This paper proposes a dual-band microstrip balun, which together with distribution of the input signal between output signals with the 180-degree phase difference provides in two operating frequency bands the transformation of complex load impedances different in these bands into a real source input impedance. The proposed balun circuit is based on a symmetric four-port branch-line structure with one opened port, which includes a reactive element and an isolation scheme, consisting of a line section, resistor and reactive element. Both reactive elements implements by transmission-line stubs. The equations and expressions for the calculation of circuit elements electrical parameters of such dual-band device were obtained by using the even-odd mode analysis of a symmetric four-port network. In order to remove restrictions on values of complex load impedances permissible for transformation, free elements are introduced into the structure of the balun, whose parameter values can be specified. The theoretical predictions are validated by simulation results of proposed circuits.

The paper proposes a circuit and calculation method for dual-band microstrip balun that along with equal-amplitude and counterphase distribution of signal between outputs in two bands, ensures the transformation of complex load impedances, which are different in these bands, into a real value of input impedance of the source. In this case, the matching of device input and outputs is achieved with a high decoupling level of the latter. The proposed structure consists of cascade connection of four sections of coupled lines, two reactive elements that are implemented by stubs and the decoupling links of outputs. Three variants of circuits are presented for implementing the specified structure. The presence of elements in the circuit, the parameters of which can be specified, ensures the flexibility of designing process without any restrictions on values of loading impedances. In addition, the calculation process takes into account the difference of phase velocities of modes of microstrip coupled lines. For checking the properties of the proposed circuit and its designing technique, a microstrip balun for two working bands of frequencies with average values of 1.4 GHz and 2.8 GHz at different complex load impedances was manufactured and experimentally tested. The results of measurements well agree with the results of electromagnetic simulation; they also show that in both bands, the unbalance of amplitudes and phases at the balun outputs does not exceed 1 dB and 10 degrees, respectively, confirming the expediency of using the proposed circuit and its designing method.

An analysis of drone detection methods was carried out in this paper. There is a reasoned choice of the optimal method for implementation based on the analysis of acoustic signals generated by drones. The set of methods of acoustic signal analysis is presented. These methods provide the measurement of drone coordinates and complement each other depending on the flight conditions. The structure of a distributed sensor network oriented on the online detection of drones and their tracking has been synthesized. The developed system provides the appropriate complexity as well as large flexibility and scalability.

The analysis of fusion methods at the pixel level is carried out in the paper. Their mathematical models in the MATLAB package are implemented. The most effective methods of visible and infrared ranges image fusion are determined by evaluating the effectiveness of methods using the authors' proposed improved method of evaluating the informativeness of images and known metrics. These studies were conducted on a set of test images consisting of ten pairs of spatially synchronized images obtained in the visible and thermal ranges of electromagnetic waves.

The paper proposes a definition of the concept of an information-diagnostic system (IDS) of an object. On the example of the analysis of the information-software complex “Defektoskop” for monitoring the parameters of signals of railway track defects, which implements the magneto-dynamic method (MDM), a corresponding structural diagram of the IDS “Defektoskop” was formed. Similar block diagrams can be proposed for other IDS operating in the frequency range 10−3-106 Hz.

In this paper, based on the analysis of known navigation methods, an improvement of the optical navigation method is proposed. The essence of improvement is as follows. When using the indicators of additional sensors of the system and the function of mutual information between the reference and the images created on board the UAV, a fused image is built, which makes it possible, in the presence of interference, to identify and recognize objects with a greater probability and determine the coordinates and parameters of the carrier’s motion. The construction of a navigation system based on MEMS structures reduces the mass and dimensional parameters of the system, energy consumption, and increases reliability. The algorithm of the system operation is developed, and an example of implementation is given.

