Background and Objectives: Sickle cell anaemia is a life-long haematological disorder characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. It is the most widespread and numerically the most important haemoglobinopathy in the world today. The sickle cell disease (SCD) is commonest monogenic disorder in India, affects all the major organs of the body.Impairment of pulmonary function is a common complication of SCD. Hypoxaemia is the hallmark of pulmonary abnormality in SCD patients of all age groups and is said to result from the combined effects of perfusion and diffusion defect. Hence present study was carried out to determine the difference in lung volumes between male and female sickle cell disease patients ( HbSS ),sickle cell trait patients(Hb AS) and compare with normal controls ( HbAA)non sicklers. Method: A cross sectional study was done in 50 cases of SCD (22HbSS& 28HbAS) and age and sex matched normal 50 HbAA controls. From the various measured pulmonary function test( PFT )parameters Forced Vital Capacity(FVC),Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 sec(FEV1), Peak Expiratory Flow Rate(PEFR),Forced Expiratory Flow during 25%-75% of Expiration(FEF25%-75%),Forced Expiratory Volume Ratio(FEV1/FVC) were selected for the study. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis involving computation of Mean, Standard deviation, Independent T test. Result: The results revealed that subjects with SCD had significantly lower mean FVC, FEV1, PEFR, FEF25-75% and FEV1/FVC compared to the controls. The lung function indices were lower in females than males of the sickle cell patients. This work also showed that the difference in FEV1, PEFR , FEF25%-75%,FEV1/FVC between HbAS and HbSS was statistically significant but the difference in FVC between HbAS and HbSS turned out to be statistically non-significant. Conclusion: The result of this work suggested that Pulmonary function test differs significantly in subjects with SCD compared with matched controls of a similar age and gender. It is indicative of mixed pattern (both restrictive and obstructive) lung impairment in sickle cell anaemia.

A study was undertaken in the established benchmark (BM) soil series in different agro-ecological sub-regions of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGPs), India with an objective to assess the urease activity and its kinetics at different soil depths. The urease activity declined with increase in soil depth in all the selected BM soils of IGP. The mean urea hydrolysis in the surface horizon (0–30 cm; 18.2 µg \( {\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + } \)/h) was 2.6-folds higher than the sub-surface horizon (121–150 cm; 7.01 µg \( {\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + } \)/h). The enzyme velocity (V max ) and enzyme efficiency (K m /V max ) of urease hydrolysis were at par in surface and sub-surface horizons. The average K m value of urease enzyme in surface and sub-surface horizons were 4.53 and 3.96 mM, respectively. The coefficient of variation, K m for surface horizons showed higher variability and low affinity of soil urease towards substrate urea than the sub-surface horizon. Negative Pearson’s correlation coefficient was recorded between urease activity and soil depth (R = −0.86), while significant positive correlation was observed between urease activity with organic carbon (R = 0.81) and nitrogen (R = 0.81).

Land-use planning is a decision-making process that facilitates the allocation of land to different uses that provide optimal and sustainable benefit. As land-use is shaped by society–nature interaction, in land-use planning different components/facets play a significant role involving soil, water, climate, animal (ruminant/ non-ruminant) and others, including forestry and the environment needed for survival of mankind. At times these components are moderated by human interference. Thus land-use planning being a dynamic phenomenon is not guided by a single factor, but by a complex system working simultaneously,which largely affects the sustainability. To address such issues a National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) on ‘Georeferenced soil information system for land-use planning and monitoring soil and land quality for agriculture’ was undertaken to develop threshold values of land quality parameters for land-use planning through quantitative land evaluation and crop modelling for dominant cropping systems in major agro-ecological sub-regions (AESRs) representing rice–wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and deep-rooted crops in the black soil regions (BSR). To assess the impact of landuse change, threshold land quality indicator values are used. A modified AESR map for agricultural landuse planning is generated for effective land-use planning.

Sustaining soil and land quality under intensive land use and fast economic development is a major challenge for improving crop productivity in the developing world. Assessment of soil and land quality indicators is necessary to evaluate the degradation status and changing trends of different land use and management interventions. During the last four decades, the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) which covers an area of about 52.01 m ha has been the major food producing region of the country. However at present, the yield of crops in IGP has stagnated; one of the major reasons being deterioration of soil and land quality. The present article deals with the estimation of soil and land quality indicators of IGP, so that, proper soil and land management measures can be taken up to restore and improve the soil health. Use of principal component analysis is detailed to derive the minimum dataset or indicators for soil quality. The article also describes spatial distribution of soil and land quality with respect to major crops of IGP.

