Network congestion is still a problem on the internet. The random early detection (RED) algorithm being the most notable and widely implemented congestion algorithm in routers faces the problems of queue instability and large delay arising from the presence of an ineffectual singular linear packet dropping function. This research article presents a refinement to RED, named quadratic exponential random early detection (QERED) algorithm, which exploits the advantages of two drop functions, namely quadratic and exponential in order to enhance the performance of RED algorithm. ns-3 simulation studies using various traffic load conditions to assess and benchmark the effectiveness of QERED with two improved variants of RED affirmed that QERED offers a better performance in terms of average queue size and delay metrics at various network scenarios. Fortunately, to replace/upgrade the implementation for RED algorithm with QERED’s in routers will require minimal effort due to the fact that nothing more besides the packet dropping probability profile got to be adjusted.

: Quality of Service (QoS) of Internet routers is still challenged with the issue of congestion. Active Queue Management (AQM) algorithms aimed at improving end-to-end delay of packets by keeping the average queue size small. This objective is yet to be fully accomplished, especially for interactive services. In this paper, an AQM algorithm named Improved-Random Early Detection (I-RED) algorithm based on the popular Random Early Detection (RED) is presented. I-RED deploys a combination of a nonlinear and a linear packet dropping functions. ns-3 simulation performance evaluations proved that I-RED effectively controls the average queue size and delay under light and heavy network traffic conditions. Replacing/upgrading the RED algorithm implementation in Internet routers (either software or hardware) requires minimal effort since only the packet dropping probability profile needs to be adjusted.

The security of homes and properties has always been a crucial concern as the rate of burglary and home breaking has been on the increase all through the years. Although various solutions have been proposed to tackle the problem, burglary and home breaking are still rife everywhere every day. The proposed research is a low-cost, highly configurable, and mobile home security system that secures homes from illegal entities attempting to gain illegal entry into such homes. The system was implemented using Arduino with ATmega2560 microcontroller, which was interfaced with a Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor, a 16x2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen, a 4x4 matrix keypad, a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) module, and a burglar alarm. The physical home security system was simulated using Proteus 8 Professional simulation software, while Arduino Integrated Development Environment (AIDE) and the C programming language were used to program the microcontroller instructions on the Arduino ATmega2560 microcontroller. Furthermore, Android Studio and the Java programming language were used to develop an Android mobile application to control and interact with the physical home security system. The results from the system were depicted in snapshots taken during the implementation and testing of the system. Judging from the research findings, it is imperative to adopt this system as a means of effectively securing homes from illegal intrusion. Further research could be done as an add-on to ensure security from internal threats within homes, such as fire and gas leakages with the addition of more sensors.

This paper proposes an optimization-based Residential Energy Management System (REMS) to minimize not only the customer's energy cost but also customer dissatisfaction with the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN). REMS is designed in such a way that when there is a person in a particular room, electrical power is supplied to that room from its main source, and once the person leaves and the room, the power supply is cut off, shutting off all appliances and devices in that room. This is achieved by the usage of a passive infrared sensor (PIR) to detect motion and an ArduinoMicrocontrollerATMEGA-328Pto process input data from the PIR sensors to determine if electrical power is needed in a room or not. A Microcontroller PIC16F877A is also used to carry out all processing activities whose result would be effected through the aid of five output devices with a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) used to display the PIR and the microprocessor status. The current state of the prototype design is described and a brief introduction to the control approach is made.

Implementation of an Alternative High Performance Flip Flop to JK Flip Flop - written by Ogunlere Samson, Ajaegbu Chigozirim, Kanu Richmond published on 2019/02/03 download full article with reference data and citations

Objectives: Creativity and innovation are the bedrock of any academic exercise. Open distance learning (ODL) should not be an exception. The sustainability of an ODL programme depends on the ability of the teacher to introduce creativity and innovation in the distribution of experiences and resources. Methods/findings: There should be a positive relationship between students and teachers which serves as motivational factors and attractive models for the students. This study develops two infrastructural competency needs that every teacher should possess to drive ODL forward. Application: The study discusses the use and implementation of Zoom and Moodle as ubiquitous interactive learning tools to bridge the gaps between teachers and students. Keywords: ICT, Infrastructure, Creativity, Innovation, ODL, Zoom

National security of any country needs critical attention particularly the advanced countries that play an active role in counter terrorism. The major areas affected is that of airline security, most especially the procedure of checking luggage. In recent times, more research and security has been directed towards the detection of illegal materials been traffic such as dangerous and harmful weaponries and drugs that are hidden in passenger luggage. The main goal has been to provide the utmost security while reducing the adverse impact of operations at airports. In order to provide the best security, a much more advanced, dependable, and fast screening technique is needed for passenger identification and luggage examination. Modern security threats can evade the scanners easily, mainly due to lack of enhanced detection ability and the inability to easily incorporate any updated security information and algorithms into the detection mechanism. Hence the automated system of luggage scanning security system using the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, is important to be deployed in order to increase the effectiveness as well as automation and speed of the scanning process in the airports.

