The lizard genus Gekko consists of over 30 species distributed in Asia and Oceania. From the insular region of East Asia including Japan and Taiwan, 9 species (G. hokouensis, G. japonicus, G. shibatai, G. tawaensis, G. vertebralis,G. yakuensis, and 3 undescribed species) are currently recognized. We made karyological analyses for all these species. Their karyotypes invariably consisted of 2N = 38 chromosomes, but exhibited considerable variation in fundamental number (ranging from 56–62). Substantial chromosomal variation was detected even among populations of a morphologically relatively uniform species, G. hokouensis. Populations of G. hokouensis from the central and northern Ryukyus exhibited prominent female heteromorphic (i.e., ZW type) sex chromosomes. Populations of the southern Ryukyus exclusive of Yonagunijima also had ZW sex chromosomes, whose heteromorphisms were, however, much less prominent. The other G. hokouensis populations including the topotypic continental representatives and the population from Yonagunijima of the southern Ryukyus exhibited no sex chromosome heteromorphism at all. These results strongly suggest that G. hokouensis in the current taxonomic definition actually includes more than 2 species. The process of chromosomal evolution in the East Asian Gekko is hypothesized.

The karyotype of Hynobius tokyoensis (2n = 56) was analyzed using three kinds of banding methods to determine the morphological differentiation of the sex chromosomes of this species. Salamanders and egg sacs were collected from seven localities around Tokyo, Japan. Of 28 chromosome pairs, microchromosome No. 21 was identified as a ZZ/ZW-type sex chromosome. The Z chromosome was acrocentric, whereas the W chromosome was submetacentric, with a heterochromatic, elongated short arm. Interestingly, the W chromosome is of three distinct types, WA, WB, and WC, based on R-banding and Ag-NOR patterns. WA was detected in five populations from southern habitats, whereas WB and WC were detected in one population each from northern habitats. WA, WB, and WC were all found to carry Ag-NORs on their heterochromatic short arms. Considering the karyotypes of other species belonging to the same genus, we discuss the evolution of the sex chromosomes of H. tokyoensis.