Characterizing imaging performance requires a multidisciplinary approach that evaluates various interconnected parameters, including dosage optimization and dynamic accuracy. Radiation dose and dynamic accuracy are challenged by patient motion that results in poor image quality. These challenges are more prevalent in the brain/cardiac pediatric patient imaging, as they relate to excess radiation dose that may be associated with various complications. Scanning vulnerable pediatric patients ought to eliminate anesthesia due to critical risks associated in some cases with intracranial hemorrhages, brain strokes, and congenital heart disease. Some pediatric imaging, however, requires prolonged scanning under anesthesia. It can often be a laborious, suboptimal process, with limited field of view and considerable dose. High dynamic accuracy is also necessary to diagnose tissue’s dynamic behavior beyond its static structural morphology. This study presents several performance characterization experiments from a new robotic multimodal imaging system using specially designed calibration methods at different system configurations. Additional musculoskeletal imaging and imaging from a pediatric brain stroke patient without anesthesia are presented for comparisons. The findings suggest that the system’s large dynamically controlled gantry enables scanning at full patient movement and with important improvements in scan times, accuracy, radiation dose, and the ability to image brain structures without anesthesia. This could position the system as a potential transformative tool in the pediatric interventional imaging landscape.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance ImagingEarly View Commentary Chatbots for Literature Review and Research—Insights from a Panel Discussion at the Annual Meeting of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) 2023 Grace McIlvain PhD, Corresponding Author Grace McIlvain PhD [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0001-6594-8757 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA Address reprint requests to: G.M., 1210 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027, USA. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorThekla H. Oechtering MD, Thekla H. Oechtering MD Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Luebeck, Lübeck, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorUmmul Afia Shammi PhD, Ummul Afia Shammi PhD Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this authorRajesh Bhayana MD, Rajesh Bhayana MD Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorJana Hutter PhD, Jana Hutter PhD Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, UKSearch for more papers by this authorLinda Moy MD, Linda Moy MD Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USASearch for more papers by this authorMark Schweitzer MD, Mark Schweitzer MD Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USASearch for more papers by this author Grace McIlvain PhD, Corresponding Author Grace McIlvain PhD [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0001-6594-8757 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA Address reprint requests to: G.M., 1210 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027, USA. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorThekla H. Oechtering MD, Thekla H. Oechtering MD Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Luebeck, Lübeck, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorUmmul Afia Shammi PhD, Ummul Afia Shammi PhD Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this authorRajesh Bhayana MD, Rajesh Bhayana MD Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorJana Hutter PhD, Jana Hutter PhD Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, UKSearch for more papers by this authorLinda Moy MD, Linda Moy MD Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USASearch for more papers by this authorMark Schweitzer MD, Mark Schweitzer MD Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 October 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.29036 The first two authors shared first authorship. Level of Evidence: 5 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 The Annual Meeting of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) includes member-initiated non-scientific sessions. The 2023 meeting featured a panel discussion titled "Chatbots for Literature Review and Research," with panelists Rajesh Bhayana, MD, Jana Hutter, PhD, Linda Moy, MD (Editor-in-Chief of Radiology), and Mark Schweitzer, MD (Editor-in-Chief of JMRI). The session was organized by Grace McIlvain, Thekla H. Oechtering, and Ummul Afia Shammi. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References 1Bhayana R, Krishna S, Bleakney RR. Performance of ChatGPT on a radiology board-style examination: Insights into current strengths and limitations. Radiology 2023; 307:230582. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.230582. 2Bhayana R, Bleakney RR, Krishna S. GPT-4 in radiology: Improvements in advanced reasoning. Radiology 2023; 307:230987. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.230987. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue ReferencesRelatedInformation

EDITORIAL article Front. Radiol., 12 February 2024Sec. Neuroradiology Volume 4 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fradi.2024.1366704