Objectives: The study aimed at deploying Drone Base Station (DBS) within a selected area of a campus network and performed simulation using required parameters to ascertain performance level. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The researchers employed a circular placement method where the centre of the designed area was of utmost importance to ascertain, resulting to modelling of the drone base station deployment in a horizontal dimension. The total width of the building was also considered which formed a guide in determining the actual centre of the area under consideration, where altitude consideration was paramount. Findings: In the presented simulation figures, the horizontal distance between the drone base station and the user (r) was tested using two different values. The two different values were considered and numerically established in consideration to the separate existing blocks within the campus high congestion area. It showed different result in the path loss in block A, while the coverage area for both values of r appears to be same. However, it was observed that the altitude of coverage when r is 20 is higher than when r is 50 in the first simulation graph while block B and C showed slight difference which could be attributed to the change in their altitudes. This result also showed conformity with existing literature in the optimum deployment of DBS although deployment of DBS resulting to a kind of partitioning a closet has not really been tested within the cited literature. Thus, new frontier of managing effectively a macro cell and micro cell deployment within a closet like a campus network. Application/Improvement: The idea is encouraged in a campus/similar network with high traffic anddid not consider the possibility of interference. Hence, further studies in this direction. Keywords: Base Station and Mobile Users, Campus Network, Deployment, Drone

The performance of computers is mainly determined by their speed of operation which is governed by the Processor and Memory. In order to improve the speed of a computer, both the Processor and main Memory design must be improved. Hence, this research work is aimed at increasing the main memory speed of a computer by redesigning the components that make up the computer main memory. The design of basic memory devices, using the different Memory Elements developed from practical experimentation, analytical and numerical frameworks, was done. Analysis of each design was established using Propagation Route Framework in order to determine which of them gave higher computer speed. It was observed that the number of transitions required to complete a propagation route in the proposed SET/RESET memory element tagged SRALT shows an operational maximum number of fourteen (14) transistors as against sixteen (16) transistors of the conventional SET/RESET memory element tagged SRCONV. Likewise, the SRALT maximum data route delay passes through (3) gates as against SRCONV that has its maximum data route delay passing through (4) gates. Thus the delay was drastically reduced, thereby increasing the speed of the computer processing when compared with the conventional (SRCONV), commercially available RAMs.

Caffeine is the world most popularly consumed legal neurostimulant. It is naturally found in beverage drinks including coffee and tea. It is also artificially added to several soft and energy drinks, as well as medicinal drugs including analgesics. Caffeine itself can be employed for therapeutic purposes. The wide range of caffeine distribution in substances and its popularity in some cultures makes it almost impossible to regulate its consumption. Several people consume caffeine from one or more sources, daily and almost inadvertently. Yet, caffeine ingestion during pregnancy has been reported to have observable effects on female fertility as well as on embryo, foetal and child health. This investigation was conducted to analyse the effect of different doses of caffeine on pregnancy and foetus at birth with emphasis on the number of offspring and morphological parameters. Thirty two (n=32) adult female pregnant mice (Mus musculus) were divided into four groupsGroup A as the Control, Group B was administered the low-dose caffeine (10mg/kg body weight), Group C was administered the medium-dose caffeine (50 mg/kg body Original Research Article Joshua et al.; AJOB, 3(1): 1-7, 2017; Article no.AJOB.34230 2 weight) and Group D was administered the high-dose caffeine (120 mg/kg body weight). Anhydrous caffeine was dissolved in distilled water to achieve the target dosage for each group and animals were administered caffeine daily throughout the period of pregnancy. At birth, the parameters of fecundity were examined especially with respect to the average litter number; total sum of litter weights as well as the average litters’ weights across the experimental animal groups. Caffeine significantly affected birth weight of the offspring; treated groups had fewer offspring per birth and lower sum of offspring weights. Caffeine had observable effects on pregnancy and litters in manner that were negative especially at the higher doses.