Soil information system in SOTER (soil and terrain digital database) framework is developed for the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and black soil regions (BSR) of India with the help of information from 842 georeferenced soil profiles including morphological, physical and chemical properties of soils in addition to the site characteristics and climatic information. The database has information from 82 climatic stations that can be linked with the other datasets. The information from this organized database can be easily retrieved for use and is compatible with the global database. The database can be updated with recent and relevant data as and when they are available. The database has many applications such as inputs for refinement of agro-ecological regions and sub-regions, studies on carbon sequestration, land evaluation and land (crop) planning, soil erosion, soil quality, carbon and crop modelling and other climate change related research. This warehouse of information in a structured framework can be used as a data bank for posterity.

The present study documents the biological properties of the black soil region (BSR) of India in terms of culturable microbial population. Besides surface microbial population, subsurface population of individual soil horizons is described to improve the soil information system. An effort has been made to study the depth-wise distribution and factors (bioclimates, cropping systems, land use, management practices and soil properties) influencing the microbial population in the soils of the selected benchmark spots representing different agro-ecological sub-regions of BSR. The microbial population declined with depth and maximum activity was recorded within 0-30 cm soil depth. The average microbial population (log(10) cfu g(-1)) in different bioclimates is in decreasing order of SHm > SHd > SAd > arid. Within cropping systems, legume-based system recorded higher microbial population (6.12 log(10) cfu g(-1)) followed by cereal-based system (6.09 log(10) cfu g(-1)). The mean microbial population in different cropping systems in decreasing order is legume > cereal > sugarcane > cotton. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) microbial population has been recorded in high management (6.20 log(10) cfu g(-1)) and irrigated agrosystems (6.33 log(10) cfu g(-1)) compared to low management (6.12 log(10) cfu g(-1)) and rainfed agrosystems (6.17 log(10) cfu g(-1)). The pooled analysis of data inclusive of bioclimates, cropping systems, land use, management practices, and edaphic factors indicates that microbial population is positively influenced by clay, fine clay, water content, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and base saturation, whereas bulk density, pH, calcium carbonate and exchangeable magnesium percentage have a negative effect on the microbial population.

In recent years, georeferenced soil information system has gained significance in agricultural land-use planning and monitoring the changes in soil properties/soil quality induced by land-use changes. The spatio-temporal information on saturated hydraulic conductivity (sHC) and soil water retention-release behaviour is essential for proper crop and land-use planning. The sHC greatly influences the drainage process and soil water retention-release behaviour, ultimately affecting the crop growth and yield. However, sHC and water retention are not measured in a routine soil survey and are generally estimated from easily measurable soil parameters through pedotransfer functions (PTFs). In the present study, PTFs for sHC and water retention were developed separately for the soils of two food-growing zones of India (the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and the black soil region (BSR)). For the IGP soils, sHC is affected by the increased subsoil bulk density due to intensive cultivation. In BSR, presence of Na+ and Mg++ ions affects the drainage and water retention of the soils. Therefore, these soil parameters were considered while developing the PTFs using stepwise regression technique in SPSS. The validation of PTFs was found to be satisfactory with low RMSE values and high model efficiency.

Crop simulation models have emerged as powerful tools for estimating yield gaps, forecasting production of agricultural crops and analysing the impact of climate change. In this study, the genetic coefficients for Bt hybrids established from field experiments were used in the InfoCrop-cotton model, which was calibrated and validated earlier to simulate the cotton production under different agro-climatic conditions. The model simulated results for Bt hybrids were satisfactory with an R-2 value of 0.55 (n = 22), d value of 0.85 and a root mean square error of 277 kg ha(-1), which was 11.2% of the mean observed. Relative yield index (RYI) defined as the ratio between simulated rainfed (water-limited) yield to potential yield, was identified as a robust land quality index for rainfed cotton. RYI was derived for 16 representative benchmark (BM) locations of the black soil region from long-term simulation results of InfoCrop-cotton model (based on 11-40 years of weather data). The model could satisfactorily capture subtle differences in soil variables and weather patterns prevalent in the BM locations spread over 16 agro-ecological sub-regions (AESRs) resulting in a wide range of mean simulated rainfed cotton yields (482-4393 kg ha(-1)). The BM soils were ranked for their suitability for cotton cultivation based on RYI. The RYI of black soils (vertisols) ranged from 0.07 in Nimone to 0.80 in Panjari representing AESR (6.1) and AESR (10.2) respectively, suggesting that Panjri soils are better suited for rainfed cotton.

