfaction, to find out reasons in regard to getting spouses satisfied with marriage and reasons in regard to education getting spouses quit their previous marriages. Literature on the three objectives above has been reviewed. The researcher employed a cross sectional survey design to examine the theme of study. The descriptive study was conducted among 4,019 spouses by using a questionnaire. Gay (2006) informed the sampling criteria where 5% of 4,019 were selected. Content and construct validity was ascertained by a pilot study of applying 20 questionnaires outside the area of study. Analysis was done using calculation of simple means and calculating percentages, manually calculating the means in the Likert scale and ranking it to understand the general trend of the theme of study and conclusions, results and recommendations were given. On factors in regard to education influencing marital satisfaction spent doing office work at home (M=3.6), time spent on social media (M=3.5) and ability to solve marital problems (M=3.5) mostly influenced marital satisfaction. On reasons in regard to education and marital satisfaction, spouses majorly consider care for the family, 55.5%, religion 55.5%, commitment. And on reasons in regard to education getting spouses quit their previous marriages the spouses gave being unfaithful by 25.0%, 18.3% illiteracy/ low education, mistrust 18.3%,violence related factors 15.0%, spouse unreliability/dishonest 11.6% and other factors 8.3%.

Marital satisfaction is a pertinent ingredient to the stability of any nation, given that the family is the basic unit of any nation. Too much marital dissatisfaction leads to family members being unstable socially which trickles down to societal problems hence to the nation. In Kisii Town, Kisii county women have derived marital dissatisfaction from the fact that their husbands batter them for money from the woman’ small businesses and the men are also threatened by the womens’ stability and that generally there is family conflicts between men and women. The purpose of this study therefore sought to establish the relationship between age, level of education, marital experience and gender in relation to marital satisfaction among selected spouses. The objectives for the study were : to determine the relationship between between education and marital satisfaction and to establish the relationship between marital experience and marital satisfaction among selected spouses in Kisii Township in Kisii County. The researcher employed a correlation survey design. The population of the study comprised 4,019 spouses and a sample size of 200 spouses was randomly selected for the study. Data was collected by using the Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire. Content and construct validity was ascertained by a pilot study of applying 20 questionnaires outside the area of study by a questionnaire vetted by peers. Reliability was established by the calculating Cronbachs’ Alfa Coeffecient by administering the questionnaire to 20 respondents who did not take part in the final study. Reliability coefficients of 0.763, 0.710, 0.716 and 0.701 were reported and were all above the recommended value. Data analysis was done using statistical techniques such as ANOVA with the aid of statistical package of social sciences version 21. marital satisfaction in marriages. From the statistical analysis in the table 4.5, the P value indicating the significance of education was at 0.05 and the calculated p value was at 0.171. Thus (P>.05) in all the different educational levels. Therefore, we accept the null hypothesis that there is no statistically significant relationship between level of education and marital satisfaction and reject the alternative hypothesis that there is statistical significant relationship between level of education and marital satisfaction. And on marital experience statistical analysis in table 4.7, the P value indicating the cut off value was indicated at 0.05 and the calculated p value was 0.086. Subsequently, (p>0.05) therefore the null hypothesis stating that there is no statistical significance between experience and marital satisfaction was accepted and the alternative hypothesis was rejected. Keywords: key words, level of Education, Marital experience, marital satisfaction

Marital satisfaction is a pertinent ingredient to the stability of any nation, given that the family is the basic unit of any nation. Too much marital dissatisfaction leads to family members being unstable socially which trickles down to societal problems hence to the nation. A higher level of satisfaction is seen as a measure of marital success. It is, therefore, important to study correlates of marital satisfaction in order to determine what variables could potentially predict the outcome of marital satisfaction. The purpose of this study therefore seeks to establish the correlates between levels of education in relation to marital satisfaction. Literature on the objective above was reviewed. The researcher employed a cross sectional survey design to examine the theme of study. The descriptive study was conducted among 4,019 spouses by using a questionnaire. Content and construct validity was ascertained by a pilot study of applying 20 questionnaires outside the area of study. Analysis was done using a chi square to understand the level of satisfaction, manual calculation of the means, manual thematic analysis of the qualitative data by mail using mean and percentages.

Many will agree that if one takes the general success in life as a journey, then self concept qualifies to be the driving force towards that goal. Without self- concept then the work of counsellors would be a mirage. Because not unless one is able to answer the question “who am I” and clearly define his perception or image of his abilities and uniqueness; then it becomes a hard task to guide and counsel such a person. Professional counsellors should therefore strive to understand the role of self concept in the essence of guiding students to realise their dreams and goals. Counsellor educators have emphasized the importance of counsellors self concept development as a vital ingredient of counsellors education programs. However, challenges have been encountered greatly in developing program elements which aid in desired outcome; individual counselling has been recommended as one of the most logical experiences to promote self –knowledge and to assist self-concept develops. It is my intention in this paper to clearly shade lights on the role of self-mastery as a bedrock fodder for counselling purpose.

The authors carried out a research entitled: the effectiveness of marital psychology guidance counseling in Kampala district. The core of the problem which triggered the study was the divorce rate.  The vice was escalating at a very alarming rate.  Many spouses especially men were contemplating divorce.  In some cases they threatened to sell their marital home or in some occasions they sold the home properties to fund other marriages. The author employed a cross sectional survey designs to examine the phenomenon.  Here also used both qualitative and quantitative designs.  He used secondary and primary data. The author used a questionnaire, interview guide and observation.  In terms of validity ascertain and content and content and construct validity.  On the other hand, he ensured reliability by administering he instruments to 20 respondents outside the locale of the study Generally, the author realized that although there was a lot of psychology guidance counseling going on , the practice was below standard and efficiency had not reached the desired levels and danger was looming. The author recommended that proper measures be put in place, since the situation could totally get out of hand.  Professionalism needed to be emphasized according to [1], the practice needed to be emphasized by the psychology guidance counselors, the government and the other stakeholders. Otherwise a time will reach climax a critical level where there will be a lot of family instability.  The primary reason for the vice is lack of self-awareness. The author concluded therefore that the psychology guidance and counseling Kampala district needed to be revised: there was need to update the standards of guidance and counseling to modern system especially as adapted by most Western countries.

It is worth to note that attitudes are central tenets that drive an individual employee to be unstable psychologically, well being, and job security hence poor organizational performance. Less negative attitudes leads to enhanced, better organizational performance because support staff, middle support staff and senior support staff are socialized and communicated with the right attitudes. By managing attitude, a leader directs attention or awareness, guides the judgment, and triggers the desired behavioural responses.Further, proofs show that effect, one of the components of attitude, has become a major variable factor in decision-making. Positive affect has a significant effect on decision-making, problem-solving, and behaviour.“Affect directs attention, guides decision-making, stimulates learning, and triggers the behaviour. Emotions are the strongest factors in decision-making because they have the capacity to arouse feelings to a point of awareness to take action.We form beliefs, make judgments based on those beliefs, and take action on our judgments. We have argued that attitudes have functions they play, the effects of attitudes on performance. The articles also discuss the positive and negative attitudes. However, the beauty of the discussion is the analysis of how workplace employees should develop and nurture an attitude regardless of its nature (there are true and untrue attitudes). The authors have also elaborated on the need for proper communication and how it triggers right attitudes. And lastly, the article gives a sample WPA (work place attitude barometer) which those with responsibility in the workplace and particularly at the university can utilize to measure attitude psychologically and scientifically.