Hirayama illness is a rare neurological condition that first manifests as gradual muscular weakening and wasting of the distal upper limb in young males, followed within a few years by a spontaneous arrest. The spinal cord and cervical dural sac are thought to have been displaced forward by neck flexion, which is thought to be the cause of the condition. In contrast to the Middle East countries, it is more widespread in Asia. We have described here two cases from India, who presented with increasing weakness and wasting of the distal part of their upper limbs after a traumatic event. Although their symptoms were initially thought to be due to trauma, later, they were diagnosed as cases of Hirayama disease (HD), following detailed history and physical examination, radiological investigations and electrophysiological examination. A review of the literature was done which also described electrophysiological and radiographic findings, which supported our diagnosis. For young male patients who present with weakness and wasting of upper limb distal group muscles, HD should be investigated because it is infrequently seen in clinical settings.

IMPACT It is vital that social responsibilities become part of nonprofit or public organizations' strategic management. Strategic management of social responsibilities implies continuous attention to these responsibilities-not only during strategic planning but also throughout strategy implementation. Organizations need to assess whether they are mission-focused, planningfocused, opportunity-focused or `savvy' strategists in terms of their strategic management of social responsibilities. Many organizations are planning-focused, indicating aspirations towards social responsibilities in strategic plans without embedding these in concrete implementation activities. Creating centres, offices, and programmes focused on social responsibilities will help to counter this. Moreover, embedding social responsibilities into funding opportunities is also a way to signal more continuous attention. ABSTRACT How are social responsibilities integrated in strategic management? This article describes a framework for strategic management of social responsibilities that was tested on 58 universities in the USA. The mixed methods research, using an integrated dual analytic approach, features integration of qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were drawn from university websites as strategic management outputs are often communicated online to highlight a university's unique selling proposition in a competitive market. Most universities are planning-focused, implying that social responsibilities are embedded in strategic plans but not in implementation activities (specifically, comprehensive fundraising campaigns). Recommendations for research and practice on strategic management of social responsibilities are discussed.

As variability is crucial for crop improvement, it is better to characterise several genotypes that are derived from either seedlings or wild types. This research facilitates the identification of cultivars, genotypes and the elimination of identical plants within populations. The study was conducted in year 2022-23 with thirty-three guava genotypes of Jabalpur district to examine various morphological characteristics such as tree height, trunk girth and canopy diameter, branching attitude, stem colour in young shoots, branching density, mature leaf colour, leaf shape, leaf base shape, leaf tip shape, leaf curvature and leaf twisting. The experimental investigation was carried out at the Fruit Research Station, Imaliya, under the Department of Horticulture at the College of Agriculture, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Genotypes exhibited notable diversity in their morphological traits with respect to height, gith, canopy and several leaf-based characteristics. For the estimation of diversity, the DUS guideline of UPOV was followed. All the genotypes in this study aged between eight to thirteen years. Descriptive statistics showed that, the height of the trees varied between 2.78m (JG-322) and 6.12m (JG-325). The trunk girth ranged between 27.21cm (JG-314) to 87.23cm (JG-319). The canopy in the east-west direction ranged from 4m (JG-325) to 8.34m (JG-322) whereas, in north-south direction varied 3.68m (JG-325) to 8.41m (JG-322). The observed diversity in these traits yielded significant insights that might drive the selection of parental plants for an advanced guava breeding initiative.

This paper describes how mixed methods can improve the value and policy relevance of impact evaluations, paying particular attention to how mixed methods can be used to address external validity and generalization issues. We briefly review the literature on the rationales for using mixed methods; provide documentation of the extent to which mixed methods have been used in impact evaluations in recent years; describe how we developed a list of recent impact evaluations using mixed methods and the process used to conduct full-text reviews of these articles; summarize the findings from our analysis of the articles; discuss three exemplars of using mixed methods in impact evaluations; and discuss how mixed methods have been used for studying and improving external validity and potential improvements that could be made in this area. We find that mixed methods are rarely used in impact evaluations, and we believe that increased use of mixed methods would be useful because they can reinforce findings from the quantitative analysis (triangulation), and they can also help us understand the mechanism by which programs have their impacts and the reasons why programs fail.

