Traditional economic development efforts have been unable to address the nuances of rural communities. Entrepreneurship can be an important process and a vital component for building rural resiliency. As part of RISE29, a grant funded program, regional advisory councils have been established an act as a crucial extension tool for East Carolina University. The goal of these councils is to incorporate the narrative and discourse of the importance of entrepreneurship as a part of inclusive rural economic development strategies.

This article examines precursors to leadership practice, specifically through the lens of role identity. The assumption explored is that people are unlikely to engage in the hard work of leadership if they do not see that challenge as part of who they are and what they do, especially collaborative or system-level leadership. Role identity is, then, a critical building block in developing a deeper understanding of leadership intentions and actions especially in collaborative settings. Multiple judicial players, termed here "public service lawyers," are investigated in this single-state case study that examines individuals' view of their role and primary focus. Factors are examined that contribute to the construction of role perception. Results reveal that leadership training, the position one holds, and motivational orientation all influence the extent to which public service lawyers develop a view of their role that includes a broader system or collaborative orientation.

Public Administration ReviewVolume 79, Issue 4 p. 614-615 BOOK REVIEW George V. Voinovich, Empowering the Public-Private Partnership: The Future of America's Local Government (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2017). 97 pp. $19.95. ISBN-13: 9780821422663 Reviewed by: Sharon Paynter, Sharon Paynter East Carolina UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Reviewed by: Sharon Paynter, Sharon Paynter East Carolina UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 June 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13081Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume79, Issue4July/August 2019Pages 614-615 RelatedInformation

The U.S. social safety net is formed by governmental and nonprofit organizations, which are trying to respond to record levels of need. This is especially true for local level organizations, such as food pantries. the organizational capacity literature has not covered frontline, local, mostly volunteer and low resource organizations in the same depth as larger ones. This analysis is a consideration of whether grassroots nonprofit organizations have the ability to be a strong component of the social safety net. Based on the literature on organizational capacity, a model is developed to examine how service delivery at the local level is affected by organizational capacity. Surprisingly, we find few of the characteristics previously identified as important are statistically significant in this study. Even when so, the material effect is negligible. Current organizational capacity research may apply to larger nonprofits, but not to the tens of thousands of small community nonprofits, a significant limitation to the research to date.

This study employs input–output (I/O) modeling at the state and county level to compare national estimates of the federal Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). The results show that more localized economies cannot achieve the results predicted by national models likely because of leakage of economic activity outside the boundaries of a single state or county. This study sheds light on methodological tools that forecasters and policy makers can use in making decisions based on economic impact of social safety net programs.

Engaged scholarship combines the work of universities with that of community partners. The results can be powerful examples of the synergy that arises between theory and practice. By examining engaged scholarship and reflecting on the nuances that exist between it and engaged research, this paper follows the ways that research questions can be explored in a practical application versus in a controlled environment. I examine the benefits of community-engaged scholarship relative to service recipients, scholars, organizations, and communities at large. The academic benefits extend far beyond the universities; engaged scholarship allows for university programs to provide realistic training to students as an example of future work-related duties and assignments and to collaborate with community partners in service delivery. Results of collective collaboration and community-engaged scholarship can lead to a strengthened sense of community in lasting partnerships that increase dialogue surrounding challenging issues.

Rural communities often lack the fiscal capacity to make the necessary investments to differentiate their industrial and technology parks in a crowded marketplace. This case study examines Triangle North, a multi-jurisdictional industrial/technology park in North Carolina. The study discusses the application of growth pole theory as the intellectual underpinnings of the joint park, its innovative financing and revenue sharing arrangement, and lessons learned from its implementation that can be applied to other locales.

Scholars and human resource practitioners agree that effective performance appraisal systems have clear objectives, reliable and valid appraisal methodology, separation of personal judgments from job-based performance assessments, acceptance by employees, and leadership commitment. Using data from state reports, surveys, case histories, personal interviews, and judicial performance appraisal studies, this article juxtaposes judicial performance evaluation (JPE) and the criteria for effective appraisal systems to address the question of whether judicial independence can be preserved when judges' performance is systematically evaluated by multiple raters. The authors conclude that JPE is an effective performance appraisal tool that can satisfy the need for accountability to the public while protecting judicial independence.

