Alcohol use disorder is a significant public health problem that is widespread worldwide and causes serious health issues. During ethanol metabolism, acetaldehyde accumulation and free radical formation increase, causing various tissue damage through oxidative stress. The Cotinus coggygria Scop., known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has been used for therapeutic purposes in traditional medicine for many years. Due to this property, this study aims to investigate the protective effect of Cotinus coggygria Scop. aqueous extract on glycoprotein levels in ethanol-induced kidney and small intestine damage in rats. In the study, 6-8-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: a control group, a group given 50 mg/kg Cotinus coggygria Scop. aqueous extract, an experimental group given 1 mL absolute ethanol, and a group given 1 mL absolute ethanol 1 h after administration of 50 mg/kg Cotinus coggygria Scop. aqueous extract. The applications were performed via gavage, and tissues were collected under anesthesia 1 h after ethanol administration. Sialic acid, hexose, and hexosamine levels in the collected tissue samples were determined using biochemical methods. The findings revealed that ethanol administration significantly increased sialic acid, hexose, and hexosamine levels in the kidney and small intestine tissues of rats. In contrast, these increases were suppressed in groups administered Cotinus coggygria Scop. aqueous extract, and ethanol-induced tissue damage was significantly reduced. According to the results obtained, it is thought that Cotinus coggygria Scop. aqueous extract may have a protective effect against ethanol-induced kidney and small intestine damage.

Cotinus coggygria Scop. (C. coggygria) has been reported to contain numerous secondary metabolites. In the present study, in vitro total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of C. coggygria extract were determined. In in vivo experiments, rats were divided into four groups. Total oxidant and antioxidant status, nitric oxide, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, sialic acid, advanced oxidized protein product levels and carbonic anhydrase, aryl esterase, xanthine oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, paraoxonase, prolidase, acetylcholinesterase enzyme activities and antioxidant and glutathione-related enzyme activities were determined in all brain tissue homogenates. According to the results, aqueous C. coggygria extract shows protective properties against ethanol-induced brain damage due to various bioactive components it contains and provides restoration of biochemical parameters. Considering the data from our study, C. coggygria can be used to prevent ethanol-induced oxidative stress in brain tissue due to its strong antioxidant activity.

A vanadium compound, 2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene-N(4)-2-hydroxybenzylidene-S-methyl-isothiosemicarbazidato-oxidovanadium(IV) (VOL), was investigated for its possible benefits in the treatment of diabetes-related symptoms. Male Swiss albino rats aged 3 to 3.5 months were used in the study. The animals were randomly assigned to four groups. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 65 mg/kg. The groups were as follows: Group I – healthy control (no treatment); Group II – healthy control rats administered VOL; Group III – STZ-induced diabetic rats; Group IV – STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with VOL. After diabetes was induced, VOL was administered to the rats in Groups II and IV via gavage at a daily dose of 0.2 mM/kg for 12 consecutive days. Based on biochemical results, in lens and skin tissues, reduced glutathione levels, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities were increased, whereas lipid peroxidation and non-enzymatic glycosylated levels were decreased in VOL-treated diabetic rats. Besides that, enzyme activities in the polyol pathway decreased in the lens tissues of diabetic animals given VOL. The binding affinities of these two enzymes (AR and SDH) to VOL were also investigated using molecular docking based on the conformational state. The results revealed that the use of VOL can be effective in preventing or at least retarding the development of some diabetic ocular and dermal complications.

Objective: Collagen is a fundamental component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and plays a critical role in organ structure, cellular functions, and wound healing. Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla (chard) is known for its diverse bioactive compounds, including vitamins, flavonoids, and nitrates. Chard has been associated with numerous health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. This study investigates the impact of chard on collagen content in vital organs, specifically the lungs, liver, and kidneys. Methods: The rats divided into two groups: the control and the chard given group. The chard extract was administered to rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg per day for 7 days. On the 8th day, the rats were sacrificed, and tissues from the lungs, kidneys, and liver were collected. The collagen content was measured using both biochemical and histological analyses. Results: Chard administration exhibited tissue-specific effects on collagen content: it increased collagen in the lungs, decreased it in the liver significantly, and had no effect on kidney collagen. These biochemical changes were supported by histological results in the lungs and kidneys; however, no significant histological changes were observed in the liver. These varied effects might be related to differences in collagen metabolism and regulatory mechanisms across tissues. Conclusion: The findings suggest that chard, due to its distinct effects on collagen synthesis and ECM remodeling, holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for applications such as wound healing, tissue strengthening, and antifibrotic therapy. Further studies on the mechanisms underlying these effects are necessary to fully understand the potential of chard in clinical applications.

