Meyve ağaçlarında zarar meydana getiren pseudococcid türleri verim ve kalite kaybına yol açmaktadır. Bunların mücadelesinde geniş etkili pestisitlerin kullanımı sonucunda yeni zararlı tür salgınları ortaya çıkmakta ve üründe ilaç kalıntısı meydana gelmektedir. Bu yüzden unlubitlerle mücadelede biyolojik savaş etmenlerinin rolü önemlidir. Bu derlemede ülkemizde meyve ağaçlarında görülen zararlı unlubit türleri [Planococcus citri Risso, Planococcus ficus Signoret, Phenacoccus aceris Signoret, Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana, Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni Tozzetti, Pseudococcus viburni Signoret, Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel ve Nipaecoccus nipae Sulc (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)] ve biyolojik mücadele etmenleri ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar derlenmiştir. Buna göre söz konusu zararlıların entegre mücadelesinde, yerli doğal düşmanların etkilerinin arttırılmasını destekleyecek girişimlerde bulunulmalı, karınca mücadelesi yapılmalı, yaşama ortamlarının çeşitliliği arttırılmalı ve geniş etkili pestisit uygulamalarından kaçınılmalıdır. Eğer kimyasal ilaç kullanımı gerekiyorsa, türe özel olan ve doğal düşmanlara etkisi olmayan pestisitler seçilmelidir. Ortamda uygun doğal düşman türlerinin bulunmaması durumunda, etkili doğal düşmanların başka bölgelerden getirilip salımı yapılarak sözkonusu zararlıların yoğunluklarının düşürülmesi sağlanmalıdır.

In the original publication, Fig. 1 was incorrectly published with repeated values for the years 2008 and 2009.

Hatay’in Samandag ilcesinde yurutulmus olan bu arastirmada, roka yetistiriciliginde 5 azot dozu (D 0 :0 kg N da -1 , D 1 :10 kg N da -1 , D 2 :20 kg N da -1 , D 3 :30 kg N da -1 ve D 4 :40 kg N da -1 ) ile amonyum sulfat ve amonyum nitrat gubrelerinin farkli oranlarda karisimindan olusan 5 farkli azot formu (F 1 :%100 amonyum sulfat, F 2 :%25 amonyum nitrat + %75 amonyum sulfat, F 3 :%50 amonyum nitrat + %50 amonyum sulfat, F 4 :%75 amonyum nitrat + %25 amonyum sulfat ve F 5 :%100 amonyum nitrat) 3 tekerrurlu olarak denemeye alinmistir. Denemede rokada verim, yaprak sayisi, biyokutle, kuru agirlik yuzdeleri, hasatta ve sogukta (buzdolabinda) depolama sonrasinda nitrat-nitrit icerikleri belirlenmistir. Azot uygulamalari kontrole gore rokada verimi, yaprak sayisini ve bitki biyokutlesini arttirmistir. Azot uygulamalarinin rokanin nitrat-nitrit icerigine istatistiksel olarak etkisinin olmadigi belirlenmistir. Artan azot dozuna bagli olarak cok yuksek nitrat (1151.0-3603.0 mg kg -1 arasinda) ve nitrit (15.2-974.8 mg kg -1 arasinda) degerleri belirlenmistir (nitrat sinir deger 1500 mg kg -1 ). Buzdolabinda muhafaza edilen bitkilerde nitrat degerlerinin dustugu ancak, bazi uygulamalarda depolama sonrasi nitrit degerlerinin yukseldigi belirlenmistir. Bu yuzden rokanin hasadin hemen ardindan tuketilmesi ve cok uzun sureyle muhafaza edilmemesi tavsiye edilmistir.

This study evaluates the entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium lecanii (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales) for prevalence in citrus orchards of Hatay and effectiveness in controlling some phytophagous Hemiptera species.Experiments were conducted under both field conditions and laboratory conditions at 25±3°C and 80±5% relative humidity (RH) under 16:8 hour L:D photoperiod using 1x10 7 conidia ml -1 concentration of L. lecanii.Infected individuals were counted 5 to 10 days after inoculation.In laboratory conditions, the average mortality due to L. lecanii was 47.54% (23.03-74.55%)on Coccus hesperidum L. (Hemiptera: Coccidae), 61.42% (10.64-100%) on Aphis gossypii Glov., 84.02% (57.39-100%) on Macrosiphum rosae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and 46.63% (22.35-77.36%)on Bemisia tabaci Genn.(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).The fungus did not colonize on Ceroplastes floridensis Comst.(Hemiptera: Coccoidae) and Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) at all.The findings revealed that entomopathogenic fungus under field conditions was found to be effective on C. hesperidum and M. rosae resulting in 78.05% (50.25-87.76%)and 78.82% (26.46-100%) mortality, respectively; there was no effect on C. floridensis.It can be suggested that the incorporation of this entomopathogenic fungus into the agricultural areas would be useful in terms of integrated pest management strategies.