Achilles tendon (AT) is the strongest and one of the commonly ruptured tendons. For AT rupture with large defect, surgery is arguably better option than conservative one. However, rehabilitation protocol and outcome after surgery for AT rupture with larger defects is not mentioned well in the literature. In this series, 11 cases of AT rupture with large defect are studied retrospectively from the hospital records. All of the cases received uniform structured rehabilitation and orthotic management following repair surgery and were followed up at 6 months and 1 year. Significant improvement in pain, function and strength was noted and temporal association is found between symptomatic change and day of presentation. However, there was no report of re-rupture and there was no difference in outcome with intraoperative platelet-rich plasma injection.

Over the past 30 years, red tape has emerged as a key concept in public management. Yet, researchers continue to debate the relative merits of system-centric versus individual-centric approaches. In this article, we articulate an individual-centric psychological process theory, a theory that confronts the 'modularity assumption' relegating the subjective individual experience as inconsequential in much red tape research. We theorize that the appraisal mechanism influences the meaning attached to external compliance demands. Our process theory advances the claim that experience, emotion, and expectancy influence one's perceptions of, and behavioral response to, red tape. Thus, compliance expectations in rules are informed by other social demands embedded in roles, identities, and collective interests in ways that influence the perceived legitimacy of rules and the compliance burdens they impose. The psychological process theory offers a holistic perspective on red tape by treating the subjective individual experience as consequential for understanding red tape.

Mitochondria play an important and multifaceted role in cellular function, catering to the cell's energy and biosynthetic requirements. They modulate apoptosis while responding to diverse extracellular and intracellular stresses including reactive oxygen species (ROS), nutrient and oxygen scarcity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and signaling via surface death receptors. Integral components of mitochondria, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA), Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), cardiolipin, and formyl peptides serve as major damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These molecules activate multiple innate immune pathways both in the cytosol [such as Retionoic Acid-Inducible Gene-1 (RIG-1) and Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS)] and on the cell surface [including Toll-like receptors (TLRs)]. This activation cascade leads to the release of various cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and other inflammatory molecules and oxidative species. The innate immune pathways further induce chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment which either promotes survival and proliferation or promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis and therapeutic resistance in the cancer cell's. Chronic activation of innate inflammatory pathways in tumors also drives immunosuppressive checkpoint expression in the cancer cells and boosts the influx of immune-suppressive populations like Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) and Regulatory T cells (Tregs) in cancer. Thus, sensing of cellular stress by the mitochondria may lead to enhanced tumor growth. In addition to that, the tumor microenvironment also becomes a source of immunosuppressive cytokines. These cytokines exert a debilitating effect on the functioning of immune effector cells, and thus foster immune tolerance and facilitate immune evasion. Here we describe how alteration of the mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular stress drives innate inflammatory pathways in the tumor microenvironment.

Introduction Wound care, which includes cleaning and fostering a moist wound healing environment, play a crucial role in the management of diabetic foot ulcers.. Total-contact casts are widely used as the most effective external technique for off-loading plantar ulcers. This study compared the effectiveness of PRP and normal saline dressings in conjunction with TCC.Methods 36 patients with diabetic foot ulcers were divided into two groups using computer generated randomization into PRP and NS groups with 18 patients in each group. The PRP group was given autologous PRP, and the NS group was given wet dressing with NS, following which TCC was applied in each case for off-loading. Follow-up was performed every 15 days for 90 days. In each follow-up measurement and TCC application, the time to heal and PUSH score was used to measure the condition of the wound.Results In the PRP group, the mean wound size 8.28±1.18 and the mean Push tool total 13.44±0.98 at base line which gradually decreased, and finally, on day 90, it was reduced to 0.61±1.20 and 1.89±3.68, respectively. In NS group the mean wound size 8.45±1.13 and mean Push tool total 13.50±0.92 at baseline which was gradually decreased and finally at day 90 it was reduced to 1.58±1.55 and 4.61±4.37 respectively. A significant difference was observed in both groups during the final evaluation. Compared with the NS group, the PRP group showed greater improvement.Conclusion Both autologous PRP and NS are effective in treating DFU, when used along with TCC. However, PRP therapy is better at reducing the healing time and hospital visits.### Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.### Clinical TrialCTRI/2022/08/044973### Funding StatementThis study did not receive any funding### Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was conducted at a tertiary care center with a well-equipped research laboratory and other facilities for patient care after obtaining institutional ethical committee approval via AIIMS/Pat/IEC/PGTh/ July20/02 on September 29I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable.YesData collected from department of PMR AIIMS Patna.