Valproic acid (VPA) treatment is known to potentially cause adverse effects, notably as the most common cause of druginduced acute pancreatitis. It is crucial to balance the therapeutic benefits and potential major side effects of VPA administration. Complications associated with VPA may arise from toxic VPA metabolites and alterations in antioxidant levels. While chard is well-known for its anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant properties, there is a lack of research on its impact on the pancreas during VPA treatment. This study aimed to explore the possible protective effects of chard against VPA-induced complications in the pancreas using histological and biochemical approaches. Animals were separated into four groups: i) Control, ii) received chard (100 mg/kg), iii) received VPA (500 mg/kg), and iv) received VPA+Chard (in the same dosages and time). On the eighth day, the rats' pancreatic tissue and blood specimens were collected. In the Chard and VPA+Chard groups, chard decreased blood glucose levels compared to the control and VPA groups. In comparison to the VPA group, the VPA+Chard group pancreatic glutathione level and catalase activity increased whereas malondialdehyde levels decreased. Furthermore, administration of chard to the control and VPA groups increased tissue factor activity and sialic acid level as compared to the VPA group. The histological findings confirmed the biochemical results. It is therefore concluded that chard has the potential to protect pancreatic tissue from VPA-induced complications by reducing lipid peroxidation and blood glucose while enhancing antioxidants and sialic acid levels.

In recent decades, interest in enzyme inhibition, such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and glycosidases, has dramatically increased, mainly because these enzymes play a vital role in many biological processes. Based on the biological potential associated with these enzymes, instead of several glycosidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitors that have been developed, there are not enough studies on the inhibition effects of widely used types of antivirals (aciclovir, tenofovir), oral antidiabetics (glibenclamide, glibornuride, glurenorm, met-formin), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) active substances (benzydamine HCl, diclofenac, indomethacin, ketorolac tromethamine, paracetamol, salicylic acid) today. For that reason, the aim of our study is to investigate the inhibition effects of these 12 different drug active substances on α-glucosidase and MPO activities. According to the obtained results, the screened drug active substances acyclovir, glibornuride, and paracetamol inhibited α-glucosidase with the lowest IC50 value, while similarly low values for MPO were found by tenofavir, glurenorm, and indomethacin. In our study, we can suggest that these active pharmaceu-tical ingredients may contribute to the pharmaceutical industry due to their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and MPO in vitro.

Aim: The study aims to evaluate the potential protective role of Radicut (RAD) in Valproic acid (VPA)-induced oxidative stress in splenic tissues of rats. Method: Rats were divided into groups as follows: Group 1: Controls (n=8), Group II: R: RAD-given group (30 mg/kg/day, n=8), Group III: V: VPA-given group (0.5 g/kg/day, n=10), Group IV: V+R: VPA+RAD-given group (30 mg/kg/day, n=11). VPA, RAD, and VPA+RAD were given to the animals for 7 days (i.p). Biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress were determined in spleen homogenates. Results: VPA elevated oxidative stress by increasing lipid peroxidation and sialic acid levels, increasing alkaline phosphatase activity, and decreasing superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S- transferase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. Administration of RAD to VPA-given group decreased LPO, SA levels, and acid phosphatase levels, and increased tissue factor, SOD, GST, and GPx activities. Conclusion: RAD reversed the biochemical results in the V group, by clarifying its protective effect. RAD has the potential to prevent oxidative stress during VPA treatment, which could be beneficial.