The articles presented in this special section emanated from the researches of consortium members of the National Agricultural Innovative Project (NAIP, Component 4) of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. These researches have helped develop a soil information system (SIS). In view of the changing scenario all over the world, the need of the hour is to get assistance from a host of researchers specialized in soils, crops, geology, geography and information technology to make proper use of the datasets. Equipped with the essential knowledge of data storage and retrieval for management recommendations, these experts should be able to address the issues of land degradation, biodiversity, food security, climate change and ultimately arrive at an appropriate agricultural land-use planning. Moreover, as the natural resource information is an essential prerequisite for monitoring and predicting global environmental change with special reference to climate and land use options, the SIS needs to be a dynamic exercise to accommodate temporal datasets, so that subsequently it should result in the evolution of the soil information technology. The database developed through this NAIP would serve as an example of the usefulness of the Consortium and the research initiative of ICAR involving experts from different fields to find out the potentials of the soils of humid and semi-arid bioclimatic systems of the country.

Land evaluation is carried out to assess the suitability of land for a specific use. Land evaluation procedures focus increasingly on the use of quantitative procedures to enhance the qualitative interpretation of land resource surveys. Conventional Boolean retrieval of soil survey data and logical models for assessing land suitability, treat both spatial units and attribute value ranges as exactly specifiable quantities. They ignore the continuous nature of soil and landscape variation and uncertainties in measurement, which may result in the failure to correctly classify sites that just fail to match strictly defined requirements. The objective of this article is to apply fuzzy model to land suitability evaluation for major crops in the 15 benchmark sites of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and 17 benchmark sites of the black soil regions (BSR). Minimum datasets of land characteristics considered relevant to rice and wheat in the IGP and cotton and soybean in the BSR were identified to enhance pragmatic value of land evaluation. The use of fuzzy model is intuitive, robust and helpful for land suitability evaluation and classification, especially in applications in which subtle differences in land characteristics are of a major interest, such as development of threshold values of land characteristics.

Understanding the physical quality of soil that influences its hydraulic behaviour helps in formulating appropriate water management strategies for sustainable crop production. Saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K s ) is a key factor governing the hydraulic properties of soils. K s can be estimated through various techniques. In the present article we have developed and validated the regression models to predict K s of the soils of the Indo- Gangetic Plains (IGP) and the black soil regions (BSR) under different bioclimatic systems. While particle size distribution was found to be a key factor to predict K s of the BSR soils, organic carbon was found useful for the IGP soils. Moreover, the models for K s of both soils were strengthened by putting in CaCO 3 and exchangeable sodium percentage content. It seems there is ample scope to study the interaction process for revising K s to desired levels through management practices in these two important food-growing zones. An index of soil physical quality, derived from the inflection points of the soil moisture characteristic curves could well explain the impact of management practices on soil physical quality.

The sustenance of food and nutritional security are the major challenges of the 21st century. The domestic food production needs to increase per annum at the rate of 2% for cereals and 0.6% for oilseeds and pulses to meet the demand by 2030. The Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and the black soil regions (BSR) are the two major food production zones of the country. Since irrigation potential is limited and expansion of irrigated area is tardy, rainfed agriculture holds promise to satisfy future food needs. Frontline demonstrations of these two regions have shown that there is a large gap at the farmers' and achievable levels of yields. This gap can be filled by adopting scientific approach of managing the natural resources. There is tremendous pressure of biotic and abiotic stresses hindering the crop production and that warrants for a systematic appraisal of natural resources. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP) under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) divided the country into 60 agro-ecological sub-regions (AESRs) in 1994 by superimposing maps on natural resources like soils, climate and length of growing period (LGP) for crops and other associated parameters. With the passage of nearly two decades and the advent of modern facilities of database management and improved knowledge base on natural resources, a need was felt to revise the existing AESR map to reach near the ground reality of crop performance. The new database stored in soil and terrain digital database (SOTER) has helped in modifying the AESR delineations of the BSR (76.4 m ha) and the IGP (52.01 m ha). The estimated available water content, saturated hydraulic conductivity and use of pedo-transfer functions in assessing the drainage conditions and soil quality have helped in computing with improved precision the LGP, and revise the earlier AESRs in BSR and IGP areas. This innovative exercise will be useful for the future AESR-based agricultural land use planning.

