The progress in sample environment at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is presented. During the past two years, the Sample Environment group (SE Group) has made substantial efforts towards the procurement, design, development and maintenance of a series of sample environments for the three commissioning instruments. The equipment includes cryostats, an He-3 insert, magnets, furnaces, continuously-loaded pressure cells, clamp cells, a gas handling panel, automatic sample changers, etc. The SE Group also constructs and maintains three user laboratories for sample preparation, characterization and complimentary analysis. Future developments are also briefly described.

High capacity cation-disordered Li-rich oxides not only enlarge the chemical design space of cathode materials, but also play an important role in promoting the development of high energy density Li-ion batteries. However, there are still some issues, such as capacity degradation, that impede their practical applications. In-depth understanding of the structure and mechanisms in cation-disordered Li-rich oxides is favorable for their further performance optimization. Herein, taking the new designed high capacity (similar to 280 mA h/g) disordered Li1.2Ti0.35Ni0.35Nb0.1O1.8F0.2 as a model compound, we meticulously study its structure evolution and electrochemical reaction mechanisms upon cycling by combination of first principles calculation, synchrony X-ray diffraction (SXRD), X-ray pair distribution function (XPDF), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), in situ XRD, and Neutron powder diffraction (NPD) et al. The excellent structure stability and robust anions framework of cation-disordered Li-rich oxides are experimentally demonstrated. Meanwhile, the high capacity mechanisms rely on the simultaneous cations and anions redox reactions and the capacity degradation mechanism induced by oxygen loss upon cycling are also proposed. Based on these revelations, the optimization strategy and potential applications of cation-disordered Li-rich oxides are further proposed.

Crystallographic structure, magnetic properties, and magnetic entropy change of the Cr-based spinel sulfides Co1−xCuxCr2S4 (x = 0–0.8) have been investigated. All these compounds crystallize into the cubic spinel structure, the Cu substitution shrinks linearly the lattice constant at a ratio of 0.0223 Å per Cu atom in the unit cell, and enhances linearly the Curie temperature and the spontaneous magnetization at the rates of 18 K and 0.33 µB/f.u. per Cu atom in the unit cell, respectively. All these compounds show a typical behavior of second order magnetic transition, and a room temperature magnetic entropy change of 2.57 J/kg·K is achieved for Co0.4Cu0.6Cr2S4.

The total flavonoid of peanut hull was extracted usingionic liquid (1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium bromide) combined withultrasonic. The result showed that total flavonoid yield ofpeanut hull increased with the concentration enhancement of ionic liquid andreached to a higher value at 1.2 mol/L of ionic liquid. Andtotal flavonoid yield was higher when the peanut hull was treated withlower frequency or larger power ultrasonic as well. It first increased and thendecreased with ultrasonic treatment time extension or temperature increase. Themost suitable condition for extraction of total flavonoid from peanut hull was1.2 mol∕L of ionic liquid, 300W of Ultrasonic power, and 45 kHz of ultrasonic frequency, and the peanut hull was treated for 8 min at 60℃. Under the best condition, the total flavonoid yield of peanut hull was 3.967 mg/g.

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is the first accelerator-based multidiscipline user facility to produce pulsed neutrons by tungsten target under collision of a pulsed proton beam with a beam power of 100 kW at a repetition rate of 25 Hz. In this paper, we focus on the physical design of CSNS target station and neutron instruments. Under optimized design, the flat tungsten target and the compact target-moderator-reflector coupling enhance effective cold and thermal neutron output from moderators. Three wing-type moderators supply four different characteristics of neutrons to 19 beamlines primarily for neutron scattering applications. Layout of neutron instruments are conceptually planned for total 20 beamlines, the configuration and specification have been determined for three day-one neutron instruments. All designs are optimized for the Phase I of 100 kW with a upgradable capacity to 500 kW.

AIM:To investigate the effects of disuse and reloading on the calpain activity and cell membrane permeability of soleus muscle fibers in rats.METHODS: Tail-suspension(TS) rats were used as a muscular atrophy model.The female rats were randomly divided into control group(CON),control group with training(CON+T),2-week TS group(TS) and 2-week TS with training group(TS+T).The changes of cell membrane permeability and calpain activity were detected with Evans blue(EB) as a tracer and casein zymography,respectively.RESULTS: The results showed that the EB was full of intercellular space in soleus muscle fibers in CON group,a few in TS group and much more in TS+T group,respectively.In TS group and TS+T group,some self-excitation bands appeared and absorbance of calpain hydrolysis bands was significantly increased compared with those in the controls.CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the cell membrane permeability in TS+T group raises and the membrane barrier function is damaged.This may attribute to the hydrolysis of membrane skeleton proteins by calpain.Calpain-mediated accelerated degradation of cytoskeleton proteins may be an important mechanism of skeletal muscle injury induced by reloading.