This study evaluates the entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium lecanii (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales) for prevalence in citrus orchards of Hatay and effectiveness in controlling some phytophagous Hemiptera species. Experiments were conducted under both field conditions and laboratory conditions at 25 +/- 3 degrees C and 80 +/- 5% relative humidity (RH) under 16: 8 hour L: D photoperiod using 1x10(7) conidia ml(-1) concentration of L. lecanii. Infected individuals were counted 5 to 10 days after inoculation. In laboratory conditions, the average mortality due to L. lecanii was 47.54% (23.03-74.55%) on Coccus hesperidum L. (Hemiptera: Coccidae), 61.42% (10.64-100%) on Aphisgossypii Glov., 84.02% (57.39-100%) on Macrosiphum rosae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and 46.63% (22.35-77.36%) on Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). The fungus did not colonize on Ceroplastes floridensis Comst. (Hemiptera: Coccoidae) and Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) at all. The findings revealed that entomopathogenic fungus under field conditions was found to be effective on C. hesperidum and M. rosae resulting in 78.05% (50.25-87.76%) and 78.82% (26.46-100%) mortality, respectively; there was no effect on C. floridensis. It can be suggested that the incorporation of this entomopathogenic fungus into the agricultural areas would be useful in terms of integrated pest management strategies.

Description, distribution, host plants, type of damage and natural enemies of Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) were revealed in Hatay citrus plantations. Citrus plantations were infested by P. cryptus at the ratios of 55.78%, 14.67%, 11.63% and 30.61% in Antakya, Dortyol (Payas), Iskenderun and Samandag, respectively in 2010, whilst only Samandag was infested at 15.43%, in 1997. Seventeen species belong to 11 families were determined as host plants of P. cryptus. Active stages of P. cryptus, causes honeydew during sucking the plant juice from leaves, twigs, fruits and trunks of citrus trees. Damage to citrus trees has been associated with leaves and fruit drops, with unsightely apperance of fruits due to severe honeydew on which sooty mold develops. Cunaxa pothensis Den Heyer, Nephus includens Kirsch., N. (Sidis) heikei, N. (Sidis) caneparii, N.nigricans, Oenopia (Synharmonia) conglobata (L.), Scymnus (Pullus) araraticus Khnzorian, S. (P.) subvillosus, S. (P.) flagellisiphonatus, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mu Is., Chilocorus bipustulatus L., Exochomus quadripustulatus L., Cardiastethus nazarenus Reuter, Sympherobius (S.) fallax Navas, Dichochrysa prasina (Burmeister), Chrysopa viridana Schneider and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) were found as predatory species. Parasitoids of P. cryptus were Anagyrus pseudococci Gir., Leptomastidea abnormis Gir., Clausenia purpurea Ishii and Pachyneuron muscarum L. Quarantine measures should be emphasized to prevent the dispersion of the pest to citrus plantations where P. cryptus is not known to occur. In infested areas, release and/or establishment of the main natural enemies, C. purpurea and C. montrouzieri would be recommended; meanwhile application of broad spectrum pesticides should be avoided.