Comprehensive reports on land-use changes and their impact on soil biological properties, specifically microbial population in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India, are lacking. Since IGP is the most fertile land, data on microbial population of IGP may contribute towards the evaluation of various soil quality parameters, disease suppression, organic matter decomposition, plant growth promotion and soil management pattern. To enhance our knowledge on culturable microbial populations in different soil horizons of the agro-ecological sub-regions (AESRs) in the IGP, a study has been undertaken to collect soil samples from the established benchmark (BM) spots of these plains with an objective to investigate the impacts of bioclimates, soil depth, cropping systems, land use systems and management practices on the distribution of culturable microbial population. Bacterial : fungal ratios are significantly different across the land use types. The bacterial and fungal populations are strongly and negatively correlated with soil depth and maximum microbial population (40%) exists in the surface horizon (0-30 cm) than in the subsurface horizon (121-150 cm). Generally, bacterial populations are higher than actinomycetes and fungal populations in all soil profiles of the IGP. Approximately 10% decrease in Shannon diversity index has been observed with increase of 30 cm depth and 89% fall between surface and subsurface profiles. Non-significant difference in microbial population (P < 0.05) is noticed across the management and land use systems. Sub-humid (moist) bioclimatic system recorded higher microbial population than sub-humid (dry) and semi-arid bioclimatic systems. Legume-based cropping system has higher microbial population than cereal or vegetable-based cropping.

G. S. Sidhu*, T. Bhattacharyya, D. Sarkar, S. K. Ray, P. Chandran, D. K. Pal, D. K. Mandal, J. Prasad, K. M. Nair, A. K. Sahoo, T. H. Das, R. S. Singh, C. Mandal, R. Srivastava, T. K. Sen, S. Chatterji, N. G. Patil, G. P. Obireddy, S. K. Mahapatra, K. S. Anil Kumar, K. Das, A. K. Singh, S. K. Reza, D. Dutta, S. Srinivas, P. Tiwary, K. Karthikeyan, M. V. Venugopalan, K. Velmourougane, A. Srivastava, Mausumi Raychaudhuri, D. K. Kundu, K. G. Mandal, G. Kar, S. L. Durge, G. K. Kamble, M. S. Gaikwad, A. M. Nimkar, S. V. Bobade, S. G. Anantwar, S. Patil, V. T. Sahu, K. M. Gaikwad, H. Bhondwe, S. S. Dohtre, S. Gharami, S. G. Khapekar, A. Koyal, Sujatha, B. M. N. Reddy, P. Sreekumar, D. P. Dutta, L. Gogoi, V. N. Parhad, A. S. Halder, R. Basu, R. Singh, B. L. Jat, D. L. Oad, N. R. Ola, K. Wadhai, M. Lokhande, V. T. Dongare, A. Hukare, N. Bansod, A. Kolhe, J. Khuspure, H. Kuchankar, D. Balbuddhe, S. Sheikh, B. P. Sunitha, B. Mohanty, D. Hazarika, S. Majumdar, R. S. Garhwal, A. Sahu, S. Mahapatra, S. Puspamitra, A. Kumar, N. Gautam, B. A. Telpande, A. M. Nimje, C. Likhar and S. Thakre Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India

The process of soil erosion leads to a huge amount of soil loss in humid subtropical India in both qualitative and quantitative terms and thus leads to low crop productivity. For the protection of land from soil erosion and to meet the increasing demand for food, it is imperative to locate and measure the type, degree and severity of soil erosion for proper planning to conserve or opt for alternative uses. The present work is a case study to describe the soil erosion and productivity model in one of the northeastern states of India, which represents. humid subtropical climate. The model describes the relation between the topsoil loss due to erosion and the level of productivity. The study also allows the estimation of the tolerable soil loss, keeping in view the limit to permit crop productivity decline for a group of soils with specified depth range.