Urea,ammonium di-hydrogen phosphate were applied mixed with potash magnesium sulfate,the fertilizer is produced by Qinghai Zhongxinguo-an Development Limited Company.The test results showed soil fertilizer could be increased applied potash magnesium sulfate.Green Chinese onion increase yield were 11.5%～14%.it is main increased in high,thickness and weight per plant.And pest-resistant ability were strengthened.

The time dependence of magnetization is usually expressed as M(t)=M-0-Slnt [see Proc. Phys. Soc. 62, 562 (1949)] for magnetic viscosity experiments. Considering magnetic interaction during the thermal activation process, a form as M(t)=M-0-Sln(t+t(0)) is deduced. The dipolar interaction and exchange coupling in a magnet can lead to positive and nonpositive t(0), respectively. In the experiments of the magnetic viscosity for nanocrystalline Pr2Fe14B ribbons, the existence of positive t(0) is confirmed.

Hall effects of the La0.7Ce0.3MnO3+delta film, which is believed an electron-doped manganite, have been experimentally studied, and a positive normal Hall coefficient is observed below the Curie temperature when the oxygen content of the film varies in a wide range. These observations may be attributed to the presence of excessive oxygen and composition distribution in the film, which may occur companying tetravalent ion doping. Removing excessive oxygen drives the system into the electron-doping state, however, the resistivity increases monotonically with oxygen loss, and the metal-to-semiconductor transition typical for a hole-doped manganite disappears. These results suggest the determinative role of hole doping for the resistive and magnetic behaviors in La0.7Ce0.3MnO3+delta.

The effects of Ga and Ti substitutions for Sn on the Mn spin arrangements in the YMn6Sn6 compound have been investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetization measurement and Mossbauer spectroscopy. XRD refinement indicates that Ga and Ti atoms prefer to occupy 2d and 2e sites, respectively. Mossbauer spectra indicate incommensurate magnetic structures for the YMn6Sn6, YMn6Sn5.4Ga0.6 and YMn6Sn5.4Ti0.6 compounds. The substitution of Ga for Sn at the 2d sites is found to significantly decrease the turn angle in the Mn-Sn-3-Sn-2-, Sn-3-Mn layer and to subsequently increase the net magnetization. On the other hand, the substitution of Ti for Sn at 2e sites increases the turn angles in the Mn-(Y,Sn-1)-Mn and Mn-Sn-3-Sn-2-Sn-3-Mn layers, and consequently decreases the exchange coupling of Mn-Mn between different layers. The resulting ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic behavior, as has been observed for YMn6Sn5.4Ga0.6 and YMn6Sn5.4Ti0.6, respectively, can be explained in terms of these spin interactions. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A heterojunction composed of CaMnO3 (CMO) and Nb-doped SrTiO3 (STON) was fabricated and its properties were studied and compared with La0.67Ca0.33MnO3/STON and LaMnO(3+)delta/STON p-n, junctions. This CMO/STON junction exhibits an asymmetric current-voltage relation similar to a p-n junction. The most remarkable discovery is that the magnetic state of the manganites has a strong impact on the rectifying behaviors. The diffusion voltage, which is the critical voltage for the current rush, shows a tendency to decrease/increase with the establishment of the antiferromagnetic/ ferromagnetic order in the manganites of the junction. Similar to other manganite p-n junctions, CMO/STON also exhibits a significant photovoltaic effect, and the maximum photovoltage is similar to2.2 mV under the illumination of similar to7 mW light (lambda=460 nm). A qualitative explanation is given based on an analysis on the band diagram of the junctions. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

Current effect on the transport property of the La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 film has been studied as a function of temperature and magnetic field. The two-lead resistance of the sample shows a strongly asymmetric behavior with respect to current direction after a treatment under a current of the density of ∼1.6×105A∕cm2, and the resistance is much lower in forward direction, the direction of the processing current, than in backward direction. A definite change in current–voltage slope at small but finite forward voltages is observed when alternating the electric field from backward to forward, which is indicative of the presence of two different resistive states corresponding to the two current directions and an energy barrier between these states. The magnetoresistance effect of the two resistive states is significantly different, and it is much stronger for the backward current than for the forward one. This has been proved a combined effect of the inclining of the current–voltage slope and the depression of intermediate energy barrier under magnetic field. The present work suggests a possibility to get a different magnetoresistance via interfacial engineering.

