The direct C–H functionalization of nitrogen-containing heterocycles is highly desirable due to atom-economical and step-efficient strategies in modern synthetic chemistry; however, the selective installation of C-O bonds onto quinoxalinone frameworks under mild and sustainable conditions remains largely unexplored. Herein, we report the first palladium-catalyzed direct C-H benzoyloxylation of 1-methyl-3-arylquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones using tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) [Pd(PPh3)4] as catalyst and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as oxidant in water under aerobic conditions. Systematic optimization involving 23 reaction variants identified Pd(PPh3)4 (5 mol%) and CAN (2 equiv.) in water at 60 °C as the optimal conditions, affording the desired benzoyloxylated products in up to 92% isolated yield. The protocol exhibits broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, enabling the synthesis of 25 structurally diverse benzoyloxylated quinoxalinone derivatives in 65–92% yield through variation of both benzoic acid coupling partners and quinoxalinone substrates. Electron-withdrawing substituents consistently enhanced reactivity, whereas electron-donating groups moderately reduced product yield. Mechanistic investigations, including control experiments and TEMPO inhibition studies, support a Pd(0)/Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalytic pathway involving a cyclopalladated intermediate, CAN-generated benzoyloxy radical species, and subsequent C-O reductive elimination from a high-valent Pd(IV) intermediate. The use of water as the sole solvent and mild reaction temperature highlight the green and sustainable nature of the methodology compared to conventional C–H functionalization protocols employing toxic organic solvents. The practical applicability of the transformation was demonstrated through gram-scale synthesis, delivering the desired product in 89% yield (1.67 g). Furthermore, the regioselectivity of benzoyloxylation was unequivocally confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis of compound 5d. Overall, this methodology provides an efficient, scalable, and environmentally benign approach for the direct benzoyloxylation of quinoxalinone frameworks via palladium-catalyzed C-H activation.

Nickel, an essential transition metal, plays a vital role in biological systems and industries. However, exposure to nickel can cause severe health issues, such as asthma, dermatitis, pneumonitis, neurological disorders, and cancers of the nasal cavity and lungs. Due to nickel's toxicity and extensive industrial use, efficient sensors for detecting Ni2+ ions in environmental and biological contexts are essential. Carbohydrates, with their inherent water solubility and biocompatibility, are ideal for constructing chemosensors. Incorporating a pyridyl group enhances the selectivity and sensitivity of these sensors. We present a carbohydrate-derived colorimetric chemosensor 5-(2'-Pyridoylethene-1'-yl)-4-(2''-phenylethene-1''-yl)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydrofuran-2,3-diol (7a) that exhibits a distinct colour change and significant fluorescence quenching upon binding with Ni2+ ions. The synthesis of receptor (7a) was validated by using 1H, 13C NMR, HRMS, and single crystal X-ray analysis. Detection limit of receptor (7a) for Ni2+ was calculated to be 0.97 μM, which is below the standard (1.2 μM) set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The binding ratio of receptor (7a) to Ni2+ was determined to be 1:1 by using Job's plot. The binding constant of receptor (7a) and Ni2+ was calculated as 4.38 × 104 M-1 by using the Benesi-Hildebrand equation. This sensor demonstrates exceptional selectivity for Ni2+ ions over other metal cations. Receptor (7a) is stable and can be used to detect Ni2+ in the range of pH from 6 to 10. The sensor responded to Ni2+ ions selectively and a large number of coexisting ions showed almost no obvious interference with the detection. Our findings shed light on the potential of carbohydrate-derived chemosensors for nickel detection, paving the way for further exploration in this field. The binding mechanism of receptor (7a) to Ni2+ ions was proposed by Job's plot, UV-vis spectra and DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculations.

The effective and environmentally friendly synthetic approach has been presented for the synthesis of structurally diverse tetrahydrochromeno[2,3-c]pyrazol-5(1H)-one using indium triflate catalyzed the four-component reaction of aromatic aldehyde, 1,3-diketone, Phenylhydrazine and ethyl acetoacetate in solvent ethanol. The synthetic methodology has specific features such as atom and step economy, operational simplicity and excellent catalytic activity with sustainability, recyclability and reusability, resulting in structurally varied hybrid molecules with a unique combination of preferred substructures. The synthetic method of preparation of structurally diverse drug-like molecules has exceptional synthetic efficiency and molecular complexity in a shorter reaction time (15-20 min) and high product yield (85-95 %) at moderate temperatures, which contribute significantly to drug discovery research in medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry.