The Asian American experience in the federal workforce remains poorly understood. This qualitative study, based on interviews with 41 Asian American federal workers, examines how this heterogeneous minority group experiences racialization in the U.S. federal government. The analysis of interview data revealed five aggregate dimensions that shape the experiences of Asian American federal employees: (1) racial identity formation, (2) racialization at work, (3) aspects of the federal government context such as organizational culture and practices, (4) individual strategies to overcome constraints, and (5) awareness of the political climate and social ties outside the work context. By probing how Asian American employees experience racialization and the strategies they adopt in response, this study contributes to a small but growing literature on inclusion and racialization processes beyond the Black-White binary in the U.S. public sector.

A study was conducted to assess the flowering behaviour of 33 guava genotypes of Jabalpur district of MP. Under this study, various guava genotypes were evaluated for their flowering characteristics over two consecutive years. Genotype JG-309 consistently exhibited the earliest flowering, while late flowering was observed in genotypes JG-311 and JG-330. The timing of full bloom varied among genotypes as influenced by both genetic factors and environmental conditions. Significant diversity was observed in the number of floral buds (11.66 to 16) and open flowers per shoot (11.33 to 13.16) across genotypes, reflecting variations in reproductive capacity. Understanding these variations is crucial for effective orchard management, including pruning, fertilization and pest control. Moreover, the duration of flowering (23 to 48 days) varied widely among genotypes, with implications for harvest timing and fruit quality. Genotypes were categorized into short, medium and long flowering duration groups, highlighting the influence of varietal characteristics and local climate on flowering dynamics. These findings contribute to our understanding of guava flowering patterns and provide insights for optimizing cultivation practices to enhance yield and fruit quality.

Understanding the intricacies of the metabolic phenotype in immune cells and its plasticity within the tumor microenvironment is pivotal in understanding the pathology and prognosis of cancer. Unfavorable conditions and cellular stress in the tumor microenvironment (TME) exert a profound impact on cellular functions in immune cells, thereby influencing both tumor progression and immune responses. Elevated AMP:ATP ratio, a consequence of limited glucose levels, activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) while concurrently repressing the activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α). The intricate balance between AMPK, mTOR, and HIF-1α activities defines the metabolic phenotype of immune cells in the TME. These Changes in metabolic phenotype are strongly associated with immune cell functions and play a crucial role in creating a milieu conducive to tumor progression. Insufficiency of nutrient and oxygen supply leads to a metabolic shift in immune cells characterized by a decrease in glycolysis and an increase in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) rates. In most cases, this shift in metabolism is accompanied by a compromise in the effector functions of these immune cells. This metabolic adaptation prompts immune cells to turn down their effector functions, entering a quiescent or immunosuppressive state that may support tumor growth. This article discusses how tumor microenvironment alters the metabolism in immune cells leading to their tolerance and tumor progression, with emphasis on mitochondrial metabolism (OXPHOS and FAO).

