Bio-fortification is a process that enhances the nutritional quality of crops, including vegetables, by increasing their micronutrient content. It can be achieved through different approaches such as agronomic, conventional breeding, and transgenic/biotechnological methods. Vegetables are known to be rich in micronutrients, vitamins, antioxidants, and other health-benefiting compounds, making them essential for a balanced diet. However, malnutrition and hidden hunger continue to be global challenges, particularly in developing countries. Micronutrient deficiencies, such as iron, zinc, iodine, and vitamin A, are prevalent in these populations. Conventional breeding focuses on selecting genotypes with desirable nutritional traits without compromising agricultural productivity. Transgenic/biotechnological approaches involve the synthesis of transgenes to enhance the bioavailability of micronutrients in plants. Bio-fortification of vegetables is particularly important as they are rich sources of micronutrients, vitamins, and other health-benefiting compounds. However, improving the nutritional quality of vegetables through conventional breeding has had limited success, and modern molecular tools and techniques offer potential for handling complex traits and developing nutrient-dense varieties. Bio-fortification offers a sustainable solution to address these deficiencies by increasing the nutrient content of crops, particularly plant-based foods. These techniques have shown promising results in increasing the concentration of nutrients, such as iron, in vegetables, thereby improving their nutritional quality.

Bodhi language is one of the rare languages which is still spoken in the Leh neighbourhood, Ladakh and many Tibetan regions. There is not much linguistic research done in this language. Even google translate does not work on this language. There are various types of other linguistic researches and model available on language like English and some other regional languages like Hindi, Bangla, Ukrainian etc. But there are almost negligible research and models available on Bodhi Language.In this paper, we proposed a Language Modelling Technique using Long Short Term Memory network (LSTM) which is based on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), using this machine learning technique we have made a model to predict the next word in bodhi language, when the user will input anything, the model will predict the next word according to the previous word(s). This model is already made for the English language but we are making the model or basically programing the model to predict the next word in the Ladakhi language which is also called as Bodhi language. This language is more complex than English language. We have tried to make the model as accurate as possible while predicting the next word in Ladakhi language. To prepare themodel we have collected dataset as a large collection of Bodhi words. In this model, we have trained the model in 500 iterations (Epochs).we used the TensorFlow, keras, dictionaries, pandas, NumPy packages. For the coding purpose we used the platform called Google Colab which is provided by google for machine learning enthusiasts.

Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) is necessary to enhance sustainable yield in an eco-friendly way. A field experiment was conducted during November 2021 in winter season at School of Agriculture, Abhilashi University Mandi (Chail Chowk), Himachal Pradesh to study the effect of integrated nutrients management on growth and yield of the radish cv. Pusa Desi. The experiment consisted of 7 treatments with control, laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatment combination consisted of organic manure (FYM and Vermicompost) and inorganic fertilizers (NPK). The quantitative growth and yield parameters were recorded at 30 DAS and at harvest. Number of leaves (7.72) at 30 DAS and (14.28) at harvest, root length (12.10 cm) at 30 DAS and (26.43 cm) at harvest, root diameter (3.13 cm) at 30 DAS and (5.70 cm) at harvest, was recorded in T5 (NPK 50% + FYM 25% + Vermicompost 25%) Whereas the fresh weight (195.18 g) and dry weight of roots (39.04 g), root yield per plot (28.23 kg), root yield per hectare (470.53 q) and harvest index (45.45%) was also maximum recorded in T5 (NPK 50% + FYM 25% + Vermicompost 25%). The study suggested that the combined application of inorganic and organic manure and fertilizers (NPK 50% + FYM 25% +Vermicompost 25%) was highly beneficial for all the growth and yield parameters of radish.

Optimization of nitrogen (N) fertilization is vital for minimizing losses and realizing the yield potential of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] under different tillage and residue management options. Hence, a field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23 at research farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of nitrogen placement methods under conservation agriculture (CA) for augmenting crop growth, productivity and profitability of Indian mustard. Experiment consisted a split-plot design with three crop establishment practices (CEP) [ZT-R, Zero tillage without residue retention; ZT+R, Zero tillage with residue; CT, Conventional tillage] in main-plots and nitrogen placement methods (NPM) [control (no N); recommended dose of N (RDN)-conventional; RDN-SSB (subsurface band placement of second N split along the crop rows); 80% RDN-SSB] in sub-plots. The ZT+R enhanced crop growth rate by 6.0–36.1% over CT at various crop stages. The ZT+R reported higher soil moisture by 9–20.7% over CT and ZT-R. Significantly superior seed yield (14.3–28.5%), net return (20.5–53.9%) and benefit cost ratio (21.8–79.0%) was obtained with ZT+R over ZT-R and CT while RDN-SSB recorded 7.3–9.1% higher seed yield over other treatments. Statistically at par results were obtained under RDN-conventional and 80% RDN-SSB for yield attributing characters and seed yield delineating that a saving of 20% N in mustard production is possible without compromising yield and this can reduce environmental footprint as well. Therefore, this study concluded that the residue retention under ZT along with subsurface N placement in mustard crop gives better vegetative growth, yield attributes and yield with a potential to save 20% N and can be opted in semi-arid Indo-Gangetic plains and similar agro-ecologies.

The tannery industries have greatly improved their treatment system; treated effluents still need to be properly delineated for contaminants and toxicity.In this study, the analysis of both raw and treated tannery effluents (TEs) revealed the maximum reduction of chromium (91%), followed by chemical oxygen demand (COD) (76.7%), total dissolved solids (TDSs) (43.3%), oil and grease (37.2%), and biological oxygen demand (BOD) (33.3%) after common effluent treatment plant (CETP) treatment.Further, the concentration of TDS (13,317 ± 2.7 mg/l), BOD (280 ± 4.47 mg/l), COD (409 ± 2.4 mg/l), sulfate (3773 ± 7.3 mg/l), nitrate (734.86 ± 0.4 mg/l), chloride (8053.59± 18.7 mg/l), and chromium (7.153 ± 0.02 mg/l) in treated TE was 6.3-, 9.3-, 1.6-, 3.8-, 73.4-, 13.4-, and 3.6-fold higher than the permissible limit fixed by Central Pollution Control Board.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of recalcitrant organic pollutants such as furan, phthalate, and fatty acid in CETP-treated TE.Phytotoxicity investigation of TE on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seeds germination shows that both raw and CETP-treated TEs were inhibitory for seed germination and plant growth.Further, treated TE inhibited seed germination (30%), root length (97.3%), and shoot length (88.7%) in T. foenum-graecum and at 50% concentration, respectively.However, CETP-treated TE was less toxic than the raw TE.Further, fenugreek seeds were more sensitive to TE, as they could not be germinated in both undiluted raw and treated TEs.The finding of the present study reveals that CETP-treated effluents contain a complex mixture of toxic contaminants, indicating that it is not safe to discharge these effluents into the environment.