Introduction. The article is dealing with the Magnetic Tracking signal path for measurement of objects’ positions in nearby places. The basic principle of the Magnetic Tracking method is based on measurement of magnetic induction of the reference magnetic fields and the calculation of the objects position based on it.Problem analysis. Big advantages of magnetic tracking technologies are the non-line-of-sight feature compared to optical tracking and high accuracy of long time measurement compared to inertial tracking. However, a very large signal range and significant distortions due to nearby metallic objects are serious drawbacks preventing magnetic tracking from being widely used.Selection and configuration of signal path components. Taking into account the requirements of uptoday microelectronics, in particular for the sensors of the Internet of Things, the signal path of the Magnetic Tracking sensors is implemented on the concept of System on Chip. Basic components of the signal path are software Programmable Waveform Generator, Programmable Gain Amplifiers and Programmable Mixer. Configurations of the components are provided by Application Programming Interface routines. Functional and model studies of the synchronous detector. Noise immune processing is based on synchronous detector. SPICE simulations and analysis of this detector are provided.Implementation of signal path of magnetic tracking. The signal converter has been implemented on the Programmable System on Chip PSoC 5LP (Cypress Semiconductor). The module CY8CKIT-059 Prototyping Kit has been used. The developed software for controlling the measurement process provides controlling the conversion mode, dynamic amplification switching, analog-to-digit converting, etc.Conclusions. The novelty of the solutions presented in the work is the combination of signal amplification dynamic switching and the noise immune processing. Reference magnetic fields are formed by actuator coils in the lowfrequency spectrum of electromagnetic waves. Signals are produced by sensor coils and are used for objects position calculation. Technologies of Magnetic Tracking are considered as high promising solutions for Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Internet of Things.

Робота присвячена проблематицi апаратно-програмної реалiзацiї пристроїв магнiтного трекiнгу для високоточного визначення положення об’єктiв в просторi, зокрема в концепцiях вiртуальної та доповненоїреальностi. Базовий принцип методу магнiтного трекiнгу базується на розрахунку положення об’єктiв за результатами динамiчного вимiрювання вектора iндукцiї опорних магнiтних полiв. Такi опорнi магнiтнiполя формуються актюаторними котушками в низькочастотному спектрi електромагнiтного випромiню вання. Суттєвими перевагами систем магнiтного трекiнгу вiдносно систем оптичних систем є можливiстьфункцiонування поза зоною прямого бачення. Вiдносно систем iнерцiального трекiнгу перевагами систем магнiтного трекiнгу є можливiсть високоточного вимiрювання координат та вiдсутнiсть похибок, щовиникають внаслiдок часового дрейфу сигналiв акселерометрiв та гiроскопiв. Проте, сфера застосувань систем магнiтного трекiнгу є обмеженою. Це обумовлено паразитним впливом на результат вимiрюванняджерел стороннiх електромагнiтних завад та металiчних предметiв, якi спотворюють опорнi поля. В данiй роботi вирiшується задача розроблення сигнального тракту пристроїв магнiтного трекiнгу просторовогоположення. Проблемами, що обумовили цю задачу, є необхiднiсть забезпечення широкого дiапазону змiни сигналiв (до 120 dB) та високої завадостiйкостi вимiрювання при специфiчних умовах експлуатацiї. Запропонованi рiшення направленi на пiдвищення точностi та розширення зони вимiрювання просторового положення, а їх новизною є алгоритм завадостiйкого перетворення при динамiчному перемиканнi параметрiв сигнального тракту. Враховуючи вимоги до сучасних радiоелектронних пристроїв, сигнальний тракт реалiзовано на концепцiї програмованих систем на кристалi PSoC, Cypress Semiconductor. Представлено вибiр та конфiгурування компонентiв сигнального тракту, результати SPICE модельних дослiджень та приклад практичної реалiзацiї.

In the present work, a number of key aspects of the synthesis process of a set of quasi-orthogonal code binary sequences based on multiplicative compositions of optimal binary code sequences and a subset of Walsh orthogonal functions are developed and proposed. In particular, analytical expressions are proposed for estimating the parameters of periodic auto- and cross-correlation functions of quasi-orthogonal code binary sequences as a function of the structure parameters of the implemented binary sequences. From the obtained analytical expressions, the requirements to the structure of the implemented binary sequences are formulated. The simulation results of the procedure for extracting subsets of implemented binary sequences based on a system of Walsh orthogonal functions are given, examples of specific distinguished subsets that satisfy the above requirements.

Signal-code constructions with modulating binary sequences are widely used in multichannel radiocommunication systems, radar, and other information systems.Among these sequences, there are those that provide the minimum levels of side lobes of the aperiodic autocorrelation function and, accordingly, the required secrecy, noise immunity, resolution, and other important characteristics and parameters.The paper describes an alternative approach for solving optimization task that involves a complete full search for the optimal binary skew-symmetric sequences with odd dimension l using a criterion of minimum side lobes of the aperiodic autocorrelation function.The proposed method based on performing two consecutive steps: optimizing in the space of dimension L < 0.5(l -5) of the objective functions with respect to the levels of side lobes of the aperiodic autocorrelation function and solving of an equation system which specifies the aperiodic autocorrelation function.The right sides of the equation system present the levels of the side lobes that are obtained as the result of completing the first operation.The developed methodology includes an analysis of the structure of sets of binary sequences; finding correlations between the structural components using the methods of group theory; establishing analytical forms that define the functional relationships between the levels of side lobes of the aperiodic autocorrelation function.The article presents an example of application and results of modeling of the offered algorithm to identify optimal binary sequences.