Recently, there have been a variety of arguments voiced to encourage that more attention be given to the role qualitative methods can play in mixed methods research in public policy and public administration. This article discusses these claims and describes the benefits of qualitative approaches, and how qualitative research methods can be leveraged to strengthen mixed methods research in public administration. We also provide a guide for improving the credibility of mixed methods research through increasing transparency and discussions of all methodological decisions. This study is based on a systematic content analysis of 186 mixed methods studies published in public policy and public administration journals between 2010 and 2018. We found that findings from the quantitative methods dominated the mixed methods studies, little diversity in data collection and analysis methods, and frequent failure to integrate insights from both methods. We also analyzed the 36 qualitative-dominant studies in the sample, and illuminated seven different ways that authors of qualitative-dominant studies leveraged the qualitative strand to strengthen mixed methods research. We developed lessons from our analysis of the qualitative-dominant articles on how to incorporate qualitative methods in a thoughtful manner, articulate a role for each strand, and effectively support findings with one or more strands.

A rule is divisive when its legitimacy is contested and divisive rules are an enduring theme of public administration research. For over three decades, this research has been shaped by red tape theory, which conceptualizes divisive rules as those which consume an organization's resources but fail to advance its goals. Recently, however, the administrative burden framework, which prioritizes the impact of divisive rules on citizens and links their origins to political motives, has grown in popularity. We take stock of the last decade of research on red tape and administrative burden using the meta-narrative review methodology. We identify five narratives within the two research traditions and discuss their distinct research questions, theoretical mechanisms, privileged actors, and rule assumptions, as well as their strengths, limitations, and practical implications. These insights are leveraged to analyze the origins, impact, and ontology of divisive public sector rules. We also raise research questions with cross-cutting relevance to the red tape and administrative burden research traditions.

An experiment was conducted at the ICAR-National Research Centre on Litchi, Muzaffarpur (Bihar), India, during the periods 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 to assess the effect of spacing and training system on morpho-physiology, yield, and quality of litchi. The maximum plant height was found at the spacing of 8 m × 8 m (4.25 m), but the highest increase in plant height during the study period was recorded in close planting T1 (4 m × 3 m with supporting system) (30.47

In this essay, I take stock of the red tape research program (and research programs on administrative burden and sludge) to assess whether subjective individual experience has been given its rightful due in public policy and public administration. My primary purpose is to assess how concepts facilitate or hinder our understanding of the subjective individual experience. To serve this purpose, I present a conceptual analysis strategy and elaborate on the value of interrogating the modularity assumption (fit between conceptualization and experience). I conclude by advocating for consilience across concepts and research programs to better capture the subjective individual experience.

This study is an epistemic reflexive examination of race in representative bureaucracy theory, responding to the criticism that its conceptualization has been narrow. To counter socially reinforced ways of thinking, we use a problematizing review method to read broadly and selectively. Reviewing a sample of articles published in public administration (immediate research domain); political science (neighboring domain); sociology and Asian/cultural/ethnic studies (indirectly relevant domains) between 2017 and 2021 and paying attention to social constructionism, we examined how race and ethnicity are conceptualized. While the articles in public administration focused on a binary conception of race, treating differential outcomes as natural, articles sampled from other domains explained how ethnoracial categories were constructed, highlighted the contextual nature of differential outcomes, and engaged with the issue of racialization. To expand the conception of race in public administration, we must explore the process in which racial constructs became associated with unequal outcomes.