Recently, we have shown that oral administrations of an oxidovanadium (IV) complex, VOL, with tetradentate thiosemicarbazone ligand normalizes hyperglycemia of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ-rats). For the development of vanadium compounds that exhibit insulin-like behavior, it is essential to know some of the pharmacokinetic properties of these complexes. The goal of the current research is to examine the healing effect of new sythesed VOL complex on the oxidative stress parameters of diabetic stomac tissue. Rats used in the experiments were divided as control, VOL+control, diabetic and diabetic+VOL. The rats were sacrificed after 12 days of the experimental period. The levels of glutathione, lipid peroxidation, non-enzymatic glycosylation, advanced oxidized protein products levels and the activities of some enzymes were measured in stomach tissue of all the experimental animals. Although VOL treatment to diabetic rats increased the stomach glutathione levels; lipid peroxidation, non-enzymatic glycosylation and advanced oxidized protein products levels were decreased. Also, the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and carbonic anhydrase were increased in VOL treated diabetic group. Whereas, lactate dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase activities were decreased. According to the obtained outcomes, it can be said that VOL treatment has a healing effect on the stomach tissue of diabetic rats. This effect provided by VOL is most likely due to the insulin-like and antioxidant activity of the complex. In conclusion, we can say that VOL may be a suitable candidate for diabetes treatment.

Diabetic people have a much higher rate of cardiovascular disease than healthy people. Therefore, heart and aortic tissues are target tissues in diabetic research. In recent years, the synthesis of new vanadium complexes and investigation of their antidiabetic/lowering effect on the blood glucose levels and antioxidant properties are increasing day by day. Our study aimed to examine the effects of synthesized oxovanadium (IV) complex of 2-[(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene]hydrazine-1-[(N-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)](S-methyl)carbothioamide [VOL] on diabetic heart and aortic tissues, as well as in vitro lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibition, antioxidant properties, and reducing power. Electrochemical characterization of the VOL was carried out by using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) methods. In addition, in silico drug-likeness and ADME prediction were also investigated. For in vivo study, male Swiss albino rats were randomly selected and separated into four groups which are control, control + VOL, diabetic and diabetic + VOL. After the experimental procedure, biochemical parameters were investigated in homogenates of heart and aorta tissues. The results showed that VOL has a protective effect on heart and aortic tissue against oxidative stress. According to electrochemical experiments, one reversible oxidative couple and one irreversible reductive response were observed for the complex. In addition, in vitro LDH and MPO inhibition of VOL was examined. It was found that VOL had a protective effect on heart and aortic tissues of diabetic rats, and caused the inhibition of LDH and MPO in in vitro studies. On the other hand, evaluating the synthesized VOL according to in silico drug-likeness and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) prediction, it was found that VOL has drug-like properties and exhibited high gastrointestinal absorption. The VOL had a therapeutic impact on the heart and aortic tissues of diabetic rats, according to the findings.

Diabetes is usually accompanied by increased production of free radicals or impaired antioxidant defenses. The brain is a target tissue of the oxidative attacks caused by diabetes, and there are observed changes in the biochemical parameters of this tissue in the hyperglycemic state. In this study, we aimed to show the effect of N(1)-2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene-N(4)-2-hydroxybenzylidene-S-methyl-thiosemicarbazidato-oxovanadium (IV) (VOL) compound on diabetic damaged brain tissue, induced by streptozotocin (STZ) on 3.0-3.5-month-old male rats. Single dose of STZ at 65 mg/kg was used to make rats diabetic. Four groups were created randomly. Group (i): control (intact) animals; Group (ii): VOL given control animals; Group (iii): STZ-induced diabetic animals; and Group (iv): orally VOL administered STZ-induced diabetic rats. VOL (0.2 mM/kg/day) administration to control and diabetic animals was performed for a period of 12 days. At the end of day 12, the brain tissues were taken and homogenized. The clear supernatants were used for the determination of glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), nonenzymatic glycosylation (NEG), and protein levels. Alanine and aspartate transaminases and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), xanthine oxidase (XO), and oxidative stress marker enzymes activities were also estimated from the homogenates. According to the obtained results, there is found significant elevation of MDA and NEG levels and activities of transaminases, MPO and XO; whereas the GSH content and the activities of AChE and antioxidant enzymes were strongly decreased in the STZ-induced diabetic brain tissues in comparison to control group animals. Twelve days of administration of VOL complex to the diabetic animals reversed all biochemical parameters significantly in diabetic brain tissues. Our findings suggest that the VOL complex may be an ideal candidate to be used as an anti diabetic agent to improve oxidative injury and protect the brain tissue against damage caused by diabetes. This healing effect of the VOL complex may be due to its antioxidant activity and the insulin-mimetic effects of vanadium.