INTRODUCTION Each year, poverty affects millions of Americans in many different and sometimes unseen ways. Hunger is one of the clearest indicators of poverty (Jensen, 2002), but this indicator often goes unnoticed and, consequently, unaddressed by poverty programs at the federal, state, and local level. Like other manifestations of poverty, society deals with hunger through both government and charity-based programs. And, again, like other anti-poverty programs, these food assistance programs have been based on the idea that people would 'fall' onto hard times, and could lift themselves out of it. Food assistance programs were designed to be short-term solutions for crisis situations (Daponte and Bade, 2006). In reality food assistance programs are increasingly a long-term answer for the hungry. More than two-thirds of people receiving assistance from food pantries get help on a regular basis, and the use of private food assistance has risen dramatically since 1980, even before the most recent economic recession (Berner and O'Brien, 2004; Berner, Ozer, and Paynter, 2008). Who are the people who receive long term food assistance? Why don't federal programs such as food stamps fill this need? What moves a person from short-term need to long-term dependence? Using time-series data gathered from practitioner partners in North Carolina to answer these questions. This study contributes to a better understanding of food assistance need and thus can be used by policymakers to inform debate on federal and state programs, to strengthen relationships between government and the nonprofit community, and by food banks to better understand their clients. . BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW Though the great majority of undernourished people live in the world's poorest countries, there are a sizeable number of individuals inside the United States lacking stable, assured and adequate access to food (Jensen, 2002). USDA food assistance programs usually serve as an economic safety net for these individuals, buffering the effects of poverty. There is growing evidence suggesting food stamp recipients are not finding government assistance sufficient to meet the needs of their households, and as a result, are turning to emergency food providers in the private, non-profit sector for help (Eisinger 1999; Daponte 2000). Pantry directors provide anecdotal evidence suggesting people who cannot qualify for food stamp benefits are seeking food pantry aid with increasing frequency implying that the food-based social safety net in the United States is inadequate. One measure of welfare reform's success had been the decline in food stamp recipients in the late 1990s. Aggregate food bank and food stamps program usage patterns are well documented. In one study, Berner and O'Brien (2004) found a statistically significant relationship between welfare reform and increased demand on food banks. However, it was not known whether hungry individuals were simply turning to, or relying more heavily on, other sources. The Berner and O'Brien study examined the combined monthly food outflow patterns of 193 emergency food providers (EFPs) in central North Carolina from 1995-2000 along-side food stamp participation figures. The authors showed that while the number of food stamp recipients declined, the amount of food going out through EFPs rose. Results indicated that since welfare reform, these EFPs withdrew around 50 more tons of food for their clients than they otherwise would have over the time period. These aggregate results raised the question of whether one result of welfare reform was a temporary shift of direct service provision from government to non-profits. Since 2000, food stamp participation has risen again, but EFP usage also has continued to rise dramatically and is at record levels. According to Feeding America (formerly America's Second Harvest), 25 million Americans turned to charities for food assistance in 2004 (America's Second Harvest 2006). …

Most public service motivation (PSM) research compares government and business employees. This article fits into an emerging body of research that links PSM to volunteer activity. PSM is a needs-based approach to motivation. People may sate this need in ways other than direct government service. In this article, the authors investigate the relationship between PSM and charitable decisions. They surveyed undergraduate students at North Carolina State University using Perry’s PSM instrument and antecedent questions. To further investigate students’ motivations toward public service, they asked an additional series of questions focused on volunteering and donating choices. The authors find that students with higher levels of PSM are more likely to choose to engage in charitable activity. Individual characteristics such as family income, political identity, sex, religiosity, family socialization, and high school volunteering experiences are also significantly related to the choices students make about engaging in charitable activities.

In a study at the largest northeastern Iowa food pantry between 2004 and 2006, we found that neither working nor accessing government benefits has a meaningful impact on lessening the odds that a person will need long-term food assistance. In other words, the working poor are at greater risk for making recurrent visits to the food pantry than those who do not work. Pantry clients who work are more likely to have sacrificed food to pay for other life necessities. Moreover, government benefits do not seem to provide an adequate food safety net. As a result, nonprofits are experiencing increased pressure to fill the gap. If we wish to maintain the government responsibility to alleviate hunger in our country, benefits for eligible citizens must be increased or food assistance nonprofits need more government support. Otherwise we should face the fact that as an undeclared public policy, our society tolerates hunger.

Abstract Most,public service motivation (PSM) research focuses on comparisons between government and business employees, with a consistent finding that PSM is a valid construct indicating different motivators between people in public jobs and those working in business. There is an emerging,body of PSM research that links PSM with volunteer activity. This paper fits into that growing body of research.