The work presents the concise results of developing a measurement devices set (named RETwix), which are universal hardware-software tools for conducting laboratory research. The complex universality consists in the fact that practically anything may be the subject of study, including electronic devices and various electric, temperature, chemical or biochemical processes. The RETwix complex incorporates UA-LAB (Universal Analog LABoratory) unit, CV-LAB (Capacitance & Voltage LABoratory) unit and software.

Introduction. The article is dealing with the sensors analog front-end development in accordance to concepts of Lab-on-Chip and Internet of Things. The task of functional integration, the basis of which is the combination of several complementary methods of measurement in one device, is pointed. Basic approaches to functional integration. Functional integration provides the ability to use the same microelectronic structure for controlled heating, measuring the temperature, and measuring the changes of the investigated sample characteristics under the influence of external influence. Functional integrated magneto-transistor converter. The main advantages of used magneto-transistors are high signal-to-noise ratio, increased resistance to magneto-induction interferences, and multi-modes and multi-functionality. The last advantage is decisive for solving the problem of a single chip functionally integration. The principle of operation and the circuit diagram of the signal converter. The signal converter provides three functional properties on single chip magneto-transistor structure. The first is the magnetic field measurement. The second is controlled heating of the structure. And, the third property is the measurement of the temperature of the structure of the magneto-transistor with investigated substance placed on this structure. Hardware-software implementation of the signal converter. The signal converter has been implemented on the Programmable System on Chip PSoC 5LP (Cypress Semiconductor). The module CY8CKIT-059 Prototyping Kit has been used. The developed software for controlling the measurement process provides controlling the duration of the heating pulses and relaxation, the number of measurements in each thermal cycle, coefficients of measuring transformation functions, API operating modes commands, etc. Conclusions. The novelty of the obtained results is the implementation of the sensor device for thermomagnetic analysis on the lateral magneto-transistors single chip structure. The areas of application are sensors for materials science, biophysics and medicine in the concept of the Internet of Things.

Стаття присвячена проблемам розвитку сенсорної електроніки у відповідності до концепцій "Лабораторія на чіпі" (Lab-on-Chip), "Програмована система на кристалі" (Programmable System-on-Chip) та "Інтернет речей" (Internet of Things). Вирішується задача функціонального інтегрування, основою якої є поєднання в одному пристрої декількох взаємодоповнюючих методів вимірювання. Новизною отриманих результатів є реалізація сенсорного пристрою термомагнітного аналізу на однокомпонентній структурі латерального магнітотранзистора. Показано, що перевагою побудови in-situ сенсорів термомагнітного аналізу на основі магнітотранзисторів є мультипараметричність їх pежимів роботи. Ця перевага створює можливості реалізації термомагнітних однокомпонентних вимірювальних перетворювачів з розширеними функціональними можливостями, а саме, вимірювання магнітного поля, керованого нагріву та вимірювання температури. Керування процесами вимірювання з функціональним in-situ інтегруванням здійснюється сигнальним перетворювачем, який містить аналоговий фронт-енд та мікроконтролер керування. На відміну від типових рішень сигнального перетворення на магнітотранзисторах, запропонована схема дозволяє перейти від двофазного типу вихідного сигналу магнітотранзистора у виді різницевої напруги до ефективнішого для вирішуваної задачі рішення з однофазним вихідним сигналом. Таке рішення особливо важливе в схемах з низьковольтним однополярним живленням, що є вимогою до пристроїв Інтернету речей. Сигнальний перетворювач реалізовано на платформі програмованої системи на кристалі PSoC CY8CKIT-059 PSoC 5LP Prototyping Kit. Інформативна величина температури визначається температурною залежністю падіння напруги на прямозміщених p-n переходах магнітотранзистора. Представлені результати апаратно-програмної реалізації сигнального перетворювача. Галузь застосування представленого вимірювального перетворювача – сенсорні пристрої термомагнітного аналізу для матеріалознавства, біофізики та медицини.