Valproic acid, one of the most used drugs for epilepsy patients, has some known side effects. Chard extract has many pharmacological activities. The study aims to evaluate whether valproic acid might interfere with oxidative metabolism in gastric tissue and whether chard ameliorates these effects. The Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n=8); control, chard-given control, valproic acid, and chard-given valproic acid. The aqueous extracts of chard leaves were given 1 h before the administration of valproic acid for 7 days. On the 8th day, the animals were sacrificed under anesthesia and gastric tissues were homogenized. When compared to the control group, valproic acid significantly increased malondialdehyde and catalase activity, while superoxide dismutase activity decreased. Chard administration increased glutathione and, sialic acid levels and decreased malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activity in the valproic acid group. Based on these findings, since chard increased gastric sialic acid levels, we may suggest that chard may protect gastric mucosa may be through its antioxidant effects.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious metabolic disorder that has negative effects on male sexual and reproductive functions in humans and animals. The purpose of current research is to demonstrate the effect of N(1)-2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene-N(4)-2-hydroxybenzylidene-S-methyl-thiosemicarbazidato-oxoyanadium(IV) (VOL) on testicular damage in male rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Male Swiss albino rats were randomly grouped as follows: Control (intact) group animals; control group animals given VOL (0.2 mM/kg/day) for 12 days; STZ-induced diabetic animals; diabetic animals given VOL group, at same dose and time. Experimental diabetes was induced with a single dose of 65 mg/kg intraperitoneal STZ injection. On day 12, overnight fasted animals were sacrificed and testis tissues (right and left) were collected and homogenized in 0.9 % saline. After centrifugation, protein levels and non-enzymatic parameters such as glutathione, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, as well as the activities of alkaline phosphatase, myeloperoxidase and enzymatic antioxidants were determined. Based on the results obtained, VOL was shown to be a potentially beneficial compound in the amelioration of damaged testicular tissue of male diabetic rats after 12 days of administration. Our results suggest that VOL may be a promising candidate for the development of new generation antidiabetic drugs, and its administration to diabetic rats may be a suitable candidate in reducing testicular damage.

Biyokimya, canlı sistemde gerçekleşen kimyasal olayları, bu sistemde yer alan tüm moleküllerin yapısını, bileşimini ve fonksiyonunu inceleyen bir bilim dalıdır. Temel biyokimya, biyokimyasal mekanizmaların moleküler düzeyde anlaşılması için alt yapıyı oluştururken hastalıklar ve tedavilerin öğrenilmesini kolaylaştırmaktadır. Biyokimyasal olayların normal bir şekilde gerçekleşmesi sağlığımızın temelini oluşturmakta; bu sistemin bozulması ile hastalıklar ortaya çıkmakta, hastalıklar için uygun ilaçların geliştirilmesi, kullanılması ve hastalıkların tedavi süreci başlamaktadır.