Isotropic Gd(Co0.88−xCuxFe0.09Zr0.03)7 (x=0.10–0.20) ribbons with TbCu7 structure have been prepared by melt-spinning technique. A uniform and fine cellular microstructure consisting of 2:17 cell with 1:5 cell-boundary phase is developed by simply slow cooling the ribbons from 850 to 400°C without the standard solid solution and isothermal aging treatments. It is interesting to note that the original grain boundary of 1:7 phase still exists in the precipitation-hardened ribbons and the crystallographic texture is formed in each 1:7 granular region after the treatment. This gives a way to fabricate the textured magnets with nanostructure. Positive temperature coefficients of remanence and coercivity are observed in the ribbons. The coercivity mechanism of the precipitation-hardened ribbons is discussed at the temperature ranging from room temperature to 600°C. It is proposed that the residual 1:7 phase boundaries act as effective pinning sites at high temperatures.

用快淬方法制备了Pr10Fe74-xCo10+xC4B4 (x=0,2,4,6,8) 条带,研究了成分和工艺对条带磁性能的影响.实验发现,当x=2,带速是20 m·s-1时,条带的磁性能最佳,其剩磁Jr=0.94 T,矫顽力μ0 iHc=0.96 T,最大磁能积 (BH)max=127.32 kJ·m-3.通过Henkel-plot分析,发现x=2,带速为20 m·s-1的样品中的晶间交换作用最强,因而能获得最佳的磁性能.

Phase evolution and magnetic properties of melt-spun Pr10Fe74-xCo10+xC4B4(x=0,2,4,6,8 ) alloy ribbons were investigated. Increasing the Co content is found to promote the generation of the 2: 14:1 phase, which results in a significant increase of coercivity and remanence.

Off-stoichiometric single-phase Gd2+xCo17-2x and Y2+xCo17-2x alloys were successfully prepared. For the Y2+xCo17-2x (x = 0-0.25) samples, the room temperature easy magnetization direction (EMD) is in the basal plane. For the Gd2Co17 compounds, the EMD at room temperature lies in the basal plane, whereas for the Gd2+xCo17-2x (x = 0.11) compound, the EMD lies on an easy-cone. With increasing x, the anisotropy fields of the Y2+xCo17-2x samples first increase quickly from 1.2T for x = 0 to 1.4T for x = 0.08, remain unchanged until x = 0.19, then decrease again to 1.1T at x = 0.25. A spin-reorientation transition was found in the Gd2+xCo17-2x compounds, while there is no spin-reorientation for the Y(2+x)Co(17-2)x samples. The difference in anisotropy between the Gd2+xCo17-2x and Y2+xCo17-2x compounds was explained in terms of size effects, enthalpy effects and dipole-dipole interactions. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Gd(Co0.88-xCuxFe0.09Zr0.03)(x) ribbons with x = 0.075 - 0.200 and z=6.4-7.7 have been prepared by a melt-spinning technique. A cellular microstructure consisting of 2:17 cells surrounded by the 1:5 cell boundary phase is obtained after precipitation hardening. The dependence of room temperature coercivity on the heat treatment process suggests that the long-time isothermal aging is not helpful for the development of magnetic properties. Positive temperature coefficient of remanence from room temperature to about 673K is typical for all samples, while positive temperature coefficient of coercivity is obtained only in ribbons with low Cu content. The coercivity mechanism of the precipitation-hardened ribbons at different temperatures is also discussed.

The high-temperature magnetic properties of precipitation-hardened GdxCo89.5−x−yFe8CuyZr2.5 (x=11.5–13.5 and y=7–17) alloys have been studied systematically. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveal that a cellular microstructure consisting of 2:17 cells surrounded by 1:5 cell boundaries is obtained after precipitation hardening. Thermomagnetic analysis further confirms the two-phase character and indicates that Cu mainly goes into the 1:5 phase. All samples exhibit a positive temperature coefficient of remanence α (=dMr/dT) from room temperature to about 600–700K, while positive temperature coefficient of coercivity β (=dHc/dT) is only observed in the alloys with low Cu content. It is found that the coercivity mechanism of the precipitation-hardened alloys varies with temperature and Cu content.