Finite State Machine (FSM) is one way to describe the behavior of a circuit with state which takes inputs and uses those inputs and the state to compute outputs, so as to determine what state to transit into. Flip Flops are sequential digital circuits that hold (remember) logic values. The ability of computer systems to operate without the continuous human intervention is solely achieved through sequential logic circuits known as Flip Flops (Memory Elements). More sophisticated Flip Flops and logic gates machines known as the Central Processing Units (CPUs) use finite state machines as control units to synchronize the fetch, execute and decode cycle. The focus of this paper is on the sequential logic circuit, specifically, the Jump Key (JK) Flip Flops. The aim of this research is to show that logic circuit design for various digital device applications can be achieved using Finite State Machine

------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract Computer performance is increasingly limited by the performance of memory systems due to the fact that the rate of memory system performance increase has lagged the rate of processor performance increase in the past years. In other to bridge this gap, the computer memory is methodically examined from the transistor level to the memory element (Flip Flop) level using a robust methodological research process that provides a systematic approach/technique in comparing the performance of conventional Flip Flops to a Flip Flop known as Flip Flop Extension. Since the ultimate metric of memory system performance is related to how fast it can service critical requests from processors; the rationale used to justify the focus of this study is that by improving the memory elements (cells) used for designing Computer Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), the average request service time can be reduced. This study shows remarkable performance improvement on high capacity of computer memory with the developed Flip Flop Extension when compared to the conventional Flip Flops. This study is therefore dedicated to the investigation of the existing conventional Flip Flops performance comparison to a Flip Flop Extension that is capable of being selected for the purpose of reading from and writing into it. This paper presents two models of comparison analysis frameworks known as Decision Tree and Propagation Time to examine and evaluate the significant performance advantages of the Flip Flops Extension at 87.5% active states utilization over conventional Flip Flops at 50% and 75% active states utilization respectively.

---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract The design of an efficient and high performance memory element known as Flip-Flop Extension verification is carried out to ascertain its efficiency and effectiveness over the conventional SR and JK Flip Flops. This is achieved through the analysis of the design data of the Flip Flop Extension in comparison with the existing related conventional Flip Flops frameworks to examine and evaluate the significant advantages of the Flip Flops Extension at 87.5% and or 100% active states utilization against SR at 50% and JK at 75% active states utilizations. From the data analysis carried out, the Flip Flop Extension at 87.5% is found suitable to be used as memory element with speed, size and power consumption performance advantage over the conventional SR and JK Flip Flops; while the Flip Flop ‘No Rest state’ at 100% active state utilization cannot be used to build Storage devices, but they may still be useful in other digital application areas yet to be examined.

The concepts of Object-Based Databases (OBD), Object-Oriented databases (OODB) and Object Relational Databases (ORDB) are of paramount importance in today’s technological development. A comparison analysis of the concepts and usage of these variants of databases is presented in this paper with respect to areas of applications and features for more clarification. In addition, this paper also presents different data Models for these variants and discusses their relative strength and weaknesses which may serve as good resources for programmers .

Generally speaking, Ethical issues involve religion, philosophical paradigms, moral responsibilities, customs/cultural, societal beliefs, self conscience and professional rules and regulations as the case may be. A number of professional organizations in the field of computing have published their own code of ethics. Computing professionals are obligated to perform a variety of tasks conscientiously because their decisions affect the performance and functionality of computer systems, which in turn affect the welfare of the systems’ users directly and that of others less directly. This paper focuses on the ethical codes of four key professional bodies in computing and engineering sciences and discusses the roles such codes can play as professionalization strategy, ethical position, and practical approach, in order to raise some fundamental awareness on ethics for computer professionals and to point out areas of challenges. A code of ethics that is strictly practiced and adhered to is especially adequate to educate and inspire computing professionals to achieve ethical behavior that cannot be compromised nor be transferred to others since good intentions are not enough moral principles and respect to human dignity.

----------------------------------------------------------Abstract-----------------------------------------------------Cyber crime is a kind of crime that happens in cyberspace, that is, happens in the world of computer and the Internet. Cyber crime has become a global phenomenon; this kind of crime has the serious potential for severe impact on our lives, society, and economy because our society is becoming an information society where communication takes place in cyberspace. While there are several textbooks talking about cyber crime, but only few literatures focus on the relevant laws to combat these seemingly uncontrollable phenomenon. In other words, most materials talk about the crime of cyber crime, but this paper will talk more about cyber law. The discourse will start from origins, types, classifications, laws and propose recommendations to possibly reduce the growing problems in our society.