Thermochemical valorization of polypropylene waste into liquid fuel and carbon nano-particles has been demonstrated using nano-size zinc oxide catalyst and a laboratory-designed reaction chamber under optimized conditions. Both obtained products were characterised as combustible liquid and zinc oxide encapsulated carbon nanoparticles with a size of 40 to 60 nm using suitable analytical techniques. The structure and basic properties of the liquid; including viscosity (3.31cp), flash point (55 degrees C), and calorific values (8.3 x 103 KJ/Kg), were determined, which confirmed the use liquid as an alternative fuel, while the zinc oxide encapsulated carbon nanoparticles are used as a functional filler for natural latex to enhance mechanical properties, such as increased hardness by 39 % and abrasion resistance by 52.6 %. Finally, the decomposition mechanism for the facile thermochemical transformation of polypropylene waste has been proposed after analyzing infra-red spectra. This analysis confirms that the zinc oxide activates the carbon and hydrogen bonds of polypropylene for effective thermochemical transformation.

The study presents a highly efficient synthetic route for novel furo[3,2-c]coumarin C-glycosides using an isocyanide-based multicomponent reaction. The process uses β-C-glycopyranosyl aldehydes, derived from naturally occurring d-glucose or d-galactose, as key intermediates and eliminates the need for catalysts. The reaction, performed in acetonitrile at room temperature, yields target compounds in excellent yields within 4-6 h. The synthesized C-glycosides were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. These compounds are stable due to their resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis, making them promising for drug development. Molecular docking studies demonstrated their binding modes within the active site of type II topoisomerase, with eight out of ten synthesized compounds showing more negative binding energy compared to doxorubicin, indicating a high affinity for the active pocket. The reaction's scalability was demonstrated through gram-scale synthesis, highlighting its potential for industrial applications. The study highlights both a robust synthetic strategy and demonstrates the potential of these novel C-glycosides as anticancer agents.

This study presents a novel ruthenium‐catalyzed method for the regioselective ortho‐sulphonamidation of benzo[b][1,4]oxazin‐2‐ones. Utilizing sulfonyl azides, which release benign nitrogen gas as a byproduct, this approach achieves high yields and excellent ortho‐selectivity in CH functionalization. The protocol exhibits a broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and operational simplicity. Optimization studies and control experiments support a plausible reaction mechanism involving a ruthenium‐metallacycle intermediate. Gram‐scale synthesis demonstrates the practicality and potential of the method to access biologically relevant molecules, significantly expanding CH functionalization in heterocyclic chemistry.

The main goals of this research are to identify the significant input parameters using supervised machine learning methods and investigate the relationship between the process, structure, and properties of components created using fused deposition modeling utilizing nylon aramid composite filaments. To develop an experimental layout using Taguchi’s L 18 orthogonal array, six different FDM parameters such as infill pattern, infill density, layer thickness, component orientation, print temperature, and raster angle have been taken into consideration.Using an Ultimaker FDM printer, rectangular samples were created, and the values of face hardness, thickness regions, printing time, and component weight were assessed. ANOVA and the signal to noise ratio method are two techniques that have been used to find the significant influencing parameter and the ideal combination of parameters. When comparing thickly layered samples with a suitable increase in time and weight, thin-layered samples are shown to have greater hardness values at both tested areas. With a 50.09% contribution to face hardness and a 30.11% contribution to hardness at the thickness area, raster angle is found to be significant over hardness.Layer thickness is an important element that contributes 81.95% to printing time and 42.09% to part weight, respectively. In an 80:20 train-test split, the decision tree approach outperformed the k -nearest neighbor algorithm for all four output responses, with classification accuracy ranging from 83.33% to 100%. Infill density is recommended by the decision tree method to be extremely significant over face hardness and component weight, and layer thickness is similarly recommended to be highly significant over printing time and hardness at the thickness region. The presence of surface pores, interior voids, and layer abnormalities is confirmed by FESEM images.

In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized using an improved Hummers method. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared using a simple mixing method. The synthesis of DES-GO composites is employed to increase the thermal stability of flame retardants. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam is widely recognized due to its advantageous properties, including low weight, thermal insulation, and impact resistance. However, its inherent flammability poses significant safety risks. This study investigates the development of innovative green flame-retardant coatings for EPS by incorporating DES and DES-GO composite. These eco-friendly coatings are engineered to improve flame resistance while ensuring optimal mechanical integrity, thermal stability, adhesion, and water resistance. The findings demonstrate that DES and GO provide exceptional flame-retardant performance by forming thermally stable carbonaceous layers, effectively suppressing heat and smoke generation during combustion. Additionally, density functional theory analyses reveal insights into the formation mechanisms of DES and DES-GO composite materials. Annealing molecular dynamics simulation reveals the adhesion behavior and stability at elevated temperatures for the number of cycles. Vertical flammability tests and limiting oxygen index measurements confirm significant improvements in the flame resistance for EPS foam. This study paves the way for safer, greener, and more effective flame-retardant solutions for EPS, promoting advancements in fire safety technology with enhanced environmental sustainability.