This paper quantifies the relationship between local opioid prescription rates and labor market outcomes in the United States between 2006 and 2016. To understand this relationship at the national level, we assemble a data set that allows us both to include rural areas and to estimate the relationship at a disaggregated level. We control for geographic variation in both short-term and long-term economic conditions. We demonstrate that the level of geographic information included in the estimation qualitatively alters the estimated results. We focus on measuring the impact of opioid prescriptions on labor markets, so we evaluate the robustness of our estimates to an alternative causal path, unobserved selection, and an instrumental variable from the literature. In our baseline specification, a 10 percent higher local prescription rate is associated with a lower prime-age labor force participation rate of 0.53 percentage points for men and 0.10 percentage points for women.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has great potential to increase accuracy and efficiency in many aspects of neuroradiology. It provides substantial opportunities for insights into brain pathophysiology, developing models to determine treatment decisions, and improving current prognostication as well as diagnostic algorithms. Concurrently, the autonomous use of AI models introduces ethical challenges regarding the scope of informed consent, risks associated with data privacy and protection, potential database biases, as well as responsibility and liability that might potentially arise. In this manuscript, we will first provide a brief overview of AI methods used in neuroradiology and segue into key methodological and ethical challenges. Specifically, we discuss the ethical principles affected by AI approaches to human neuroscience and provisions that might be imposed in this domain to ensure that the benefits of AI frameworks remain in alignment with ethics in research and healthcare in the future.

Disparities in access to small business financing through loan denials and discouragement are estimated using Federal Reserve Small Business Credit Survey data from 2016 to 2020. Substantial differences in credit denial rates continue to exist despite the growth of fintech lenders, which prior research has shown to have expanded the set of small businesses receiving credit. The pandemic period brought many direct additional changes to the business and lending environment, but these results show no evidence of trends in credit access over this period. The Paycheck Protection Program loans represented unprecedented support for small businesses that was not dependent on the credit worthiness of businesses, but minority-owned businesses are estimated to have received a smaller fraction of the funds that they applied for from the program in its 2020 implementation.

We apply data from the Federal Reserve’s Small Business Credit Survey from 2016 to 2020 to estimate disparities in access to small business financing through loan denials and discouragement. We find that substantial credit disparities continue to exist despite the growth of fintech lenders, which prior research shows have expanded the set of small businesses receiving credit. Because the pandemic period brought many direct changes to the business and lending environment, we separately analyze the change to lending in 2020. PPP loans represented an unprecedented support for small businesses, support that was not dependent on the creditworthiness of businesses, but minority-owned businesses are estimated to have received a smaller fraction of the funds they applied for from the program.

Despite the nearly ubiquitous reported use of peer review among reputable medical journals, there is limited evidence to support the use of peer review to improve the quality of biomedical research and in particular, imaging diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) research.

Equal access to small business credit is a critical underpinning to equity in economic opportunity; however, it is difficult to regularly assess the fairness of credit provision. Prior research has focused on the Federal Reserve Board’s Survey of Small Business Finance, but last data from this source covered 2003. This article provides preliminary results on new credit access question added to the Census Bureau’s 2021 Annual Business Survey. We find that minority-owned businesses were just as likely to apply for credit in 2020, but Black-, Asian-, and Hispanic-owned businesses were less likely than white-owned businesses to report receiving all of the credit that they sought. Black-, Asian-, and Hispanic-owned firms also more frequently reported that the credit was intended for meeting operating expenses and that their ongoing viability was weaker heading into 2022.

BACKGROUND:Preferential publication of studies with positive findings can lead to overestimation of diagnostic test accuracy (i.e. publication bias). Understanding the contribution of the editorial process to publication bias could inform interventions to optimize the evidence guiding clinical decisions. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS:To evaluate whether accuracy estimates, abstract conclusion positivity, and completeness of abstract reporting are associated with acceptance to radiology conferences and journals. STUDY TYPE:Meta-research. POPULATION:Abstracts submitted to radiology conferences (European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR) and International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM)) from 2008 to 2018 and manuscripts submitted to radiology journals (Radiology, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging [JMRI]) from 2017 to 2018. Primary clinical studies evaluating sensitivity and specificity of a diagnostic imaging test in humans with available editorial decisions were included. ASSESSMENT:Primary variables (Youden's index [YI > 0.8 vs. <0.8], abstract conclusion positivity [positive vs. neutral/negative], number of reported items on the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies [STARD] for Abstract guideline) and confounding variables (prospective vs. retrospective/unreported, sample size, study duration, interobserver agreement assessment, subspecialty, modality) were extracted. STATISTICAL TESTS:Multivariable logistic regression to obtain adjusted odds ratio (OR) as a measure of the association between the primary variables and acceptance by radiology conferences and journals; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and P-values were obtained; the threshold for statistical significance was P < 0.05. RESULTS:A total of 1000 conference abstracts (500 ESGAR and 500 ISMRM) and 1000 journal manuscripts (505 Radiology and 495 JMRI) were included. Conference abstract acceptance was not significantly associated with YI (adjusted OR = 0.97 for YI > 0.8; CI = 0.70-1.35), conclusion positivity (OR = 1.21 for positive conclusions; CI = 0.75-1.90) or STARD for Abstracts adherence (OR = 0.96 per unit increase in reported items; CI = 0.82-1.18). Manuscripts with positive abstract conclusions were less likely to be accepted by radiology journals (OR = 0.45; CI = 0.24-0.86), while YI (OR = 0.85; CI = 0.56-1.29) and STARD for Abstracts adherence (OR = 1.06; CI = 0.87-1.30) showed no significant association. Positive conclusions were present in 86.7% of submitted conference abstracts and 90.2% of journal manuscripts. DATA CONCLUSION:Diagnostic test accuracy studies with positive findings were not preferentially accepted by the evaluated radiology conferences or journals. EVIDENCE LEVEL:3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