Public Administration ReviewVolume 83, Issue 2 p. 229-240 EDITORIAL Beyond social equity: Talking social justice in public administration Camilla Stivers, Camilla Stivers Levin College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USASearch for more papers by this authorSanjay K. Pandey, Sanjay K. Pandey Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USASearch for more papers by this authorLeisha DeHart-Davis, Leisha DeHart-Davis School of Government, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorJeremy L. Hall, Corresponding Author Jeremy L. Hall [email protected] School of Public Administration, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA Correspondence Jeremy L. Hall, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorKathryn Newcomer, Kathryn Newcomer Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USASearch for more papers by this authorShannon Portillo, Shannon Portillo School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USASearch for more papers by this authorMeghna Sabharwal, Meghna Sabharwal Public and Nonprofit Management Program, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USASearch for more papers by this authorEiko Strader, Eiko Strader Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USASearch for more papers by this authorJames Wright II, James Wright II Askew School of Public Administration and Policy, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USASearch for more papers by this author Camilla Stivers, Camilla Stivers Levin College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USASearch for more papers by this authorSanjay K. Pandey, Sanjay K. Pandey Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USASearch for more papers by this authorLeisha DeHart-Davis, Leisha DeHart-Davis School of Government, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorJeremy L. Hall, Corresponding Author Jeremy L. Hall [email protected] School of Public Administration, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA Correspondence Jeremy L. Hall, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorKathryn Newcomer, Kathryn Newcomer Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USASearch for more papers by this authorShannon Portillo, Shannon Portillo School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USASearch for more papers by this authorMeghna Sabharwal, Meghna Sabharwal Public and Nonprofit Management Program, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USASearch for more papers by this authorEiko Strader, Eiko Strader Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USASearch for more papers by this authorJames Wright II, James Wright II Askew School of Public Administration and Policy, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 26 February 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13620Citations: 2 *Editor-in-Chief's Note: PAR Editorials seek to raise the salience of important public administration themes. Social justice is one of the defining themes of our times and in this editorial statement, we clarify some basic issues and offer a vision for future scholarship and practice. This statement is co-authored with notable public administration scholars, many affiliated with the Consortium of Race and Gender Scholars (CORGES). I am especially grateful to Cam Stivers, Sanjay Pandey, and Leisha DeHart-Davis for their leadership in crafting this editorial statement. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. 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Introduction: To assess the association of blood biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), serum ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and D-dimer at admission with in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 and to determine best predictive cut-offs for them. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 984 confirmed cases of COVID-19 admitted in months of July and August 2020. The optimal biomarker cut-off points for mortality were defined by a receiver operating characteristic curve. Survival probabilities were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Results: The overall mortality rate among the hospitalized cases was 254 (25.81%). All the markers were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.001) in nonsurvivor group as compared to the survivors at the time of admission. Serum CRP, ferritin, D-dimer and LDH were found to be elevated, i.e., higher than the upper limit of normal range in 426 (83%), 469 (68.37%), 449 (67.9%), and 380 (93.1%) respectively overall. However, these markers were significantly more elevated in nonsurvivor compared to survivors. A significant increasing trend of elevated level of all biomarkers was observed with increase of severity level (P < 0.0001). It was found that CRP ≥82 mg/L had sensitivity of 63.58% and specificity of 68.38% for predicting the mortality. Similarly, serum ferritin ≥475.6 mg/ml had sensitivity of 68.09% and specificity of 65.26%, D-dimer ≥0.65 had sensitivity of 90.71% and specificity of 55.45%, and LDH ≥915 U/L had sensitivity of 69.34% and specificity of 73.8% to predict the mortality. Furthermore, neutrophil and lymphocyte count ratio (NLR) ≥8.86 had sensitivity of 65.61% and specificity of 79.7% to predict the mortality. Conclusion: Levels of the blood biomarker such as CRP, serum ferritin, LDH, NLR, and D-dimer at admission can predict mortality in COVID-19 infection.

Recently, there have been a variety of arguments voiced to encourage that more attention be given to the role qualitative methods can play in mixed methods research in public policy and public administration. This article discusses these claims and describes the benefits of qualitative approaches, and how qualitative research methods can be leveraged to strengthen mixed methods research in public administration. We also provide a guide for improving the credibility of mixed methods research through increasing transparency and discussions of all methodological decisions. This study is based on a systematic content analysis of 186 mixed methods studies published in public policy and public administration journals between 2010 and 2018. We found that findings from the quantitative methods dominated the mixed methods studies, little diversity in data collection and analysis methods, and frequent failure to integrate insights from both methods. We also analyzed the 36 qualitative-dominant studies in the sample, and illuminated seven different ways that authors of qualitative-dominant studies leveraged the qualitative strand to strengthen mixed methods research. We developed lessons from our analysis of the qualitative-dominant articles on how to incorporate qualitative methods in a thoughtful manner, articulate a role for each strand, and effectively support findings with one or more strands.