Soil test crop response (STCR) correlation studies were carried out in Vindhy an alluvial plain during 2001 to 2004 taking IR-36 as test crop to quantify rice production in the context of the variability of soil properties and use of balanced fertilizers based on targeted yield concept. The soils were developed on gently sloping alluvial plain with different physiographic settings and notable variation in drainage condition. Soil properties show moderate variation in texture (loamy to clay), organic carbon content (4.4 to 9.8 g/kg), cation exchange capacity (10.2 to 22.4 cmol (p+)/kg) and pH (5.3 to 6.4). Soil fertility status for N is low to medium (224 to 348 kg/ha), P is medium to high (87 to 320 kg/ha) and K ranges from medium to high (158 to 678 kg/ha). Database regarding nutrient requirement in kg/t of grain produce (NR), the percent contribution from the soil available nutrients [CS(%)] and the percent contribution from the applied fertilizer nutrients [CF (%)] were computed for calibrating and formulating fertilizer recommendations. Validity of the yield target for 7 and 8 t/ha was tested in farmers’ fields and yields targets varied at less than 10%. The percent achievement of targets aimed at different level was more than 90%, indicating soil test based fertilizer recommendation approach was economically viable within the agro-ecological zone with relatively uniform cropping practices and socio-economic conditions.

During various soil survey programmes of West Bengal in the past soils of extensive areas with shrink-swell characteristics were classified as “Vertic” intergrades at the subgroup level of classification. The occurrence of Vertisols was identified in 2004 during a GEFSOC project programme in Chunchura of Hooghly district of West Bengal and such soils are described in this paper. The Chunchura soils have fulfilled all the necessary requirements viz. wide cracks, clay content (>30%), COLE (>0.06) and slickensides to classify them to Vertisols. Other properties including micromorphological and mineralogical properties are similar to Vertisols occurring in Deccan Trap basaltic areas. The soil clays of Chunchura are dominated by low-charge dioctahedral smectites similar to that obtained for Vertisol clays of the Deccan Trap area. Analysis of geomorphic and tectonic history of this part of the Bengal Basin indicates that the huge amount of smectitic parent material in the old fluvial/deltaic plains including the Damodar deltaic plain existing in the Vertisols area of Chunchura, were brought down as alluvium from the weathering Rajmahal Trap Basalt by the then east flowing rivers before they were shifted to the south in the late Holocene period.

Non-existence of universal flipper for arbitrary quantum states is a fundamental constraint on the allowed operations performed on physical systems. The largest set of qubits that can be flipped by a single machine is a great circle of the Bloch-sphere. In this Letter, we show the impossibility of universal exact-flipping operation, first by using the fact that no faster than light communication is possible and then by using the principle of “non-increase of entanglement under LOCC”. Interestingly, in both the cases, there is no violation of the two principles if and only if the set of states to be flipped, form a great circle.

Five arsenic affected soil profiles, one each from Ghentugachhi and Gotera village of Chakdah block, Gayeshpur, Kalyani block, Nadia district; Ramnagar village of Baruipur block and Sonarpur mouza of Sonarpur block of South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India covering the soils of Typic Haplustepts, Typic Endoaquepts, Vertic Baplustepts and Aquic Haplustepts respectively have been studied for their detail mineralogical, chemical composition and also to know the level of arsenic contamination and their probable source. These soils are very deep, developed on Alluvium and are under rice, vegetable and guava cultivation. Sand mineralogy data of these soils are dominated by opaque and limonite, whereas silt is mainly constituted of micas followed by kaolinite and chlorite. The clay mineralogy of the soils indicates that smectite is in higher proportion in Ghentugachhi and Gotera soils followed by mica, kaolinite, chlorite and vermiculite and in the other soils, mica is the dominant clay mineral. In some of these soils, the interstratified mixed layer minerals are also present. The mineralogy class for the soils of Ghentugachhi, Gayeshpur, Baruipur is 'mixed' and for Gotera and Sonarpur it is 'illitic'. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) of clay fraction of surface soil of the profiles displayed the presence of the minerals like magnetite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, illite, montmorillonite and quartz. The source of arsenic in these soils are probably due to the presence of arsenic bearing minerals, marcasite and arsenopyrite, and also it may occur as adsorbtion on iron hydroxide coated sand grains and clay minerals. Arsenic concentration is very high in the surface horizon of pedon 2 (20.2 mg kg(-1)) and it shows a decreasing trend down the subsurface horizon. The higher concentration of arsenic in the surface horizon may be due to higher abundance of opaque minerals, limonite, and marcasite. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.