Dogada farkli yogunluklarda Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) ile bulasik turuncgil bahcelerinde unlubit avcisi bocekler, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, Exochomus quadripustulatus L. ve Nephus includens Kirsch. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)’in islevsel ve sayisal tepkileri 25 ± 2 °C sicaklik, % 70 ± 10 orantili nem ve 16 saat/gun aydinlik sartlarinda arastirilmistir. Islevsel tepkinin belirlenmesinde avci turlerin 4. donem larva (L4), 10 gunluk ergin erkek ve disileri; sayisal tepkinin belirlenmesinde ise ergin disileri kullanilmistir. Butun denemelerde avci boceklere besin olarak P. citri’nin ikinci donem nimfleri (N2) verilmistir. Islevsel tepkilerinin belirlenmesi icin, olgunlasmamis turuncgil meyveleri uzerine 3 cm capinda ve 1.5 cm yuksekliginde, ust yuzeyi sik dokunmus sentetik bezle kapali silindirik pleksiglas hucrelerin kapladigi 7 cm’lik alana 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 120 ve 160 P. citri N2 birakilmistir. Alti saat sureyle besin verilmemis avci bocek erginleri ile L4 larvalari, belirtilen yogunluklardaki avlar uzerine ayri ayri birakilmis ve bunlarin uzerine sozkonusu hucreler kapatilmistir. Avci turlerin 48 saat icerisinde tukettigi av sayisindaki degisim ortaya konmustur. Ayrica her yogunluk seviyesi icin belirtilen sure sonunda avci boceklerin biraktigi yumurta sayilarina gore, turlerin sayisal tepkileri belirlenmistir. Sonuc olarak C. montrouzieri av tuketiminin E. quadripustulatus ve N. includens’e gore daha yuksek oldugu ve calismada yer alan avci turlerin artan av yogunluklarina gosterdikleri islevsel tepki tipinin, Holling’in II. modeline uyumlu oldugu belirlenmistir. Sozkonusu avci turlerden C. montrouzieri’nin biraktigi yumurta sayilarinin, av yogunluklarindaki artisa paralel olarak arttigi ortaya konmustur.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different nitrogen forms, nitrogen rates and irrigation levels on yield and plant growth of lettuce grown in a greenhouse in a coastal district of eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey during autumn term in 2003. In the experiment, nitrogen forms (AS-Ammonium sulphate and AN-Ammonium nitrate), nitrogen rates (N 0 , N 15 and N 30 kg da -1 ) and irrigation levels (I 25 , I 50 and I 100 ) were arranged as a strip-split plot experimental design with three replications. Yield and plant growth parameters such as plant height, diameters of plant, core and hypocotyl, total and marketable leaf number, head tightness, rates of plant dry weight were investigated under experimental condition in this study. According to the results, the nitrogen forms had no statistically significant effects on yield and growth parameters. However, nitrogen rates and irrigation levels had statistically significant effects on yields and some growth parameters. The highest yield was obtained from 30 kg da -1 nitrogen doses and full irrigation (I 100 ) treatments in the experiment. It might be recommended that the 15 kg -1 N dose to avoid nitrogen loses caused from leaching under excess water application or I 50 irrigation levels might be suitable in drought condition.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different mini sprinkler irrigation levels and doses of nitrogen fertilizers on nitrate, nitrite and chlorophyll contents of parsley plants under Eastern Mediterranean climatic conditions. The irrigation treatments were full irrigation (I 100 ) corresponding to 100 % of total Class A pan evaporation, 125 % of full irrigation (I 125 ; 25% excessive), 75% of full irrigation (I 75 ; 25% deficit), 50% of full irrigation (I 50 ; 50% deficit) and 25% of full irrigation (I 25 ; 75% deficit). Three nitrogen rates (D 1 :100, D 2 :200 and D 3 :300 kg ha -1 ) were used in the experiment. Nitrate, nitrite and chlorophyll contents in harvested plants were analysed. The nitrate concentration in parsley decreased with decreasing amounts of irrigation from I 100 to I 25 irrigation levels. The plant chlorophyll contents, however, was independent from the irrigation levels. The rates of the nitrogen fertilizers and harvesting period had statistically significant effects on most of the investigated parameters in the study.

Pest status and parasitoids of Gall midge, Asphondylia capsici Barnes (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Antakya province The pest status and parasitoids of gall midge, Asphondylia capsici Barnes (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), injurious on pepper were studied during the years of 2002-2003 in Antakya province. Damaged fruits by A. capsici were occurred at the end of July in both years. Rates of the damaged fruits ranged 1,41 to 69,71 % in Antakya province. Three larval parasitoid species of the pest were determined as Eurytoma dentata Mayr 1878 (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), Pseudocatoloccus nitescens Walker 1834 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Eupelmus urozonus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae). Natural parasitization rates of A. capsici in respected years ranged 3,50 to 65,30 %. E. dentata was found to be the most common parasitoid of A. capsici among the parasitoid species in Antakya province