The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular mechanisms that cause valproic acid (VPA)-induced liver damage and the therapeutic effect of Vitamin U (Vit U) on these mechanisms. Female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: intact control animals, animals that received Vit U (50 mg/kg/day), animals given VPA (500 mg/kg/day), and animals given both VPA and Vit U. The rats in the Vit U + VPA group were administered Vit U by gavage an hour before VPA administration every day for 15 days. Liver tissues were evaluated through histopathological, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and Western blotting techniques. Administration of Vit U with VPA resulted in (i) prevention of histopathological changes caused by VPA; (ii) blockage of the decrease in catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities; prevention of the elevation in gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) level; (iii) increased in the levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), active caspase-3, and cytoplasmic cytochrome c; (iv) increase in cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) level and decrease in LC3B (II/I) ratio; (v) increase in the number of proliferating cells nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive hepatocytes. These findings show that Vit U prevents liver damage caused by VPA through increasing the antioxidant enzyme capacity and hepatocyte proliferation by triggering inflammation and apoptosis. These findings suggest that Vit U provides its protective effects against VPA-induced liver damage by stimulating homeostasis and regeneration.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is chronic and metabolic disorder, which is mainly attributed by hyperglycemia. Vanadium salts and their oxo-complexes have been shown to possess insulin-mimetic and anti-diabetic activities in animal models and diabetic patients. The main goal of this study was to investigate the protective effect of oxovanadium(IV) complex based on thiosemicarbazone (VOL) [L: (N(1)-2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene-N-(4)-2-hydroxybenzylidene-S-methyl-isothiosemicarbazidato-oxovanadium(IV)] on glycoprotein components levels and oxidative lung injury of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Swiss albino rats were separated into four groups. Group I (n = 5): Control (normal) animals, Group II (n = 5): Control animals administered with VOL, Group III (n = 6): STZ-induced diabetic animals, and Group IV (n = 5): STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with VOL. VOL was given to the experimental animals by gavage at a dose of 0.2 mM/kg body weight every day for 12 days. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg body weight). On the 12th day, lung tissue samples were taken. Glycoprotein components, advanced oxidation protein products, protein carbonyl, hydroxyproline levels, and prolidase, arginase, xanthine oxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and adenosine deaminase activities significantly increased whereas aryl esterase, paraoxonase-1, carbonic anhydrase, Na+/K+-ATPase activities remarkably decreased in lung tissue of diabetic rats. Treatment with VOL reversed these effects showing a beneficial effect. The present study shows that VOL has a protective effect against diabetes-induced lung damage as well as on abnormal glycoprotein component levels.

Background and Aims: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia which over time leads to serious damage of several body systems. Vanadium ions and their complexes have been demonstrated to have various insulin-mimetic and antidiabetic effects. The object of the present work was to investigate the effect of vanadyl sulfate (VS) on serum total lipid and protein parameters, glutathione, lipid peroxidation and nonenzymatic glycosylation levels in cardiac, lens, lung and skeletal muscle tissues of STZ diabetic rats. Methods: Randomly selected 6.0 - 6.5 month old Swiss Albino rats were separated into two diabetic and two control groups. A single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) in 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) was used to induce diabetes. 100 mg/kg VS was administered daily to one of the controls and one of the diabetic groups. On the 60th day of the experiment, serum total lipid and total protein levels were determined. Results: Tissue samples were taken and used for determination of glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nonenzymatic glycosylation (GSH) and protein levels. Conclusion: According to the results, treatment with VS reversed the effects of diabetes by exerting antioxidant properties and preventing damage caused by diabetes on various tissues along with some serum parameters.

Valproic acid (VPA; 2-propyl valeric acid) is a potent drug widely used in treating anxiety disorders, migraine as well as epileptic diseases. In the ongoing study chard protective effect was investigated, on the damaged VPA rat brain. Sprague Dawley rats (females) were grouped as follows: control, VPA (500 mg kg(-1) day(-1)VPA intraperitoneal), chard (100 mg/kg day chard extract by gavage), VPA + chard (500 mg kg(-1) day(-1)VPA + 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1)chard extract). Aqueous chard leaves extract was given 1 hr before apply VPA for a period of 7 days. Lipid peroxidation, advanced oxidation protein products and protein carbonyl content, and superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione reductase activities increased in the VPA group. Reduced glutathione levels, paraoxanase, and acetylcholinesterase activities were significantly diminished in the VPA animals. Chard extract application curatively reverted the studied biochemical parameters. The results obtained, it has been found the chard has a protective and antioxidant effect on brain damage induced by VPA. Practical applications Valproic acid is a comparably safe pharmaceutical agent, but it can cause severe adverse effects on biological metabolism when it is used in high amount. There are not many studies declared that VPA stimulate the generation of ROS, which is liable for the life-threatening adverse effects of VPA therapy including hepatotoxicity neurotoxicity and teratogenicity. Chard is a plant which has antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antiacetylcholinesterase activities, and hepatoprotective effects. In the current study we examined the protection of the VPA damaged rat brain by chard.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. In Table 2, last column, the header should be Na+/K+-ATPase.