In the article the problem of the method and algorithm optimization for the disclosure of the ambiguity of distance measurements in a multiposition radar system under the condition of ambiguous measurement of distance to the controlled object by each of the radar stations of this system is considered. This feature is determined by the use of modulating code binary sequences for secrecy and noise immunity. By criterion of optimality accepted the number minimization of possible options for selection when solving an integer task of ambiguity disclosure. A method and an algorithm are presented, the complexity of which in implementation does not depend on the number of radar stations in a multiposition system. It is shown that the probability of correct disclosure of ambiguity increases with an increase in the number of radar stations in the system.

In this paper an analysis of known methods of image informativeness is carried out. It was found that in many cases existing methods are not working correctly, in particular, give an inflated evaluation, which is not consistent with human visual perception. A new method that allows us to evaluate the image informativeness more adequately the image informativeness is proposed. The adequacy of the results, obtained with the help of the proposed method was confirmed by a sociological survey of a group of 30 respondents who gave an expert evaluation of the informativeness of test images. As a result, it was proved experimentally that the proposed method gives a more correct evaluate of the image informativeness.

The throughput capacity of transmission systems by G.fast technology with crosstalk compensation

The method of increasing the object detection probability by system of multispectral monitoring is developed. The functioning of the multispectral monitoring system with proposed method of movable images fusion is investigated. Fusion of information from visible and infrared channels of the monitoring system by the developed method of data fusion and detection of moving objects on the fused video signal by developed algorithm of motion detection were carried out. The results of experiments confirm that the probability of detection increases, recognition and identification of moving objects by the multispectral monitoring system are achieved due to improved informativeness of formed image with the developed method.

The report examines the issue of increasing the efficiency of detecting complex impulse stochastic signals in the process of their generation against the background of quasi-periodic deterministic interference by using wavelet transformations and neural networks. An example the detection of a triple-wave stochastic signal is considered. One of the most characteristic signs of the shape of such signals is a sharply expressed asymmetry: the amplitude of the negative part of the signal is usually 3-4 times higher than the positive maximum amplitude. The second very important feature is the ratio of the positive parts amplitudes of the signal: the amplitude of the right-hand side is always greater, or in extreme cases, equal to the amplitude of the left-hand side. The proposed technique for processing such impulse signals against a background of quasi-periodic interference by using wavelet-neural technologies for analyzing digital signals. For this purpose, an artificial neural network was constructed, which made it possible to detect such signals at the beginning of their development, starting from a signal-to-noise ratio of 1.5 times, which is twice as good as the threshold for visual analysis. The proposed technique can be used in the analysis of pulsed signals in radar systems, mobile railroad rail diagnostic systems by the Magnitodynamic method, as well as in the experimental work of processing digital stochastic signals of various objects, when it is necessary to observe the dynamics of the signal change.

Introduction. The article is dealing with the sensors analog front-end development in accordance to concepts of Lab-on-Chip and Internet of Things. The task of functional integration, the basis of which is the combination of several complementary methods of measurement in one device, is pointed. Basic approaches to functional integration. Functional integration provides the ability to use the same microelectronic structure for controlled heating, measuring the temperature, and measuring the changes of the investigated sample characteristics under the influence of external influence. Functional integrated magneto-transistor converter. The main advantages of used magneto-transistors are high signal-to-noise ratio, increased resistance to magneto-induction interferences, and multimodes and multi-functionality. The last advantage is decisive for solving the problem of a single chip functionally integration. The principle of operation and the circuit diagram of the signal converter. The signal converter provides three functional properties on single chip magneto-transistor structure. The first is the magnetic field measurement. The second is controlled heating of the structure. And, the third property is the measurement of the temperature of the structure of the magneto-transistor with investigated substance placed on this structure. Hardware-software implementation of the signal converter. The signal converter has been implemented on the Programmable System on Chip PSoC 5LP (Cypress Semiconductor). The module CY8CKIT-059 Prototyping Kit has been used. The developed software for controlling the measurement process provides controlling the duration of the heating pulses and relaxation, the number of measurements in each thermal cycle, coefficients of measuring transformation functions, API operating modes commands, etc. Conclusions. The novelty of the obtained results is the implementation of the sensor device for thermomagnetic analysis on the lateral magneto-transistors single chip structure. The areas of application are sensors for materials science, biophysics and medicine in the concept of the Internet of Things.

The evaluation of the fusion methods of multispectral images in terms of their use for improving the multispectral monitoring systems efficiency is conducted. By image fusion in brightness with simultaneous formation of complex image in pseudo colors with subsequent correction of the colors gamut, it is possible to achieve improved monitoring of objects under difficult observation conditions.