The pandemic brought unusually large and novel changes to the US labor market. Some sectors lost half or nearly half of their employment; others moved their workforces to home settings. Some workers lost their jobs, some left their jobs temporarily, and some left the workforce altogether. These changes have affected different demographic groups differently. We investigate how the pandemic affected workers of different ages, racial or ethnic backgrounds, and gender and the degree to which these effects have persisted after a year of recovery.

We examine the financial challenges faced by small businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic and estimate the scale of loans provided to small businesses through the Paycheck Protection Program. We find that the program reached businesses throughout the economy, and we estimate that small businesses in most industry sectors received loans equivalent to between 80 percent and 120 percent of 10 weeks of their 2017 payrolls. That said, there are important differences in the distribution of funds across sectors that suggest some businesses had problems accessing loans and that a significant number of firms with more than 500 employees likely used alternative size criteria to qualify for the program.

Background The quantitative assessment of supraspinatus tendons by conventional magnetic resonance is limited by low contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners operating at 7 Tesla offer high signal-to noise ratio (SNR), low CNR and high spatial resolution that are well-suited for rapidly relaxing tissues like tendons. Few studies have applied T2 and T2* mapping to musculoskeletal imaging and to the rotator cuff tendons. Our objective was to analyze the T2 and T2* relaxation times from surgically repaired supraspinatus tendons and the effect of bone channeling. Methods One supraspinatus tendon of 112 adult female New Zealand white rabbits was surgically detached and repaired one week later. Rabbits were randomly assigned to channeling (n=64) or control (n=48) groups and harvested at 0, 1, 2, and 4 weeks. A 7T magnet was used for signal acquisition. For T2 mapping, a sagittal multi slice 2D multi-echo spin-echo (MESE) CPMG sequence with fat saturation was applied and T2* mapping was performed using a 3D UTE sequence. Magnetic resonance images from supraspinatus tendons were analyzed by two raters. Three regions of interest were manually drawn on the first T2-weighted dataset. For T2 and T2*, different ROI masks were generated to obtain relaxation times. Results T2-weighted maps but not T2*-weighted maps generated reliable signals for relaxation time measurement. Torn supraspinatus tendons had lower T2 than controls at the time of repair (20.0±3.4 vs. 25.6±3.9 ms; P<0.05). T2 increased at 1, 2 and 4 postoperative weeks: 22.7±3.1, 23.3±3.9 and 24.0±5.1 ms, respectively, and values were significantly different from contralateral supraspinatus tendons (24.8±3.1; 26.8±4.3 and 26.5±3.6 ms; all P<0.05). Bone channeling did not affect T2 (P>0.05). Conclusions Supraspinatus tendons detached for 1 week had shorter T2 relaxation time compared to contralateral as measured with 7T MRI.