This research examines the water absorption and control factors that contribute to the mechanical stability of fabricated composites by using Grey-Taguchi analysis. Banana fibre as a reinforcing agent along with a polypropylene matrix was used for fabricating the composite material. It was observed that the water absorption depends on the banana fibre content, and it was found that there was low water absorption occurring at 5 wt% of banana fibre reinforced composite, which is 1.23 %, and higher water absorption (4.2 %) for the propylene composites (12.5 wt% of banana fibre). There are three control factors: banana fibre (wt%), NaHCOs, and compression molding pressure (MPa) were used for obtaining the superior mechanical strength of composites. Grey relational analysis revealed 12.5 wt% banana fibre/6 % NaHCOs/1 MPa compression pressure had the superior mechanical strength in 15 trial combinations. Banana weight percentage has achieved the first rank in improving the mechanical properties of composites, followed by NaHCOs concentration and compression pressure. The higher mechanical strength was achieved: tensile strength (48.44 MPa), flexural strength (78.22 MPa), and impact strength (28.35 kJ/m2) for 12.5 wt% banana fibre/6 % NaHCOs/1 MPa compression pressure-based composites. According to an analysis of variance, banana fibre was identified as the most influential control factor, contributing 48.14 % to the improvement of the mechanical properties of fabricated composites. Moreover, SEM analyses revealed that matrix breakage, fibre pullouts, and both are responsible for creating voids in the composites. Surface modification of fibres with NaHCOs reduces the surface irregularities and increases the mechanical strength of fabricated composites.

A novel and highly efficient microwave-assisted palladium-catalyzed method has been developed for the regioselective ortho-acyloxylation, and ortho-hydroxylation of 3-phenyl-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-2-ones. Utilizing the C-H activation strategy, this protocol exploits the directing effect of nitrogen within the heterocyclic framework, enabling selective introduction of acetoxyl, butoxyl, and hydroxyl groups with excellent regioselectivity and moderate to good yields. The method exhibits broad substrate compatibility and impressive tolerance to various functional groups, offering significant advantages in cost-effectiveness and time efficiency, with reactions completed within minutes and easily scalable to gram quantities. Additionally, late-stage functionalization of hydroxylated compounds via the Suzuki reaction demonstrates the method's utility in drug discovery, facilitating further functionalization of biologically active molecules with outstanding regioselectivity.

Herein, we report the development of a diastereoselective and efficient route to construct sugar-derived pyrano[3,2-c]quinolones utilizing 1-C-formyl glycal and 4-hydroxy quinolone annulation. This methodology will open a route to synthesize nature inspired pyrano[3,2-c]quinolones. This is the first report for the stereoselective synthesis of sugar-derived pyrano[3,2-c]quinolones, where 100% stereoselectivity was observed. A total of sixteen compounds have been synthesized in excellent yields with 100% stereoselectivity. The molecular docking of the synthesized novel natural product analogues demonstrated their binding modes within the active site of type II topoisomerase. The results of the in-silico studies displayed more negative binding energies for the all the synthesized compounds in comparison to the natural product huajiosimuline A, indicating their affinity for the active pocket. Ten out of the sixteen novel synthesized compounds were found to have comparative or relatively more negative binding energy in comparison to the standard anti-cancer drug, doxorubicin. Additionally, the scalability and viability of this protocol was illustrated by the gram scale synthesis.

The nutritious and functional beverage was developed and evaluated for changes in its physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory parameters at monthly interval for three months storage period. Data reveal that yields of pulp in bottle gourd fruit was 77.36% while mint twigs and lime had 73.80% and 38.70% paste/juice yield respectively. Bottle gourd fruits, mint leaves and lime fruits had TSS (5.8, 3.0 and 7.5%), ascorbic acid content (144.40, 180.20 and 38.40 mg/100 g), total chlorophyll (144.40, 180.20, 38.40 mg/100 g),total phenols (85.33, 410.24 and 62.67 mg/100 g) and total antioxidant activity (69.55, 74.68 and 84.80%), respectively. Chia seeds contained proteins (16.86%), fat (31.18%) and fibre (23.62%).due to the supplementation of chia seeds. Spiced bottle gourd-mint-lime RTS drink variant supplemented with 2% chia seeds had maximum overall acceptability score (8.59). The scores for colour and appearance, flavour, taste, mouthfeel and overall acceptability in the beverage decreased significantly during storage, however, the product was found acceptable even at three months storage. Total soluble solids and acidity increased significantly while ascorbic acid, total phenols, total anti-oxidant activity and total chlorophyll decreased significantly during the storage period.

The palladium-catalysed regioselective C-H chalcogenation of benzoxazines with disulfides and diselenides in air has been described. In this protocol, palladium acetate serves as the catalyst in conjunction with copper as an oxidizing agent. Through this approach, a wide array of sulfenylation and selenylation reactions of benzomorpholines have been effected, yielding results ranging from good to excellent. Thus, the established procedure demonstrates superb regioselectivity and a strong tolerance towards various functional groups and is suitable for gram-scale synthesis. Additionally, this synthetic approach offers a practical and convenient pathway for late-stage functionalization leading to the Rosenmund-von Braun reaction.