Erratum to ‘‘Improved vitrification solutions based on the predictability of vitrification solution toxicity’’ [Cryobiology 48 (2004) 22–35] Gregory M. Fahy,* Brian Wowk, Jun Wu, and Sharon Paynter a 21st Century Medicine, Inc., 10844 Edison Court, Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91730, USA b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Wales College of Medicine Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN Wales, UK

The aim of this review will be to provide a basic understanding of the biophysical processes that accompany the application of cryopreservation in reproductive medicine. The ability to store cells in 'suspended animation' outside the body has become a keystone practice in the development of many modern clinical therapies, and, in fact, the sciences of cryobiology and IVF have developed in parallel over the past 50 years. During this time, some of the underlying principles of the quantitative biophysical aspects of cryobiology have been clarified. Water is the universal biocompatible solvent, but also possesses unique properties for stability of living cells. Whilst low temperatures themselves have defined effects on cell structure and function, it is the phase transition of water to ice that is the most profound challenge for survival. The thermodynamics of dilute aqueous solutions dictate how cells and tissues respond to the freezing process. Current concepts of nucleation, ice crystal growth and solute exclusion from the ice lattice will be discussed to illustrate what cells must negotiate to avoid lethal damage, and the role of cryoprotectants in enhancing recovery. Quantitative formalisms now exist to model and predict how water and solutes move across cell membranes before and during freezing, or how nucleation events will proceed, and these will be outlined. Cryoprotectants have both positive and negative effects on cell function depending on the kinetics of exposure. The concept of tolerable osmotic excursion of cell volume will be discussed, along with the evidence for a 'pseudo-glassy' state for cells during traditional cryopreservation. This will be compared with the recent interest in promoting glassy states in the whole sample using vitrification protocols, outlining the advantages and drawbacks of each approach. Additional methods for controlling ice nucleation have a role to play here, and a brief outline of current technologies will be given. Finally, issues of safety and stability of cryopreserved samples will be set out.

The established principles of cell injury or survival during the freezing process have been set out in detail in previous chapters (see Chapters 1 and 2). However, there are additional complicating factors resulting from the specialized nature of human reproductive cells that affect survival after cryopreservation. These relate, in the main, to the fact that both male and female cells are designed to deliver the haploid set of chromosomes at the point of fertilization, in the correct sequence of events, to achieve normal embryo production and eventual normal birth. In both male and female, the mature gametes develop from immature precursor cells in their respective sites (testicular tissue or ovary). It is beyond the scope of the current chapter to describe in detail these developmental processes, and they can be found elsewhere (Edwards and Brody, 1995; Jones, 1997). However, it is worth pointing out some overriding principles that affect cryopreservation of the various stages.On achieving maturation, both male and female gametes have acquired highly specialized structural components essential to normal fertilization (e.g., the sperm-tail contractile machinery, or the oocyte protective coat of the zona pellucida) that may respond to the freezing process in ways different from that of basic cell structures such as the plasma membrane. Also, the haploid state exists with chromosomes devoid of a surrounding nuclear membrane. Earlier developmental stages of the gametes exist as a less complex cell population, which superficially may be more attractive to consider for cryopreservation. However, in the human patient, the question then becomes how to access these primary-stage cells, and how to achieve their essential maturation after cryopreservation. In many ways, in the development of clinical reproductive technologies, progress in cryopreservation has gone hand in hand with that for in vitro maturation by cell culture methods. The comparative complexities of in vivo and in vitro maturation (of both male and female gametes) have been described in an excellent review by Leibfried-Rutledge et al. (1997).

Long-term preservation of complex engineered tissues and organs at cryogenic temperatures in the absence of ice has been prevented to date by the difficulty of discovering combinations of cryoprotectants that are both sufficiently non-toxic and sufficiently stable to allow viability to be maintained and ice formation to be avoided during slow cooling to the glass transition temperature and subsequent slow rewarming. A new theory of the origin of non-specific cryoprotectant toxicity was shown to account, in a rabbit renal cortical slice model, for the toxicities of 20 vitrification solutions and to permit the design of new solutions that are dramatically less toxic than previously known solutions for diverse biological systems. Unfertilized mouse ova vitrified with one of the new solutions were successfully fertilized and regained 80% of the absolute control (untreated) rate of development to blastocysts, whereas ova vitrified in VSDP, the best previous solution, developed to blastocysts at a rate only 30% of that of controls. Whole rabbit kidneys perfused at -3 degrees C with another new solution at a concentration of cryoprotectant (8.4M) that was previously 100% lethal at this temperature exhibited no damage after transplantation and immediate contralateral nephrectomy. It appears that cryoprotectant solutions that are composed to be at the minimum concentrations needed for vitrification at moderate cooling rates are toxic in direct proportion to the average strength of water hydrogen bonding by the polar groups on the permeating cryoprotectants in the solution. Vitrification solutions that are based on minimal perturbation of intracellular water appear to be superior and provide new hope that the successful vitrification of natural organs as well as tissue engineered or clonally produced organ and tissue replacements can be achieved.