Bureau of Labor Statistics data indicate that five million jobs lost during the pandemic have not been recovered, but it is difficult to ascertain how many workers will return to available jobs. The Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey includes a detailed set of reasons for nonemployment, including households’ responses to the pandemic that provide a new perspective on reasons for not working. Among prime-age workers, reasons for nonemployment during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic have shifted substantially from mostly labor demand reasons to primarily labor supply inhibitors. At this point, most nonemployment is connected to three categories: sickness and concerns about COVID-19; child-and eldercare responsibilities; and the residual category “other reasons.” The persistence of these answers and the characteristics of individuals’ providing these answers point to barriers to fully recovering prior employment rates.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance ImagingVolume 54, Issue 1 p. 11-11 Commentary Societal and Research Population Biases Mark E Schweitzer MD, Corresponding Author mark.schweitzer@med.wayne.edu Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USASearch for more papers by this author Mark E Schweitzer MD, Corresponding Author mark.schweitzer@med.wayne.edu Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 13 May 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.27681Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume54, Issue1July 2021Pages 11-11 RelatedInformation

According to an article in the New York Times, the leading explanation of why inflation has been so limited these last three years—despite low unemployment rates—is that wage demands have been held down by an unusually high degree of “worker uncertainty.” Substantial effort has gone into identifying the sources of this presumed insecurity in the face of a rather buoyant labor market. The most commonly mentioned reasons are the threat of middle-management layoffs, competition from foreign workers, and less unionization, all of which are believed to reduce wage inflation by making workers think twice before requesting higher pay even if their firms’ balance sheets have improved. In adjusting their firms’ nominal wage structure, they look foremost at the wages paid by other firms, then at cost-of-living indexes, and last at their own firms’ financial results.

Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is associated with persistent blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. The impact of this persistent dysfunction in both active and chronic MS lesions has yet to be investigated due to technological challenges associated with invasive assessment of BBB water transportation (e.g. O-15-PET). The purpose of this study was to test if persistent BBB dysfunction in RRMS manifests as lower BBB water exchange in chronic lesions using a recently developed noninvasive MRI paradigm. Patients with relapsing-remitting MS and healthy subjects were recruited for this prospective study. The novel Intrinsic Diffusivity Encoding of Arterial Labeled Spins (IDEALS) MRI method was used to map BBB water extraction fraction (E-w) and water permeability surface area product (PSw), as well as cerebral blood flow (CBF). Regional differences in BBB water exchange were evaluated between MS patients (normal appearing white matter [NAWM] and normal appearing gray matter [NAGM]) and healthy subjects (white matter [WM] and gray matter [GM]) and within MS subjects in non gadolinium-based contrast-agent (GBCA) enhancing chronic lesions, perilesional areas, and NAWM. Significantly lower PSw and E-w were observed in NAWM compared to WM (Delta PSw: - 11.9 mL/100 g/min, p < .05; Delta E,: - 4.3%, p < .01). Significantly lower E-w, was observed in NAGM compared to GM (Delta E-w: - 12.1%, p < .01). Significantly lower PSw, and CBF were observed in non-GBCA contrast enhancing lesions compared to NAWM (Delta PSw, = 11.5 mL/100 g/min, p < .05; Delta CBF = - 8.1 mL/100 g/min, p < .05). E-w, was significantly higher in non-GBCA enhancing chronic MS lesions compared to NAWM (Delta E-w, = 1.6%, p < .05). The lower BBB water exchange in chronic MS lesions is consistent with previously reported observations and may demonstrate metabolic changes associated with MS.

OBJECTIVE:There is a growing consensus to reduce unnecessary testing among low-risk chest pain patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of implementing an education-based HEART score pathway in the emergency department on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) utilization and yield.METHODS:A retrospective before and after intervention study was conducted at a single site. Adult emergency department patients undergoing CCTA for suspected acute coronary syndrome were included. Primary outcomes were CCTA utilization and yield. Utilization was defined as the percentage of patients evaluated with CCTA and yield was calculated as the percentage of patients with a diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease, defined as ≥50% stenosis in any one coronary artery due to atherosclerosis.RESULTS:1540 patients undergoing CCTAs were included. CCTA utilization before and after were 2.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0-2.3] and 2.0% (95% CI 1.9-2.2), respectively; mean difference 0.1% (95% CI -0.1 to 0.3; P = 0.21). The mean age was 53 years (SD = 11) and females were 52%. Of 1477 patients included in CCTA yield analysis, patients diagnosed with obstructive coronary artery disease before and after were 15.0% (95% CI 12.6-17.7) and 16.2% (95% CI 13.6-19.1), respectively; mean difference 1.2% (95% CI -2.6 to 5.1; P = 0.53).CONCLUSIONS:There was no significant change in the CCTA utilization or yield after the implementation of an education-based HEART pathway in a large academic center. Our findings suggest adopting a more comprehensive approach for deploying such evidence-based protocols to increase institutional compliance.